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Seine philosophischen und methodologischen Grundlagen. Quarterly Journal of Economics Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Retrieved December 09, from Encyclopedia. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia. John Rae , —93, Scottish arctic explorer, b.
In he joined Sir John Richardson 's expedition in search of the lost party of Sir John Franklin , the British explorer; later he commanded a search party that crossed the tundra and explored part of Victoria Island. It was not until his expedition of —54, however, that he found evidence of Franklin's fate. Rae was an important innovator in arctic travel, coping with the unforgiving environment by adapting techniques developed by indigenous peoples, e. However, he fell into disfavor and subsequent obscurity in Great Britain after he revealed that members of the starving Franklin party had resorted to cannibalism.
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John Rae (30 September – 22 July ) was a Scottish surgeon who explored parts of . On 21 August he found two pieces of wood that had clearly come from a European ship. (These were probably from Franklin's ship, but Rae chose. Works of John Rae - Kindle edition by John Rae. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Use features like bookmarks, note.
Modern Language Association http: The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright The Columbia University Press. Once again he provided food for his party by hunting and fishing during the fall. This time they wintered in snow houses, which he had learned to build and which they found more comfortable than the stone house which was still standing.
This information did not, however, induce Rae to abandon the object of his journey. On his return to Repulse Bay he was visited by more Inuit, from whom he learned the details of the tragedy that had befallen the party of white men, and he was able to identify the site of which the Inuit spoke as the vicinity of the Montreal Islands at the mouth of the Great Fish River.
The Inuit also sold Rae articles which he could identify as having belonged to members of the lost expedition: In his report, which the Admiralty immediately made public, he included a statement by the Inuit that the last survivors of the stricken crews had resorted to cannibalism before perishing. That officers and men of the Royal Navy should be accused of such a deed was unthinkable in the mores of Victorian England.
Rae defended the credibility of the Inuit accounts, and insisted he had not received sufficient information to locate the site of the tragedy until it was too late in the season to continue the search. Thereafter he went to Upper Canada and from to made his home in Hamilton, where his brothers Richard Bempede Johnstone Honeyman and Thomas were in business. John was a founding member and the second president of the Hamilton Association for the Advancement of Literature, Science, and Art.
After his marriage in Rae returned to England. Later that year he was employed by the HBC to conduct the overland part of a survey for a telegraph line between Britain and America through Scotland, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, and Greenland. Although primarily on a hunting trip Rae surveyed some new territory in the southern part of present-day Saskatchewan and Alberta. After that journey Rae settled in London, but he made frequent visits to his native Orkney.
After the expedition returned, he gave evidence to the committee set up by the Admiralty to inquire into the outbreak of scurvy among the sledging parties. On the basis of his experience Rae strongly supported the Great Lakes route. Rae visited Canada for the last time in , probably in connection with the Canada North West Land Company, of which he was a director. After his return to Britain he served on the council of the Royal Colonial Institute. A first-class shot, he represented the London Scottish Regiment, in which he was long a volunteer, in the annual shooting competition at Wimbledon London and later at Bisley, Surrey.
Rae received many honours. In he was given an honorary md by McGill College, Montreal, and in the University of Edinburgh made him an lld.
He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London in His Narrative of an expedition to the shores of the Arctic Sea , in and appeared in , and he published numerous papers describing his travels, the Indians and the Inuit he encountered, and the natural history of the Arctic. His unfinished autobiography has not been published.
In his lifetime Rae was a controversial figure. His adoption of native methods of travel in the Arctic was disapproved of by the Royal Navy, and his insistence on putting forward his point of view at every opportunity did not endear him to the establishment.
He was, however, accepted as a friend by the Inuit, for whom he had great admiration. A complete list of writings by and about him is found on pp. A number of the relics from the last Franklin expedition which Rae bought from the Inuit in remained in his possession, and along with some of his personal effects and a small collection of Inuit and Indian artefacts are found in the John Rae coll. The citation above shows the format for footnotes and endnotes according to the Chicago manual of style 16th edition.