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In Dischord records released antiwar and antidraft records as the Gulf war approached. What was so special about these records is that they came with foldout posters not only advertising other records but also covering the war and the history of US—Middle East relations. In Nevada a group called Positive Force arranged cooperations with established non-profit organizations to educate themselves.
The issues they were most interested in in the s included the threat of a nuclear war and intervention in Central America. Positive Force still exists in ; it is now based in Washington, D. This is how the organization is introduces itself on their home page www. We promote active, questioning,responsible, alternative lifestyles. In the end, it is what each of usdoes, and not what we say, that really counts. Our lives can be the mostpowerful protest imaginable. In the s people from the punk subculture in large cities would also become politically involved with the New Left and the Nuclear Freeze Movement.
Yet, punk had its own forms of protest that manifested themselves in spontaneous actions, for example street theater or political graffiti — something Mattson calls lifestyle politics. These actions were often directly linked to the political leadership and President Reagan himself. Additionally, the end of the Reagan years in the United States marked the lack, or at least the waning, of a clearly identifiable national enemy against whom the punks could position themselves.
Reagan was seen by many as the national avatar of what the skinheads represented on the local level, and while the policies of the Reagan administration did not disappear with the Bush administration [ For a certain part the, however swiftly, changing innerpolitical climate may have contributed to the decline of the strongly political aspects of the subculture. Other factors include the end of the cold war and with it no longer the immediate threat of nuclear war.
However, probably the crucial point in the history of punk was the growing commercialization of the punk image by corporations who saw an attractive market opening up to which they responded by designing fashion especially for the youth subculture. By mainstreaming punk culture, it became attractive as a fashion and an image for apolitical teenagers who were never part of the Do-It-Yourself and protest culture. The crucial element of shocking people solely by what someone was wearing was almost completely lost.
Besonders die Frisuren und die Art, sich zu kleiden, dienten dazu, gesellschaftliche Tabus zu brechen. Stauffenburg , , p. Punkrock und die Entwicklung zum American Hardcore. Coda , , p. American Studies, Spring , Vol. American Music, Economics, and Politics in the s and s. Popular Music and Society. Politik - Internationale Politik - Region: Geschichte Europa - Deutschland - Neuere Geschichte. Politik - Internationale Politik - Thema: English - Pedagogy, Didactics, Literature Studies. Kulturwissenschaften - Allgemeines und Begriffe.
Romanistik - Spanische Sprache, Literatur, Landeskunde. English - Applied Geography. American Studies - Literature. GRIN Publishing, located in Munich, Germany, has specialized since its foundation in in the publication of academic ebooks and books.
The publishing website GRIN. Free Publication of your term paper, essay, interpretation, bachelor's thesis, master's thesis, dissertation or textbook - upload now! Register or log in. Our newsletter keeps you up to date with all new papers in your subjects. Request a new password via email. Theory of Subcultures When it comes to the theory of subcultures, and especially the punk scene, the two authors frequently quoted are Greil Marcus, author of Lipstick Traces.
Theory in Punk Rock Marcus focuses on the aesthetic and semiotics of punk. Theory in Hardcore Theoretical writings about hardcore analyzing it in the same or a similar way like punk are simply not existing. Ronald Reagan - Seine 1. In , the Hells Angels formed in Fontana, California. The Hells Angels began as a motorcycle club looking for excitement in the dull times after the end of the war and became notorious as time passed.
Motorcycle gangs in general began to hit the headlines. The Existentialists had a profound influence upon subcultural development. Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus transferred their French resistance underground campaign to the context of a cultural revolution and the American beat scene joined the movement. The emphasis on freedom of the individual influenced the beats in America and Britain and this version of existential bohemianism continued through the s and into the s under the guise of the beat generation.
Beards and longer hair returned in another attempt at returning to the image of peacetime man and the normality which had existed before the two wars. At the same time, as a result of American post-war prosperity, a new identity emerged for youth subculture: Jazz culture was transformed, by way of Rhythm and Blues into Rock and Roll culture. There are various suggested candidates for which record might have been the First rock and roll record.
Hauptseminar: The Reagan 80s and the Clinton 90s. Hausarbeit. The Punk and Hardcore Youth Subcultures in the USA. Since the s. Beate Gansauge. The 20th century saw the rise and fall of many subcultures. Contents. 1 World War I After the First World War (–18) hair styles changed: the wartime In America, the same "flaming youth" subculture was "running wild" but with the .. At the beginning of the s, some of the followers of punk rock became.
At the same time, jazz culture itself continued but changed into a more respected form, no longer necessarily associated with wild behaviour and criminality. From the s onward society noticed an increase in street gang culture, random vandalism and graffiti. Sociologists , psychologists , social workers and judges all had theories as to what was causing the increase to urban trouble, but it was later accepted that it developed in protest to the older generation's pro- white supremacy views.
Moral panics surrounding the advent of teenager subcultures and a perceived rise in adolescent criminality led to several attempts to investigate and legislate youth behavior, such as the Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency. One of the many subcultures that was based around street violence was the greaser , a working class subculture that was a part of and influenced the biker subculture. As American rock and roll arrived in the United Kingdom, a subculture grew around it.
Some of the British post-war street youths hanging around bombsites in urban areas and getting drawn into petty crime began to dress in a variation of the zoot suit style called a drape suit , with a country style bootlace tie , winklepicker shoes, drainpipe trousers , and Elvis Presley style slicked hair. These youths were called Teddy boys.
For a night out dancing at the palais , their girlfriends would usually wear the same sort of poodle skirts and crinolines their counterparts in America would wear. For day-to-day wear there was a trend toward girls wearing slacks or jeans. At the time, the idea of girls wearing trousers and boys taking time over their hairstyles was socially shocking to many people. British youth divided into factions. There were the modern jazz kids, the trad jazz kids, the rock and roll teenagers and the skiffle craze.
Coffee bars were a meeting place for all the types of youth and the coolest ones were said to be in Soho , London. Ban the Bomb marches became a very successful British social phenomenon. Teenage music and subculture was parodied in the play and movie The Music Man , particularly in the song " Ya Got Trouble ". A whole subculture grew around the sport and the associated parties, clothes, speech patterns and music. During the same time-frame skateboard riding developed as a parallel lifestyle to wave riding.
Both forms of board riding continued throughout the remainder of the century and into the next. From these two sports young people learned to provide their own social structure within which they could display skills and excellence. In the Congo Free State now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo , a youth subculture known as the Bills flourished, taking Western movies and cowboys as their main influence. In the Netherlands, two youth groups evolved in big cities like Amsterdam, Rotterdam and Utrecht.
One group, the Nozems , similar to the British Teds, and another called the Artistiekelingen , who can be compared to the bohemian artists of pre-world-war France. The Nozems spent their time listening to rock and roll music, driving motorcycles through town and picking up ladies while the Artistiekelingen would discuss philosophy, paint, draw and listen to jazz music. In the s, the beats AKA beatniks grew to be an even larger subculture, spreading around the world.
Other s subcultures included radicals , mods , rockers , bikers , hippies and the freak scene. One of the main transitional features between the beat scene and the hippies was the Merry Pranksters ' journey across the United States with Neal Cassady and Ken Kesey , in a psychedelically-painted school bus named Further. In the USA, the hippies' big year was , the so-called summer of love.
The rude boy culture originated in the ghettos of Jamaica , coinciding with the popular rise of rocksteady music, dancehall celebrations and sound system dances. Rude boys dressed in the latest fashions, and many were involved with gangs and violence. This subculture then spread to the United Kingdom and other countries.
The mod subculture began with a few cliques of trendy teenage boys in London, England in the late s, but was at its most popular during the early s. Mods were obsessed with new fashions such as slim-cut suits; and music styles such as modern jazz, rhythm and blues, soul, ska , and some beat music.
Many of them rode scooters. The mod and rude boy cultures both influenced the skinhead subculture of the late s. The skinheads were a harder, more working class version of mods who wore basic clean-cut clothing styles and favoured ska, rocksteady, soul and early reggae music. Subcultures were often based on socializing and wild behaviour, but some of them were centred around politics. Allen Ginsberg took part in several protest movements, including those for gay rights and those against the Vietnam War and nuclear weapons.
In Paris, France in May , there was a university student uprising, supported by Jean-Paul Sartre and other intellectuals who signed a statement asserting "the right to disobedience. The Hacker culture was beginning to form in the s, due to the increased usage of computers at colleges and universities. Students who were fascinated by the possible uses of computers and other technologies began figuring out ways to make technology more freely accessible.
The international Happening and Fluxus movements also had its beginnings in the s, evolving out of the Beat subculture. In the s, the hippie, mod and rocker subcultures were in a process of transformation, which temporarily took on the name of freaks openly embracing the image of strangeness. A growing awareness of identity politics combined with the legalisation of homosexuality and a huge amount of interest in science fiction and fantasy forms of speculative writing produced the freak scene. Bands on the freak circuit cultivated an anti-capitalist, communal lifestyle. It was a continuation of the trendies of the s mod culture, appealing to the androgynous trend of the s.
Computer usage was still a very inaccessible secret world to most people in those days, but many people were interested in computers because of their appearance in science fiction. The dream of one day owning a computer was a popular fantasy amongst science fiction fandom , which had grown from a minor subculture in the first half of the 20th century to a quite large contingent by the s, along with horror fandom, comics fandom and fantasy freaks. The skinhead subculture from the late s continued into the s, and some skinheads became influenced by the punk subculture.
These skinheads became associated with the Oi! Disco , which had begun in gay dance clubs, became a significant from about onward. In some sectors, particularly in the New York City area, where disco had seemingly "taken over" all aspects of youth life, an aggressive counter-disco movement was born. Musically and lyrically, punk rock was the intentional antithesis of the disco scene, the progressive rock genre and the hippie subculture.
Early punks played aggressive, quick-paced three-chord rock and roll songs. Within the decay of the hippie subculture, some of the remaining branches of bikers progressively turned in metalheads with succeeding aesthetics of horror and violence of late 's that influenced progressive rock hard rock in the more obscure form of early heavy metal. Metalheads preserved the instituted use of long hairs, took garnments from leather culture of late 's and formed a culture on separatism and orthodoxy against mainstream.
In , a hit song " Convoy " by C. McCall arrived in the pop charts and romanticised the Trucker and CB radio subculture. The word " convoy " and quotes from the song lyrics became part of a popular cultural image of people standing up for their freedom. Gradually, from the s, s and through into the s, the cultural influences of the Merry Pranksters , the freak scene, the New Age movement and the Convoy idea seem to have coalesced into what became New age travellers.
Beginning around , the anarcho-punk scene in the UK developed the band Crass and related bands, including The Poison Girls. The Crass Records label was an independent operation, enabling bands with an extremely raw sound to put out records when the major labels might not have bothered with them.
Crass also organised gigs around the country for themselves and other bands, and campaigned politically for the anti-nuclear movement other causes. Mods made a comeback in the late s as a post-punk mod revival , inspired by The Jam and the British film Quadrophenia. In , Usenet was created as a medium of communication over the, still very primitive, Internet of the time.
The Usenet and the Bulletin board system BBS subculture would become increasingly significant over the next few decades. The Sapeur cult promoted high standards of personal cleanliness, hygiene and smart dress, to a whole generation of youth across Zaire. When I say well-groomed, well-shaven, well-perfumed, it's a propriety that I am insisting on among the young.
I don't care about their education, since education always comes first of all from the family. At the beginning of the s, some of the followers of punk rock became bored [ original research? By , this trend resulted in the development of the New Romantics , a group whose preferred music was synthesiser electropop. New Romantics tended to be slightly campy and fey , and visually there was an androgynous vibe to the subculture, [ citation needed ] regardless of the individual's sexual orientation. Clothing styles demonstrated a return to the freak scene's roleplay of fashions from previous eras or imagined future ones in order to use fashion to create a time warp.
Other punk rock followers took the genre and culture further underground, where it evolved into a faster, harder genre coined as hardcore punk.
Along with the hardcore scene came the straight edge subculture. Straight edge is a lifestyle that advocates abstinence in relation to tobacco, alcohol and recreational drug use especially psychoactive and stimulant drug use , and for some people, in relation to promiscuous sexual behavior. Other former punks searching for a new direction around eventually developed into the nucleus of what became the goth subculture.
The goths are a subculture of dark dress and gloomy romanticism. Unlike the New Romantics, goth has lasted into the 21st century. In the UK, goth reached its popular peak in the late s.
Throughout the s, the band was completely forgotten. After the First World War —18 hair styles changed: In June , white American servicemen stationed in Los Angeles rampaged through Mexican American neighborhoods, attacking young people wearing the suits and often stripping them, in what has become known as the Zoot Suit Riots. Social nudism in the form of private clubs and campgrounds first appeared in the United States in the s. For a certain part the, however swiftly, changing innerpolitical climate may have contributed to the decline of the strongly political aspects of the subculture. Popular Culture of the s in the USA. Besonders die Frisuren und die Art, sich zu kleiden, dienten dazu, gesellschaftliche Tabus zu brechen.
In American urban environments, a form of street culture using freeform and semi- staccato poetry , combined with athletic break dancing , was developing as the Hip hop and Rap subculture. In jazz jargon, the word rap had always meant speech and conversation. The new meaning signified a change in the status of poetry from an elitist artform to a community sport.
Rappers could attempt to outdo each other with their skillful rhymes. Rapping is also known as MCing , which is one of the four main elements of Hip hop: From the early to mids, poetry culture in a broader sense caught the same kind of energy as rap and so began the first of the poetry slams.