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Prof R Robertson

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At his funeral on Saturday, 19 April, 50, Parisians descended onto Boulevard Montparnasse to accompany Sartre's cortege. Sartre was initially buried in a temporary grave to the left of the cemetery gate. Sartre's primary idea is that people, as humans, are "condemned to be free". Sartre says that if one considered a paper cutter, one would assume that the creator would have had a plan for it: Sartre said that human beings have no essence before their existence because there is no Creator. Sartre maintained that the concepts of authenticity and individuality have to be earned but not learned.

We need to experience "death consciousness" so as to wake up ourselves as to what is really important; the authentic in our lives which is life experience, not knowledge. Taking a page from the German phenomenological movement, he believed that our ideas are the product of experiences of real-life situations, and that novels and plays can well describe such fundamental experiences, having equal value to discursive essays for the elaboration of philosophical theories such as existentialism. With such purpose, this novel concerns a dejected researcher Roquentin in a town similar to Le Havre who becomes starkly conscious of the fact that inanimate objects and situations remain absolutely indifferent to his existence.

As such, they show themselves to be resistant to whatever significance human consciousness might perceive in them. He also took inspiration from phenomenologist epistemology, explained by Franz Adler in this way: Any action implies the judgment that he is right under the circumstances not only for the actor, but also for everybody else in similar circumstances.

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This indifference of "things in themselves" closely linked with the later notion of "being-in-itself" in his Being and Nothingness has the effect of highlighting all the more the freedom Roquentin has to perceive and act in the world; everywhere he looks, he finds situations imbued with meanings which bear the stamp of his existence. Hence the "nausea" referred to in the title of the book; all that he encounters in his everyday life is suffused with a pervasive, even horrible, taste—specifically, his freedom. The book takes the term from Friedrich Nietzsche 's Thus Spoke Zarathustra , where it is used in the context of the often nauseating quality of existence.

No matter how much Roquentin longs for something else or something different, he cannot get away from this harrowing evidence of his engagement with the world. The novel also acts as a terrifying realization of some of Immanuel Kant 's fundamental ideas about freedom; Sartre uses the idea of the autonomy of the will that morality is derived from our ability to choose in reality; the ability to choose being derived from human freedom; embodied in the famous saying "Condemned to be free" as a way to show the world's indifference to the individual.

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The freedom that Kant exposed is here a strong burden, for the freedom to act towards objects is ultimately useless, and the practical application of Kant's ideas proves to be bitterly rejected. Also important is Sartre's analysis of psychological concepts, including his suggestion that consciousness exists as something other than itself, and that the conscious awareness of things is not limited to their knowledge: While the broad focus of Sartre's life revolved around the notion of human freedom, he began a sustained intellectual participation in more public matters towards the end of the Second World War, around He attended plays, read novels, and dined [with] women.

And he was published. Sartre portrayed his own pre-war situation in the character Mathieu, chief protagonist in The Age of Reason , which was completed during Sartre's first year as a soldier in the Second World War. By forging Mathieu as an absolute rationalist , analyzing every situation, and functioning entirely on reason, he removed any strands of authentic content from his character and as a result, Mathieu could "recognize no allegiance except to [him]self", [98] though he realized that without "responsibility for my own existence, it would seem utterly absurd to go on existing".

Mathieu was restrained from action each time because he had no reasons for acting. Sartre then, for these reasons, was not compelled to participate in the Spanish Civil War , and it took the invasion of his own country to motivate him into action and to provide a crystallization of these ideas. It was the war that gave him a purpose beyond himself, and the atrocities of the war can be seen as the turning point in his public stance.

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The war opened Sartre's eyes to a political reality he had not yet understood until forced into continual engagement with it: In , after the group disbanded, Sartre joined a writers' Resistance group, [] in which he remained an active participant until the end of the war.

He continued to write ferociously, and it was due to this "crucial experience of war and captivity that Sartre began to try to build up a positive moral system and to express it through literature". The symbolic initiation of this new phase in Sartre's work is packaged in the introduction he wrote for a new journal, Les Temps modernes , in October Here he aligned the journal, and thus himself, with the Left and called for writers to express their political commitment.

Sartre's philosophy lent itself to his being a public intellectual. He envisaged culture as a very fluid concept; neither pre-determined, nor definitely finished; instead, in true existential fashion, "culture was always conceived as a process of continual invention and re-invention. He did not dogmatically follow a cause other than the belief in human freedom , preferring to retain a pacifist's objectivity. It is this overarching theme of freedom that means his work "subverts the bases for distinctions among the disciplines".

Sartre systematically refused to keep quiet about what he saw as inequalities and injustices in the world. Following the Liberation the PCF were infuriated by Sartre's philosophy, which appeared to lure young French men and women away from the ideology of communism and into Sartre's own existentialism.

Pierre Et Jean Oxford Worlds Classics

In the late s Sartre supported the Maoists , a movement that rejected the authority of established communist parties. In the aftermath of a war that had for the first time properly engaged Sartre in political matters, he set forth a body of work which "reflected on virtually every important theme of his early thought and began to explore alternative solutions to the problems posed there".

In Sartre's opinion, the "traditional bourgeois literary forms remain innately superior", but there is "a recognition that the new technological 'mass media' forms must be embraced" if Sartre's ethical and political goals as an authentic, committed intellectual are to be achieved: The struggle for Sartre was against the monopolising moguls who were beginning to take over the media and destroy the role of the intellectual.

His attempts to reach a public were mediated by these powers, and it was often these powers he had to campaign against. He was skilled enough, however, to circumvent some of these issues by his interactive approach to the various forms of media, advertising his radio interviews in a newspaper column for example, and vice versa. The role of a public intellectual can lead to the individual placing himself in danger as he engages with disputed topics.

In Sartre's case, this was witnessed in June , when a plastic bomb exploded in the entrance of his apartment building. His public support of Algerian self-determination at the time had led Sartre to become a target of the campaign of terror that mounted as the colonists' position deteriorated. A similar occurrence took place the next year and he had begun to receive threatening letters from Oran, Algeria.

Sartre wrote successfully in a number of literary modes and made major contributions to literary criticism and literary biography. His plays are richly symbolic and serve as a means of conveying his philosophy.

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The best-known, Huis-clos No Exit , contains the famous line "L'enfer, c'est les autres", usually translated as "Hell is other people. In this way, Roads to Freedom presents a less theoretical and more practical approach to existentialism. John Huston got Sartre to script his film Freud: Some philosophers argue that Sartre's thought is contradictory. Specifically, they believe that Sartre makes metaphysical arguments despite his claim that his philosophical views ignore metaphysics.

Herbert Marcuse criticized Being and Nothingness for projecting anxiety and meaninglessness onto the nature of existence itself: Existentialism thus becomes part of the very ideology which it attacks, and its radicalism is illusory. Existentialism says existence precedes essence. In this statement he is taking existentia and essentia according to their metaphysical meaning, which, from Plato's time on, has said that essentia precedes existentia. Sartre reverses this statement. But the reversal of a metaphysical statement remains a metaphysical statement.

With it, he stays with metaphysics, in oblivion of the truth of Being. The philosophers Richard Wollheim and Thomas Baldwin have argued that Sartre's attempt to show that Sigmund Freud 's theory of the unconscious is mistaken was based on a misinterpretation of Freud. Intellectuals associated with the political right allege that Sartre's politics are indicative of authoritarianism.

Anderson denounced Sartre as an apologist for tyranny and terror and a supporter of Stalinism , Maoism , and Castro's regime in Cuba.

Sartre, who stated in his preface to Frantz Fanon 's The Wretched of the Earth that, "To shoot down a European is to kill two birds with one stone, to destroy an oppressor and the man he oppresses at the same time: Walzer suggests that Sartre, a European, was a hypocrite for not volunteering to be killed. The critic, poet, essayist and philosopher Clive James excoriated Sartre in his book of mini biographies Cultural Amnesia James attacks Sartre's philosophy as being "all a pose".

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For other uses, see Sartre disambiguation. This section needs expansion.

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