A Dangerous Low (The Dangerous Low Series Book 1)

Hyponatremia

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These include assessments of alertness, concentration, and orientation. False hyponatremia, also known as spurious, pseudo, hypertonic, or artifactual hyponatremia is when the lab tests read low sodium levels but there is no hypotonicity. In hypertonic hyponatremia, resorption of water by molecules such as glucose hyperglycemia or diabetes or mannitol hypertonic infusion occurs.

In isotonic hyponatremia a measurement error due to high blood triglyceride level most common or paraproteinemia occurs. True hyponatremia, also known as hypotonic hyponatremia, is the most common type. It is often simply referred to as "hyponatremia. Each category represents a different underlying reason for the increase in ADH that led to the water retention and thence hyponatremia:. Chronic hyponatremia is when sodium levels drop gradually over several days or weeks and symptoms and complications are typically moderate.

Chronic hyponatremia is often called asymptomatic hyponatremia in clinical settings because it is thought to have no symptoms; however, emerging data suggests that "asymptomatic" hyponatremia is not actually asymptomatic. Acute hyponatremia is when sodium levels drop rapidly, resulting in potentially dangerous effects, such as rapid brain swelling, which can result in coma and death.

The treatment of hyponatremia depends on the underlying cause.

Low blood pressure (hypotension) - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic

American and European guidelines come to different conclusions regarding the use of medications. There is tentative evidence that vasopressin receptor antagonists vaptans , such as conivaptan , may be slightly more effective than fluid restriction in those with high volume or normal volume hyponatremia. Demeclocycline , while sometimes used for SIADH, has significant side effects including potential kidney problems and sun sensitivity. Daily use of urea by mouth, while not commonly used due to the taste, has tentative evidence in SIADH.

Raising the serum sodium concentration too rapidly may cause central pontine myelinolysis. Hyponatremia is the most commonly seen water—electrolyte imbalance. The incidence of hyponatremia depends largely on the patient population. People who have hyponatremia who require hospitalisation have a longer length of stay with associated increased costs and also have a higher likelihood of requiring readmission. This is particularly the case in men and in the elderly.

Signs and Symptoms of Low Blood Glucose (happen quickly)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Annals of Internal Medicine. Canadian Medical Association Journal. European Journal of Internal Medicine. Archived from the original on Manual of Heart Failure. Accessed 1 August The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. Archived PDF from the original on May 1, Retrieved November 18, The American Journal of Medicine.

The Case of Dehydration versus Volume Depletion". It can also interact with medications and cause low blood pressure. Sodium helps to raise blood pressure. However, it can raise blood pressure too much. It can also lead to heart disease. Ask your doctor how much is right for you. Add table salt to whole, unprocessed foods.

10 Ways to Raise Low Blood Pressure

Avoid refined and processed salty foods. Diabetes and high blood sugar levels may lead to low blood pressure. Use a home monitor to check your blood sugar levels several times a day. See your doctor to find out the best diet, exercise, and medication plan to help balance blood sugar levels.

Thyroid conditions are very common. This can lead to low blood pressure. A simple blood test can tell your doctor if you have this condition. You may need medication and dietary changes to help boost your thyroid function.

Elastic stockings or socks can help prevent blood from pooling in your legs. This helps to relieve orthostatic or postural hypotension which is low blood pressure due to standing, laying down, or sitting too much. People who are on bed rest may need compression braces to help pump blood from the legs. Orthostatic hypotension is more common in older adults. It happens to up to 11 percent of middle-aged people and 30 percent of older adults. Your doctor may prescribe medications to help treat low blood pressure. These drugs help to treat orthostatic hypotension:. Some serious bacterial, viral, and fungal infections can cause low blood pressure.

Your doctor can find out if you have an infection with a blood test. Treatment includes IV antibiotics and antiviral drugs. Low blood pressure may also be a sign of a health issue or emergency condition.

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Treatment may be necessary. Diagnosing and treating these conditions can help balance blood pressure.

Your doctor may recommend simple tests such as:. Some medications can cause low blood pressure. These include drugs to treat high blood pressure and other conditions, such as:. Drinking alcohol or using recreational drugs while taking medications, or combining certain medications can also lead to low blood pressure. Shock is a life-threating condition. It can happen in response to a number of emergency conditions. Shock leads to low blood pressure, but low blood pressure can also cause your body to go into shock.

Treatment may involve raising blood pressure by IV fluids or blood transfusions. For example, in anaphylactic shock , an injection of epinephrine EpiPen helps to quickly raise blood pressure. This can be life-saving for someone having a severe allergic reaction to peanuts, bee stings, or other allergens. High blood pressure is a major cause of stroke. However, some medical research shows that keeping blood pressure high immediately after a stroke may actually help prevent brain damage.

Injectable glucagon is used to treat someone with diabetes when their blood glucose is too low to treat using the rule. Glucagon kits are available by prescription. Speak with your doctor about whether you should buy a glucagon kit and how and when to use it. The people you are in frequent contact with for example, friends, family members, and coworkers should be instructed on how to give you glucagon to treat severe hypoglycemia.

Low blood glucose is common for people with type 1 diabetes and can occur in people with type 2 diabetes taking insulin or certain medications. If you add in lows without symptoms and the ones that happen overnight, the number would likely be higher. Too much insulin is a definite cause of low blood glucose.

Insulin pumps may also reduce the risk for low blood glucose. Accidentally injecting the wrong insulin type, too much insulin, or injecting directly into the muscle instead of the just under the skin , can cause low blood glucose. Exercise has many benefits. The tricky thing for people with type 1 diabetes is that it can lower blood glucose in both the short- and long-term. Nearly half of children in a type 1 diabetes study who exercised an hour during the day experienced a low blood glucose reaction overnight. The intensity, duration, and timing of exercise can all affect the risk for going low.

Many people with diabetes, particularly those who use insulin, should have a medical ID with them at all times. In the event of a severe hypoglycemic episode, a car accident, or other emergency, the medical ID can provide critical information about the person's health status, such as the fact that they have diabetes, whether or not they use insulin, whether they have any allergies, etc.

Emergency medical personnel are trained to look for a medical ID when they are caring for someone who can't speak for themselves. Medical IDs are usually worn as a bracelet or a necklace.

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Traditional IDs are etched with basic, key health information about the person, and some IDs now include compact USB drives that can carry a person's full medical record for use in an emergency. As unpleasant as they may be, the symptoms of low blood glucose are useful. These symptoms tell you that you your blood glucose is low and you need to take action to bring it back into a safe range.

But, many people have blood glucose readings below this level and feel no symptoms. This is called hypoglycemia unawareness. Hypoglycemia unawareness puts the person at increased risk for severe low blood glucose reactions when they need someone to help them recover. People with hypoglycemia unawareness are also less likely to be awakened from sleep when hypoglycemia occurs at night. People with hypoglycemia unawareness need to take extra care to check blood glucose frequently.

This is especially important prior to and during critical tasks such as driving. A continuous glucose monitor can sound an alarm when blood glucose levels are low or start to fall. This can be a big help for people with hypoglycemia unawareness. If you think you have hypoglycemia unawareness, speak with your health care provider. This helps your body re-learn how to react to low blood glucose levels. This may mean increasing your target blood glucose level a new target that needs to be worked out with your diabetes care team. It may even result in a higher A1C level, but regaining the ability to feel symptoms of lows is worth the temporary rise in blood glucose levels.

This can happen when your blood glucose levels are very high and start to go down quickly. If this is happening, discuss treatment with your diabetes care team. Your best bet is to practice good diabetes management and learn to detect hypoglycemia so you can treat it early—before it gets worse.

Monitoring blood glucose, with either a meter or a continuous glucose monitor CGM , is the tried and true method for preventing hypoglycemia.

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