e-book Clan des Femmes Roman (French Edition)

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Still, in - 36, the Saulteaux had built ten log houses in the village. Agricultural work, so inseparable from the proselytising theory espoused by Belcourt, made some progress. Besides being unwilling to commit fully to an agrarian life, they also opposed certain Christian customs and beliefs such as monogamy.

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News of the settlement spread throughout the Saulteaux bands of the Northwest. Saulteaux thought by Father Belcourt to be from the western foothills came to visit in Although the Saulteaux were apparently interested in residing in the settlement for part of the year, they were unwilling to settle more permanently and commit to a largely habitant lifestyle.

The mission priest was attempting to introduce a basic cultural shift, changing from a semi-nomadic hunting, fishing and gathering way of life to one devoted to agricultural pursuits, in a society and in an area where such a change was uneconomic and unthinkable at the time. Supplementing this, they fished in the Assiniboine River and nearby lakes, and hunted in the forests. The Great Lakes ancestors of these Baie St-Paul Saulteaux had known gardening, but only as one option among many to be taken up or discarded as circumstances dictated.

Fishing played a much larger role for the Saulteaux. The censuses reflect this by showing the Baie St-Paul population with proportionally fewer carts and draft animals, but with more boats and canoes, than the specialized bison hunters and freighters of neighbouring settlements.

These Saulteaux arrived to Red River with a Great Lakes tradition of large-scale fisheries coupled with syrup production and wild rice harvesting. These activities continued after their relocation westward. Reference is made to their departure for Fort Ellice [ 23 ] and the Dakotas in the ecclesiastical and company correspondence. By the s they had completed a shift away from a partial dependence on the bison hunts towards a life focused on fishing, gathering, trapping, salt-making and trading with local bands.

Archives of Manitoba , CN Analysis of census records, birth, marriage and death records revealed interesting patterns and associations between the two groups.

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This would be an accepted pattern of marital alliances throughout the nineteenth century. These alliances can further be traced when couples came to the mission to have their infants baptized. For example, the first recorded baptism was of Jean Baptiste Sakaban baptized in August whose parents are listed as Louis Sakaban and Genevieve Brabant.

This trend would continue into the next decade with Michel Missawaki being baptized in November and whose parents are listed as Baptiste Missawaki and Angelique Pelletier. The following year witnessed the baptism of Lucie Machkmikwan in August Her parents bear the names Machkimikwan and Magdeleine Desjarlais.

During the s, examples of second generation intramarriage would occur. It is likely that their numbers remained quite high in areas where the Saulteaux population was more prevalent, such as the Interlake area and farther into the Northwest. Between and the colonial authorities undertook four censuses to enumerate the residents of Red River. The censors only listed those families and individuals present at the time of the survey. Both ecclesiastical and company records make numerous references to the high degree of mobility of this population, especially the Saulteaux families.

Also, we do not know how either the census takers or the respondents understood questions about the number of canoes, boats, carts, horses, oxen … etc. Did they list only those present on the property? If an eldest son or a father had taken a train of carts freighting or the canoes out to gillnet fish in Lake Manitoba, were these items recorded? In terms of people, livestock and moveable goods, these censuses must be viewed as very conservative estimates.

The first Red River census with a separate Saulteaux village entry was taken in Although twenty-three households are enumerated, only thirteen homes two of which belong to the Roman Catholic Church are noted by the census takers. The others are presumably living in tents or are guests in existing houses. Eight acres are cultivated in the mission. All of the cultivated acreage belongs to the six Desjarlais households. This is obviously the dominant kinship group in the village.

Collectively, the Desjarlais own the most horses, carts, canoes and livestock of all the families.

Many are without assets and some have only one horse and perhaps one cart or canoe. On the face of it, they seem quite destitute. Not only are there several examples of Desjarlais men taking Saulteaux women as first or second wives, [ 25 ] but six of the abovementioned forty-five marriage or baptismal ceremonies name Desjarlais women married to men with Saulteaux surnames. The second Red River colony census listing the Saulteaux settlement was taken in A hundred and eighty-seven people are listed.

These are grouped in thirtyfive households. Again only twenty-two homes, two owned by ecclesiastical authorities, are noted.

The peak year for the agricultural efforts of this community appears to have been , when fifty-two acres are described as being under cultivation. Forty of these acres are worked by lay residents. The six Desjarlais households work sixteen of these acres with an additional ten worked by households with Saulteaux surnames.

Agri-culture was not the sole focus of this community. The census takers also list the residents not counting the assets of the Roman Catholic Church as possessing sixty-two horses and mares, twenty-eight oxen, forty-seven carts and twentythree canoes or boats.

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Some Saulteaux households appear to be relatively affluent, such as the Kwiwisen household which, in , had three horses, two mares, two oxen, four cows and six carts, though apparently no land under cultivation. The residents occupy eleven houses and work eleven and a half acres.

However, this apparent decline in immobile wealth is counterbalanced by an absolute rise in draft animals and a proportional rise in carts and canoes or boats on account of the decreased number of residents and households at the time the census was taken. Nonclerical residents owned ninety-two horses and fourteen oxen and were described as possessing thirty-six carts and eleven canoes or boats. Only one of the households with Saulteaux surnames had land two acres under cultivation. All the others have draft animals and seven households also have carts and canoes.

Only one of seven Desjarlais households has land one acre under cultivation, but collectively they owned forty-three draft animals, fifteen carts and six canoes. The tendencies noted between and accentuate themselves in Eight and a half acres are listed under cultivation, five of which are mission lands. Of the four Saulteaux households listed, two have no assets noted. Religious correspondence alludes to some of the reasons for this apparent demographic collapse.

During the autumn bison hunt of , measles and dysentery ravaged the colony and hindered the expedition. Father Belcourt, who had accompanied the hunt, noted in his correspondence that twenty residents of St-Paul had died within three weeks. Joseph North Dakota rather than in Red River. Certain trends can be noted from the censuses taken in the s.

First, after the mid s, the settlement apparently suffered an absolute decline in population coupled with a relative decline in households with Saulteaux surnames. There was also a marked reduction in cultivated land and dairy animals in the village. It can be argued here that these are all indicators of a shift towards a more mobile economy based on the harvesting of country food and freighting activities. The Desjarlais clan still had a presence, but of the five households listed only one can be considered affluent. Antoine Desjarlais, head of a household of nine, had thirteen horses, six oxen, four cows, five calves and was in a position to attempt planting potatoes and wheat in and The Saulteaux present in Red River in the early decades of the nineteenth century had experienced decades of hardship.

Between and a smallpox epidemic erupted and fanned out across the Great Lakes regions, where the core of the Saulteaux population resided. The epidemic spread towards the Northwest where Cree and other tribes were also affected. Camps and infected territories were entirely abandoned. Here they found an environment their collective skills could efficiently exploit.

A study of the Ojibwa sturgeon fishery on the Rainy River, Ontario, has shown that it was immensely productive from prehistoric times through the fur trade era until the intrusion of the commercial fishing industry in the late s.

Ecclesiastical Records and HBC Censuses

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