Saint Norman
The 11th century Benedictine monk and historian , Goffredo Malaterra , characterised the Normans thus:. Specially marked by cunning, despising their own inheritance in the hope of winning a greater, eager after both gain and dominion, given to imitation of all kinds, holding a certain mean between lavishness and greediness, that is, perhaps uniting, as they certainly did, these two seemingly opposite qualities. Their chief men were specially lavish through their desire of good report.
They were, moreover, a race skillful in flattery, given to the study of eloquence, so that the very boys were orators, a race altogether unbridled unless held firmly down by the yoke of justice. They were enduring of toil, hunger, and cold whenever fortune laid it on them, given to hunting and hawking, delighting in the pleasure of horses, and of all the weapons and garb of war. In the course of the 10th century , the initially destructive incursions of Norse war bands going upstream into the rivers of France penetrated further into interior Europe , and evolved into more permanent encampments that included local French women and personal property.
He became the first Duke of Normandy and Count of Rouen. Earlier Viking settlers had begun arriving in the s, but were divided between colonies in the east Roumois and Pays de Caux around the low Seine valley and in the west in the Cotentin Peninsula , and were separated by traditional pagii , where the population remained about the same with almost no foreign settlers.
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Rollo's contingents from Scandinavia who raided and ultimately settled Normandy and parts of the European Atlantic coast included Danes , Norwegians , Norse—Gaels , Orkney Vikings , possibly Swedes , and Anglo-Danes from the English Danelaw territory which earlier came under Norse control in the early 11th century. The descendants of Rollo's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Roman Catholicism Christianity and the Gallo-Romance language of the local people, descending from the Latin of the Romans , blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesize a unique "Norman" culture in the north of France.
The Normans thereafter adopted the growing feudal doctrines of the rest of France, and worked them into a functional hierarchical system in both Normandy and in Norman dominated England. Most Norman knights remained poor and land-hungry, and by the time of the expedition and invasion of England in , Normandy had been exporting fighting horsemen for more than a generation. Opportunistic bands of Normans successfully established a foothold in southern Italy.
Probably as the result of returning pilgrims' stories, the Normans entered southern Italy as warriors in at the latest. In , according to Amatus of Montecassino , Norman pilgrims returning from Jerusalem called in at the port of Salerno when a Saracen attack occurred. The Normans fought so valiantly that Prince Guaimar III begged them to stay, but they refused and instead offered to tell others back home of the Prince's request. William of Apulia tells that, in , Norman pilgrims to the shrine of the Archangel Michael at Monte Gargano were met by Melus of Bari , a Lombard nobleman and rebel, who persuaded them to return with more warriors to help throw off the Byzantine rule, which they did.
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The two most prominent Norman families to arrive in the Mediterranean were descendants of Tancred of Hauteville and the Drengot family. A group of Normans with at least five brothers from the Drengot family fought the Byzantines in Apulia under the command of Melo di Bari. The County, which replaced the pre-existing chamberlainship, was considered to be the first political body established by the Normans in the South of Italy [19]. He promptly awarded their elected leader, William Iron Arm , with the title of count in his capital of Melfi.
From these bases, the Normans eventually captured Sicily and Malta from the Saracens, under the leadership of the famous Robert Guiscard , a Hauteville, and his younger brother Roger the Great Count. The Kingdom of Sicily lasted until , when it was transferred to the House of Hohenstaufen through marriage. Institutionally, the Normans combined the administrative machinery of the Byzantines, Arabs, and Lombards with their own conceptions of feudal law and order to forge a unique government.
Under this state, there was great religious freedom, and alongside the Norman nobles existed a meritocratic bureaucracy of Jews , Muslims and Christians, both Catholic and Eastern Orthodox. The Kingdom of Sicily thus became characterized by Norman, Byzantine, Greek, Arab, Lombard and "native" Sicilian populations living in harmony, and its Norman rulers fostered plans of establishing an empire that would have encompassed Fatimid Egypt as well as the crusader states in the Levant. Soon after the Normans began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire and then Armenia , fighting against the Pechenegs , the Bulgars , and especially the Seljuk Turks.
Norman mercenaries were first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against the Byzantines, but they soon fought in Byzantine service in Sicily. They were prominent alongside Varangian and Lombard contingents in the Sicilian campaign of George Maniaces in — There is debate whether the Normans in Greek service actually were from Norman Italy, and it now seems likely only a few came from there.
It is also unknown how many of the "Franks", as the Byzantines called them, were Normans and not other Frenchmen. By then, however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. Roussel de Bailleul even tried to carve out an independent state in Asia Minor with support from the local population, but he was stopped by the Byzantine general Alexius Komnenos.
Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenian vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. From to , 8, of the 20, troops of the Armenian general Philaretus Brachamius were Normans—formerly of Oursel—led by Raimbaud. They even lent their ethnicity to the name of their castle: The known trade between Amalfi and Antioch and between Bari and Tarsus may be related to the presence of Italo-Normans in those cities while Amalfi and Bari were under Norman rule in Italy.
Several families of Byzantine Greece were of Norman mercenary origin during the period of the Comnenian Restoration , when Byzantine emperors were seeking out western European warriors. The Raoulii were descended from an Italo-Norman named Raoul, the Petraliphae were descended from a Pierre d'Aulps, and that group of Albanian clans known as the Maniakates were descended from Normans who served under George Maniaces in the Sicilian expedition of Robert Guiscard , another Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of Apulia as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy.
Having obtained the consent of Pope Gregory VII and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his campaign conquering the Balkan peninsula as a foothold for western feudal lords and the Catholic Church. After allying himself with Croatia and the Catholic cities of Dalmatia, in he led an army of 30, men in ships landing on the southern shores of Albania , capturing Valona , Kanina , Jericho Orikumi , and reaching Butrint after numerous pillages.
They joined the fleet that had previously conquered Corfu and attacked Dyrrachium from land and sea, devastating everything along the way. Under these harsh circumstances, the locals accepted the call of Emperor Alexius I Comnenus to join forces with the Byzantines against the Normans. The Albanian forces could not take part in the ensuing battle because it had started before their arrival.
Immediately before the battle, the Venetian fleet had secured a victory in the coast surrounding the city.
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Forced to retreat, Alexius ceded the city of Dyrrachium to the Count of the Tent or Byzantine provincial administrators mobilizing from Arbanon i. The Normans were now free to penetrate into the hinterland; they took Ioannina and some minor cities in southwestern Macedonia and Thessaly before appearing at the gates of Thessalonica. Dissension among the high ranks coerced the Normans to retreat to Italy. They lost Dyrrachium, Valona, and Butrint in , after the death of Robert.
A few years after the First Crusade , in , the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. This time, the Albanians sided with the Normans, dissatisfied by the heavy taxes the Byzantines had imposed upon them. With their help, the Normans secured the Arbanon passes and opened their way to Dibra. The lack of supplies, disease and Byzantine resistance forced Bohemond to retreat from his campaign and sign a peace treaty with the Byzantines in the city of Deabolis.
The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in , when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium , owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials.
Norman Hunt Saint (22 April – 15 August ) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Essex in the early s. Saint made his debut. The Normans (Norman: Normaunds; French: Normands) are an ethnic group that arose in . 10th–11th century History of the Normans, by Dudo of Saint-Quentin. Before Rollo's arrival, Normandy's populations did not differ from Picardy or the.
Some time later, Dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic —fell again to Byzantine hands. The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. Because of this, Ethelred fled to Normandy in , when he was forced from his kingdom by Sweyn Forkbeard. His stay in Normandy until influenced him and his sons by Emma, who stayed in Normandy after Cnut the Great 's conquest of the isle.
When Edward the Confessor finally returned from his father's refuge in , at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacnut , he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This concept never really took root, but it is a typical example of Edward's attitude. He invited his brother-in-law Eustace II, Count of Boulogne to his court in , an event that resulted in the greatest of early conflicts between Saxon and Norman and ultimately resulted in the exile of Earl Godwin of Wessex.
On 14 October , William the Conqueror gained a decisive victory at the Battle of Hastings , which led to the conquest of England three years later; [26] this can be seen on the Bayeux tapestry a linen, embroidered cloth. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England.
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The nobility of England were part of a single Norman culture and many had lands on both sides of the channel. Early Norman kings of England, as Dukes of Normandy, owed homage to the King of France for their land on the continent. They considered England to be their most important holding it brought with it the title of King—an important status symbol.
Eventually, the Normans merged with the natives, combining languages and traditions, so much so that Marjorie Chibnall says "writers still referred to Normans and English; but the terms no longer meant the same as in the immediate aftermath of The Anglo-Norman language became distinct from the Latin language , something that was the subject of some humour by Geoffrey Chaucer. The Anglo-Norman language was eventually absorbed into the Anglo-Saxon language of their subjects see Old English and influenced it, helping along with the Norse language of the earlier Anglo-Norse settlers and the Latin used by the church in the development of Middle English.
It in turn evolved into Modern English. The Normans had a profound effect on Irish culture and history after their invasion at Bannow Bay in Initially, the Normans maintained a distinct culture and ethnicity.
Yet, with time, they came to be subsumed into Irish culture to the point that it has been said that they became " more Irish than the Irish themselves ". The Normans settled mostly in an area in the east of Ireland , later known as the Pale , and also built many fine castles and settlements, including Trim Castle and Dublin Castle. Both cultures intermixed, borrowing from each other's language, culture and outlook. Norman descendants today can be recognised by their surnames.
Names such as French, De Roche, Devereux, D'Arcy, Treacy and Lacy are particularly common in the southeast of Ireland, especially in the southern part of County Wexford , where the first Norman settlements were established. Other Norman names, such as Furlong, predominate there.
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Names beginning with Fitz from the Norman for son indicate Norman ancestry. One of the claimants of the English throne opposing William the Conqueror , Edgar Atheling , eventually fled to Scotland. William invaded Scotland in , riding as far as Abernethy where he met up with his fleet of ships. Malcolm submitted, paid homage to William and surrendered his son Duncan as a hostage, beginning a series of arguments as to whether the Scottish Crown owed allegiance to the King of England.
Normans went into Scotland, building castles and founding noble families that would provide some future kings, such as Robert the Bruce , as well as founding a considerable number of the Scottish clans. King David I of Scotland , whose elder brother Alexander I had married Sybilla of Normandy , was instrumental in introducing Normans and Norman culture to Scotland , part of the process some scholars call the " Davidian Revolution ".
The process was continued under David's successors, most intensely of all under William the Lion. The Norman-derived feudal system was applied in varying degrees to most of Scotland. Edward the Confessor had set up the aforementioned Ralph as earl of Hereford and charged him with defending the Marches and warring with the Welsh. In these original ventures, the Normans failed to make any headway into Wales. These Normans began a long period of slow conquest during which almost all of Wales was at some point subject to Norman interference. Norman words, such as baron barwn , first entered Welsh at that time.
The legendary religious zeal of the Normans was exercised in religious wars long before the First Crusade carved out a Norman principality in Antioch.
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They were major foreign participants in the Reconquista in Iberia. In , Roger de Tosny travelled to the Iberian Peninsula to carve out a state for himself from Moorish lands, but failed. In , during the War of Barbastro , William of Montreuil led the papal army and took a huge booty. In , Crusaders passing by the siege of Amalfi were joined by Bohemond of Taranto and his nephew Tancred with an army of Italo-Normans. Mary Cross "I love the sounds of singing children and children praying. All Saints is full of beautiful sounds. We have an amazing school family.
We provide a faith-filled education, exceptional academics, and lessons on respect for the love of all God's creations as part of our curriculum. The staff are not only co-workers, but we are a community. Jerry Lang "Coming to All Saints Catholic school every morning is a joy, as together we are helping to make saints by teaching our students to know, love and serve God.
We value the trust placed in us by the parents and strive to maintain that trust every day. Lisa Lancaster "It is such a blessing to have the opportunity to teach children about God and serving others. I love sharing my faith with my students! Once students leave our school, they are not forgotten. There is nothing quite like the smile of a former student when you run into them at their high school or college events, or somewhere else in the community.
The smiles, hugs and memories shared are evidence that we are family and that we do far more than teach academics. We aim to empower and inspire students to strive for their best and to realize their own God-given potential. Guided by a strong Catholic identity, our school aims to stand out from the crowd through a commitment to community, service, and high academic standards, and by extending the love, grace and mercy of Jesus Christ to all. All Saints is a wonderful place to learn, love, share and so much more.