La France que jaime (ESSAIS DOC.) (French Edition)

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Nouns borrowed from English Examples: The gender of the brand will actually be the gender of the noun that is implicit:.

As you learn more French vocabulary, you can then notice some patterns and remember them better. Now, test yourself with my free worksheet! What about the names of brands? How will you translate the following examples? The gender of the brand will actually be the gender of the noun that is implicit: Sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth.

French is the second most common language in Canada , after English , and both are official languages at the federal level. It is the first language of 9. Quebec is also home to the city of Montreal , which is the world's 4th-largest French-speaking city, by number of first language speakers. French is also an official language of all of the territories Northwest Territories , Nunavut , and Yukon.

The Act applies to areas of the province where there are significant Francophone communities, namely Eastern Ontario and Northern Ontario. Smaller pockets of French speakers exist in all other provinces. The city of Ottawa, the Canadian capital, is also effectively bilingual, as it is on the other side of a river from Quebec, opposite the major city of Gatineau, and is required to offer governmental services in French as well as English. According to the United States Census Bureau , French is the fourth [39] most-spoken language in the United States after English , Spanish , and Chinese , when all forms of French are considered together and all dialects of Chinese are similarly combined.

French remains the second most-spoken language in the states of Louisiana , Maine , Vermont and New Hampshire. Louisiana is home to many distinct dialects, collectively known as Louisiana French. According to the United States Census, there are over , people in Louisiana who speak French at home, the most of any state if Creole French is excluded. Missouri French was historically spoken in Missouri and Illinois formerly known as Upper Louisiana , but is nearly extinct today. French is one of Haiti's two official languages.

La programmation du festival

It is the principal language of writing, school instruction, and administrative use. It is spoken by all educated Haitians and is used in the business sector. It is also used for ceremonial events such as weddings, graduations and church masses. The second official language is the recently standardized Haitian Creole , which virtually the entire population of Haiti speaks. Haitian Creole is one of the French-based creole languages , drawing the large majority of its vocabulary from French, with influences from West African languages, as well as several European languages.

French is the official language of both French Guiana on the South American continent, [43] and of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , [44] an archipelago off the coast of Newfoundland in North America. French was the official language of the colony of French Indochina , comprising modern-day Vietnam , Laos , and Cambodia. It continues to be an administrative language in Laos and Cambodia, although its influence has waned in recent years. After French rule ended, South Vietnam continued to use French in administration, education, and trade.

French nevertheless maintains its colonial legacy by being spoken as a second language by the elderly and elite populations and is presently being revived in higher education and continues to be a diplomatic language in Vietnam. All three countries are official members of the OIF. A former French mandate , Lebanon designates Arabic as the sole official language, while a special law regulates cases when French can be publicly used.

Article 11 of Lebanon's Constitution states that "Arabic is the official national language. A law determines the cases in which the French language is to be used". The language is also used on Lebanese pound bank notes, on road signs, on Lebanese license plates , and on official buildings alongside Arabic. Out of about , students, about , are enrolled in Francophone schools, public or private, in which the teaching of mathematics and scientific subjects is provided in French.

One third of high school students educated in French go on to pursue higher education in English-speaking institutions. English is the language of business and communication, with French being an element of social distinction, chosen for its emotional value. Many secondary schools offer French as a foreign language. The UAE has the status in the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie as an observer state, and Qatar has the status in the organization as an associate state. However, in both countries French is not spoken by almost any of the general population or migrant workers, but spoken by a small minority of those who invest in Francophone countries or have other financial or family ties.

Their entrance as observer and associate states respectively into the organisation was aided a good deal by their investments into the Organisation and France itself. French is a Romance language meaning that it is descended primarily from Vulgar Latin that evolved out of the Gallo-Romance dialects spoken in northern France.

The language's early forms include Old French and Middle French. Due to Roman rule, Latin was gradually adopted by the inhabitants of Gaul, and as the language was learned by the common people it developed a distinct local character, with grammatical differences from Latin as spoken elsewhere, some of which being attested on graffiti. The Celtic Gaulish language is thought to have survived into the 6th century in France, despite considerable Romanization.

The beginning of French in Gaul was greatly influenced by Germanic invasions into the country. These invasions had the greatest impact on the northern part of the country and on the language there. The period of Old French spanned between the 8th and 14th centuries. Old French shared many characteristics with Latin. For example, Old French made use of all possible word orders just as Latin did. Within Old French many dialects emerged but the Francien dialect is one that not only continued but also thrived during the Middle French period 14th century—17th century.

Robert Estienne published the first Latin-French dictionary, which included information about phonetics, etymology, and grammar. During the 17th century, French replaced Latin as the most important language of diplomacy and international relations lingua franca. It retained this role until approximately the middle of the 20th century, when it was replaced by English as the United States became the dominant global power following the Second World War.

By the early s, Parisian French had become the primary language of the aristocracy in France. Near the beginning of the 19th century, the French government began to pursue policies with the end goal of eradicating the many minority and regional languages patois spoken in France. When public education was made compulsory , only French was taught and the use of any other patois language was punished. The goals of the Public School System were made especially clear to the French speaking teachers sent to teach students in regions such as Occitania and Brittany: Spoken on all continents, [75] French is taught in universities around the world, and is one of the world's most influential languages because of its wide use in the worlds of journalism , jurisprudence , the academy , and diplomacy.

It is the sole internal working language of the Court of Justice of the European Union , and makes with English the European Court of Human Rights 's two working languages. In , George Werber published, in Language Today , a comprehensive academic study entitled "The World's 10 most influential languages". In English-speaking Canada , the United Kingdom , and the Republic of Ireland , French is the first foreign language taught and in number of pupils is far ahead of other languages.

In the United States , Spanish is the most commonly taught foreign language, though French is next.

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The future of the French language is often discussed in the news. For example, in , The New York Times documented an increase in the teaching of French in New York, especially in dual-language programs where Spanish and Mandarin are offered rather than French as the second language. It noted that French is spreading in areas where the population is rapidly increasing, especially in sub-Saharan Africa.

Although there are many French regional accents, foreign learners normally use only one variety of the language. French pronunciation follows strict rules based on spelling, but French spelling is often based more on history than phonology. The rules for pronunciation vary between dialects, but the standard rules are:. Yet, they cannot be changed for "oe" and "ae" in formal and literary texts. French spelling, like English spelling, tends to preserve obsolete pronunciation rules.

This is mainly due to extreme phonetic changes since the Old French period, without a corresponding change in spelling. Moreover, some conscious changes were made to restore Latin orthography as with some English words such as "debt":.

Bonus: What about the names of brands ?

French is a morphophonemic language. While it contains graphemes that denote only 36 phonemes , many of its spelling rules are likely due to a consistency in morphemic patterns such as adding suffixes and prefixes. In particular, a given vowel combination or diacritic generally leads to one phoneme. As a result, it can be difficult to predict the spelling of a word based on the sound. Final consonants are generally silent, except when the following word begins with a vowel see Liaison French.

For example, the following words end in a vowel sound: The same words followed by a vowel, however, may sound the consonants, as they do in these examples: French writing, as with any language, is affected by the spoken language. In Old French, the plural for animal was animals. This change was then reflected in the orthography: The us ending, very common in Latin, was then abbreviated by copyists monks by the letter x , resulting in a written form animax.

The same is true for cheval pluralized as chevaux and many others. In addition, castel pl. Some proposals exist to simplify the existing writing system, but they still fail to gather interest. In , a reform accepted some changes to French orthography. A cruel and biting comedy from which nobody will leave totally unscathed.

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Extending over a period going from the Egyptian revolution in to the removal of the ex-President Morsi three years later, Force majeure is the story of the discussions of the Director, who is the son of a famous criminal investigator who stood against the police corruption, with police officer Abou H, direct witness to the violence of his superiors on civilians and to the abuse of power of security forces that immediately followed the revolution. Abou H is divided between his convictions and his dream to change the system with the risk of losing his job.

Welcome to Harlan County, mining town of Kentucky.

68, MON PÈRE ET LES CLOUS

Just after the first images, Barbara Kopple takes us in the ruthless world of American miners in the s. Together, husbands and wives, children and grand-parents, have decided to fight to have better living conditions. Their strike will last thirteen long months, followed day after day by Barbara Kopple's film camera. In front, the mining company that nothing can stop is hiring armed strikebreakers. A young minor is murdered. And, still, the film crew is at the centre of the struggle. Dieudo Hamadi has followed, sometimes at the risk of his life, some political activists in their fight against Kabila's regime in RDC.

Their young lives are already marked by the prison, exil and violence. This is the story of the Organization of the armed struggle, with its share of clandestinity, danger, dissensions, compromise. The film follows the political development in the RDC, when the leader of the opposition Etienne Tishekedi is trying to negotiate with Kabila. The capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kinshasa is the third largest city in Africa, one of the most chaotic in the world. However this is where, for fifteen years, a handful of inhabitants meets together in the streets of the metropolis to play music in a symphony orchestra.

Often self-taught, most of them poor and braving all obstacles — from the military coups to the Civil war — these passionate Kinois playing Haendel, Verdi or Beethoven show their interest, thanks to their powerful determination, in all the diversity of a town and in its energy Un film-essai qui emprunte un ton personnel et intime.

The portrait of two immigrant women: Two cultures found in a Quebec still sensitive to the grafting of new roots, and which create an opening for a broad reflection on immigration. A personal and intimate film-essay. Le combat d'une vie. Sur ses berges, des hommes et des femmes se confient. On its banks, men and women confide themselves. In this remote place, favourable for reflexion, they wonder on what they need to reach the inner peace, assume the importance to pass something to the future generations and realize that the love's fusion is an impossible ideal.

The unlikely trio formed seeks to achieve a synthesis never seen before with the marimba, Guatemalan traditional instrument, and the Heavy Metal. However this is not at all a musical film. It's essentially a quest full of humour and desperate of three characters, full of life and humanity, in a country where nothing seems possible. It is cemented by the Tajik music which makes it live. But its clannish functioning around Dad Alaev, patriarch with an iron hand in a velvet glove is threatened by the influences of the modern Israel. In , after 11 years of hard work, while crossing the iron curtain is almost impossible, he realizes his dream: He came back a year later and became a hero to a whole generation of Bulgarians.

In a world where the industrial agriculture reigns supreme, food production remains one of the less well-paid professions on the planet. They don't know each other but they belong to the same generation. They were born under the dictatorship of Ben Ali. They are the adolescents in the jasmine revolution which has hatched in Tunisia in in a common fight: A peaceful fight that they lead into the street, space widely taken by men in Tunisia, and that they chose to reclaim through the practice of Street Art.

A fight which lets their life swing between fear, hope, violence, creative energy and hunger for freedom. Did the justice deliver a verdict against the responsibles of the big lie of asbestos? What will be its action for those of the predicted catastrophe of the pesticides? More than 20 years ago, Lindy Lou was part of a jury who has sentenced a man to death.

Since then, the culpability eats her away. Will her redemption go through this journey that she is starting today across the Mississippi, with the aim of confronting her experience to that of the other 11 jurors?

Based on the many absurdities of the death penalty, this film shows through these 3 characters, how this sentence generates suffering, injustice, violence and inefficiency. Louenn, 13 ans, deviendra-t-il un futur technicien des ondes? Manic relates the filmmaker Kalina Bertin fight to understand the legacy of the mental illness that has ravaged her brothers ans sisters' life. Convinced that her father holds a key piece of the puzzle, she leaves to search for the truth and discovers another man than the one she remembers: Manic invites the spectator to a fascinating and intimate journey through time and mind, where the past and the present collide.

Facing the damages caused by the crisis, Mick decides to save his mattress business by launching a communication with shock: At his side is Paul, his friend, unemployed, who owes him to have pulled him out of the slump. Deeply in debt, he is not doing that well. The director follows a small political group in Quebec. These are more portraits than ideas that it seems he wishes to reach.

They call themselves activists without agressiveness but their flag seems to be fixed to their arms and they play easily fists and obscenities.

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