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A subsequent systematic review of the scientific literature confirmed the effects of expectations on performance and found that the effects were more pronounced for people who had previously been poor performers. One is called defensive effort.
Why waste energy on a fruitless quest? On the other hand, people who are told they are likely to succeed will invest more time and energy because they expect a payoff from their efforts.
Second, people, including teachers and supervisors, behave differently toward people depending on what they are told about those people. One article noted that when a person is provided with stereotype-cuing information about another individual with whom they expect to interact—for instance information about physical attractiveness, intelligence, and so forth—their behavior changes in ways that act to confirm the stereotype. For instance, people who thought they were interacting with a physically attractive person were more sociable, friendly, and likable than those who thought they were interacting with a less attractive individual.
In many cases, for positive expectations to improve performance, leaders or teachers must deliver false or bogus information to the targets. If poor performers are going to improve because they are told they are expected to do great, leaders may have to say things they may not believe. A related phenomenon in medicine is the placebo effect—people who believe they have been given some drug or treatment will react more just because they think they received a potent treatment.
The article argued that some of these effects on neurotransmitters were identical to what was achieved when patients took actual drugs. The idea is to achieve pain relief without the administration and availability of addictive narcotics. Once again, for the placebo effect to work, there must be deception. Placebo and expectation effects are examples of self-fulfilling prophecies—the concept that a certain idea produces behaviors that make the idea, even if originally false, become true.
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Berean Literal Bible and will go out to deceive the nations in the four corners of the earth, Gog and Magog, to gather them together unto the war, of whom is the number of them like the sand of the sea. New American Standard Bible and will come out to deceive the nations which are in the four corners of the earth, Gog and Magog, to gather them together for the war; the number of them is like the sand of the seashore. King James Bible And shall go out to deceive the nations which are in the four quarters of the earth, Gog and Magog, to gather them together to battle: Christian Standard Bible and will go out to deceive the nations at the four corners of the earth, Gog and Magog, to gather them for battle.
Their number is like the sand of the sea. Contemporary English Version He will fool the countries of Gog and Magog, which are at the far ends of the earth, and their people will follow him into battle. They will have as many followers as there are grains of sand along the beach, Good News Translation and he will go out to deceive the nations scattered over the whole world, that is, Gog and Magog.
Satan will bring them all together for battle, as many as the grains of sand on the seashore. Holman Christian Standard Bible and will go out to deceive the nations at the four corners of the earth, Gog and Magog, to gather them for battle.
International Standard Version He will go out to deceive Gog and Magog, the nations at the four corners of the earth, and gather them for war. They are as numerous as the sands of the seashore. NET Bible and will go out to deceive the nations at the four corners of the earth, Gog and Magog, to bring them together for the battle. They are as numerous as the grains of sand in the sea. New Heart English Bible and he will come out to deceive the nations which are in the four quarters of the earth, Gog and Magog, to gather them together to the war; the number of whom is as the sand of the sea.
You do not currently have access to this article. Journal of Consumer Research , ucy, https: The modest way in which I proposed my opinions procured them a readier reception and less contradiction. Prophesy against him Ezekiel This is the first examination of retrieval accuracy for deception memory.
Journal of Consumer Research , ucy, https: Abstract Consumers tell many lies. For permissions, please e-mail: You do not currently have access to this article.
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