Beautiful

12/17/2018

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I gave several examples in Kinds of filters , but here are a few more:. Some of these should look familiar, but others are new. What does it mean to pass in a value for string , or id? Recall from Kinds of filters that the value to name can be a string , a regular expression , a list , a function , or the value True. You can filter an attribute based on a string , a regular expression , a list , a function , or the value True.

This code finds all tags whose id attribute has a value, regardless of what the value is:. Using class as a keyword argument will give you a syntax error. As of Beautiful Soup 4. You can also search for the exact string value of the class attribute:. With string you can search for strings instead of tags. As with name and the keyword arguments, you can pass in a string , a regular expression , a list , a function , or the value True. Here are some examples:. Although string is for finding strings, you can combine it with arguments that find tags: Beautiful Soup will find all tags whose.

The string argument is new in Beautiful Soup 4. In earlier versions it was called text:. This can take a while if the document is large.

If you call mytag. See the difference here:. But the recursive argument is different: These two lines of code are equivalent:. These two lines of code are nearly equivalent:. That trick works by repeatedly calling find:. The only differences are in what parts of the tree they search. These methods do the opposite: The connection is very strong. These search methods actually use.

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For these methods, all that matters is that an element match the filter, and show up later in the document than the starting element. Beautiful Soup supports the most commonly-used CSS selectors.

Just pass a string into the. This is all a convenience for users who know the CSS selector syntax. And if CSS selectors are all you need, you might as well use lxml directly: I covered this earlier, in Attributes , but it bears repeating. You can rename a tag, change the values of its attributes, add new attributes, and delete attributes:. It works just like calling. If you need to add a string to a document, no problem—you can pass a Python string in to append , or you can call the NavigableString constructor:.

If you want to create a comment or some other subclass of NavigableString , just call the constructor:. What if you need to create a whole new tag? The best solution is to call the factory method BeautifulSoup. It works just like.

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It returns the tag or string that was extracted:. At this point you effectively have two parse trees: You can go on to call extract on a child of the element you extracted:. It returns the new wrapper:. You can call prettify on the top-level BeautifulSoup object, or on any of its Tag objects:. If you just want a string, with no fancy formatting, you can call unicode or str on a BeautifulSoup object, or a Tag within it:. The str function returns a string encoded in UTF See Encodings for other options. You can also call encode to get a bytestring, and decode to get Unicode.

If you then convert the document to a string, the Unicode characters will be encoded as UTF By default, the only characters that are escaped upon output are bare ampersands and angle brackets. You can change this behavior by providing a value for the formatter argument to prettify , encode , or decode.

Beautiful Soup recognizes six possible values for formatter. Finally, if you pass in a function for formatter , Beautiful Soup will call that function once for every string and attribute value in the document. You can do whatever you want in this function.

It returns all the text in a document or beneath a tag, as a single Unicode string:. But at that point you might want to use the. Beautiful Soup will pick a parser for you and parse the data. But there are a few additional arguments you can pass in to the constructor to change which parser is used. The first argument to the BeautifulSoup constructor is a string or an open filehandle—the markup you want parsed.

You can override this by specifying one of the following:. The section Installing a parser contrasts the supported parsers. Right now, the only supported XML parser is lxml. Beautiful Soup presents the same interface to a number of different parsers, but each parser is different. Different parsers will create different parse trees from the same document. There are also differences between HTML parsers. But if the document is not perfectly-formed, different parsers will give different results. Differences between parsers can affect your script.

That will reduce the chances that your users parse a document differently from the way you parse it. That sure would be nice. The autodetected encoding is available as the. Unicode, Dammit guesses correctly most of the time, but sometimes it makes mistakes.

Sometimes it guesses correctly, but only after a byte-by-byte search of the document that takes a very long time. If Unicode, Dammit needs to do this, it will set the. This lets you know that the Unicode representation is not an exact representation of the original—some data was lost. You can also call encode on the BeautifulSoup object, or any element in the soup, just as if it were a Python string:. You can use Unicode, Dammit without using Beautiful Soup. The more data you give Unicode, Dammit, the more accurately it will guess.

If you have your own suspicions as to what the encoding might be, you can pass them in as a list:. Beautiful Soup prefers the default behavior, which is to convert Microsoft smart quotes to Unicode characters along with everything else:. Sometimes a document is mostly in UTF-8, but contains Windows characters such as again Microsoft smart quotes. This can happen when a website includes data from multiple sources. You can use UnicodeDammit. This document is a mess. The snowmen are in UTF-8 and the quotes are in Windows You can display the snowmen or the quotes, but not both:.

Note that you must know to call UnicodeDammit. Beautiful Soup assumes that a document has a single encoding, whatever it might be. You can use copy. The only real difference is that the copy is completely detached from the original Beautiful Soup object tree, just as if extract had been called on it:. The SoupStrainer class allows you to choose which parts of an incoming document are parsed.

If you use html5lib, the whole document will be parsed, no matter what. The SoupStrainer class takes the same arguments as a typical method from Searching the tree: Here are three SoupStrainer objects:. You can also pass a SoupStrainer into any of the methods covered in Searching the tree. New in Beautiful Soup 4. Just looking at the output of diagnose may show you how to solve the problem.

Even if not, you can paste the output of diagnose when asking for help. There are two different kinds of parse errors. And there is unexpected behavior, where a Beautiful Soup parse tree looks a lot different than the document used to create it. Almost none of these problems turn out to be problems with Beautiful Soup. This is not because Beautiful Soup is an amazingly well-written piece of software. Instead, it relies on external parsers. See Installing a parser for details and a parser comparison. Again, the solution is to install lxml or html5lib.

Beautiful Soup will never be as fast as the parsers it sits on top of. That said, there are things you can do to speed up Beautiful Soup. Beautiful Soup parses documents significantly faster using lxml than using html. You can speed up encoding detection significantly by installing the cchardet library.

12/17/2018

Beautiful Soup 3 is the previous release series, and is no longer being actively developed. You can also download a tarball of Beautiful Soup 3. The documentation for Beautiful Soup 3 is archived online. Most code written against Beautiful Soup 3 will work against Beautiful Soup 4 with one simple change. All you should have to do is change the package name from BeautifulSoup to bs4. Although BS4 is mostly backwards-compatible with BS3, most of its methods have been deprecated and given new names for PEP 8 compliance.

There are numerous other renames and changes, and a few of them break backwards compatibility. Beautiful Soup 4 uses html.

See Installing a parser for a comparison. If you swap out html. I renamed three attributes to avoid using words that have special meaning to Python. Unlike the others, these changes are not backwards compatible. If you used these attributes in BS3, your code will break on BS4 until you change them.

Some of the generators used to yield None after they were done, and then stop. That was a bug. Now the generators just stop. There are two new generators,. Previously when you parsed XML you had to explicitly say which tags were considered empty-element tags.

The selfClosingTags argument to the constructor is no longer recognized. Instead, Beautiful Soup considers any empty tag to be an empty-element tag. If you add a child to an empty-element tag, it stops being an empty-element tag. Beautiful Soup 3 had a number of overlapping ways of dealing with entities, which have been removed. If you want to turn Unicode characters back into HTML entities on output, rather than turning them into UTF-8 characters, you need to use an output formatter. If tag A contains a single tag B and nothing else, then A.

Previously, it was None.

Upon its release, "Beautiful" received universal acclaim from music critics, who have ranked it among Aguilera's strongest material. The song peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot in the United States, where it was certified Gold for , units shipped. In , UK LGBT rights organization Stonewall named "Beautiful" the most empowering song of the previous decade for gay, lesbian , and bisexual people.

In , Rolling Stone and VH1 listed it as one of the best songs of the s decade. The song is widely recognized as one of Aguilera's signature songs and has been covered on numerous occasions and featured on several television shows. Aguilera recorded the song at two studios: Prior to the collaboration with Aguilera, Perry had written the song and originally wanted to keep the "personal" record for her own singing career.

We both decided to hear Christina sing it. We demoed the song with her singing it, and I was like, 'Wow'. That rough vocal is what is out there on radio. It was that vocal that got her the song". Perry denied the request because the song is supposed to be about imperfection and being vulnerable. It was first sent to American contemporary hit and rhythmic radio stations on November 16, Upon its release, "Beautiful" received universal acclaim from music critics. The song was recognized as her third-best single by Rachel McRady of Wetpaint , who commented that "Xtina's inspiration ballad motivated an entire generation".

The song peaked at number 2 on the US Billboard Hot for one week behind B2K's "Bump Bump Bump" and became Aguilera's longest-charting solo track, spending twenty-seven weeks on the chart. As of August , the single has sold 1,, digital copies in that country. Spending a total of fifty-one weeks on the UK Singles Chart , the song eventually peaked atop the chart; [37] it was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry. In Germany, the song peaked at number 9 after charting for thirteen weeks on the Media Control Charts.

It opens with Aguilera speaking the line "Don't look at me", followed by scenes of her singing alone in a room intercut with self-image -related sequences of other people. An anorexic girl examines herself in a mirror, eventually punching through it; a thin teenage boy stands lifting weights in a room plastered with images of bodybuilders; and an African-American girl rips out pages of women's magazines including photos of only white women and throws them into a fire.

In one sequence, a girl is physically bullied by several peers, and in another, a goth man sits at the back of a bus while several people get up and move. Another shows a transgender person, played by Robert Sherman, putting on makeup, a wig, and women's clothing.

Recognized as one of her signature songs , Aguilera has performed "Beautiful" at a number of venues and events. Coming Together in On October 5, , several hundred people gathered in front of the Massachusetts State House and sang "Beautiful" as a tribute to the teenagers who had committed suicide due to anti-gay bullying during the previous months.

On my darkest day their support lifts me up. I feel honored that some of my songs become anthems to them as well. Since its release, "Beautiful" has been covered by many performers. The song has also been performed by contestants on televised talent competitions. In , Alex Parks , the eventual winner of the first season of Fame Academy , covered the song on the series and re-recorded a version for her debut studio album Introduction. Credits adapted from "Beautiful" CD single liner notes.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. CD digital download vinyl. A second sample of "Beautiful", a piano-driven ballad which features bass guitar, cello, drums, keyboards, piano, and violin in its composition. Retrieved September 15, A Decade of Hits by Christina Aguilera". Retrieved April 26, American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Retrieved February 29, Archived from the original on March 27, Little Mix — 'Little Me ' ". Retrieved 8 December Archived from the original on December 20, Retrieved July 2, Nielsen Business Media, Inc.

Archived from the original on March 3, Retrieved June 12, Archived from the original on August 11, Retrieved June 11, Retrieved June 10, Archived from the original on June 22,

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