Hollywood

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By , most major film companies had set up production facilities in Southern California near or in Los Angeles because of the region's favorable year-round weather. In early , director D. They started filming on a vacant lot near Georgia Street in downtown Los Angeles.

While there, the company decided to explore new territories, traveling several miles north to Hollywood, a little village that was friendly and enjoyed the movie company filming there. Griffith then filmed the first movie ever shot in Hollywood, In Old California , a Biograph melodrama about California in the 19th century, when it belonged to Mexico. Griffith stayed there for months and made several films before returning to New York. After hearing about Griffith's success in Hollywood, in , many movie-makers headed west to avoid the fees imposed by Thomas Edison , who owned patents on the movie-making process.

California 's more hospitable and cost-effective climate led to the eventual shift of virtually all filmmaking to the West Coast by the s.

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At the time, Thomas Edison owned almost all the patents relevant to motion picture production and movie producers on the East Coast acting independently of Edison's Motion Picture Patents Company were often sued or enjoined by Edison and his agents while movie makers working on the West Coast could work independently of Edison's control. In Los Angeles, the studios and Hollywood grew.

Before World War I , movies were made in several US cities, but filmmakers tended to gravitate towards southern California as the industry developed. They were attracted by the warm climate and reliable sunlight, which made it possible to film movies outdoors year-round and by the varied scenery that was available. There are several starting points for cinema particularly American cinema , but it was Griffith's controversial epic Birth of a Nation that pioneered the worldwide filming vocabulary that still dominates celluloid to this day.

In the early 20th century, when the medium was new, many Jewish immigrants found employment in the US film industry. They were able to make their mark in a brand-new business: Soon they were the heads of a new kind of enterprise: The US had at least one female director, producer and studio head in these early years: They also set the stage for the industry's internationalism; the industry is often accused of Amero-centric provincialism.

Other moviemakers arrived from Europe after World War I: At motion pictures' height of popularity in the mids, the studios were cranking out a total of about movies a year, seen by an audience of 90 million Americans per week. Sound also became widely used in Hollywood in the late s. A side effect of the "talkies" was that many actors who had made their careers in silent films suddenly found themselves out of work, as they often had bad voices or could not remember their lines.

Meanwhile, in , US politician Will H. In the early times of talkies , American studios found that their sound productions were rejected in foreign-language markets and even among speakers of other dialects of English.

The synchronization technology was still too primitive for dubbing. One of the solutions was creating parallel foreign-language versions of Hollywood films.

Around , the American companies [ which? Also, foreign unemployed actors, playwrights, and winners of photogenia contests were chosen and brought to Hollywood, where they shot parallel versions of the English-language films. These parallel versions had a lower budget, were shot at night and were directed by second-line American directors who did not speak the foreign language. The productions were not very successful in their intended markets, due to the following reasons:.

In spite of this, some productions like the Spanish version of Dracula compare favorably with the original. By the mids, synchronization had advanced enough for dubbing to become usual. Classical Hollywood cinema is defined as a technical and narrative style characteristic of film from to During the Golden Age of Hollywood, which lasted from the end of the silent era in American cinema in the late s to the early s, thousands of movies were issued from the Hollywood studios. The start of the Golden Age was arguably when The Jazz Singer was released in , ending the silent era and increasing box-office profits for films as sound was introduced to feature films.

De Mille 's films were almost all made at Paramount , and director Henry King 's films were mostly made for 20th Century Fox. At the same time, one could usually guess which studio made which film, largely because of the actors who appeared in it; MGM , for example, claimed it had contracted "more stars than there are in heaven.

For example, To Have and Have Not is famous not only for the first pairing of actors Humphrey Bogart — and Lauren Bacall — , but also for being written by two future winners of the Nobel Prize in Literature: Ernest Hemingway — , the author of the novel on which the script was nominally based, and William Faulkner — , who worked on the screen adaptation.

Paramount, which already acquired Balaban and Katz in , would answer to the success of Warner Bros. Movie-making was still a business, however, and motion picture companies made money by operating under the studio system. They owned or leased Movie Ranches in rural Southern California for location shooting of westerns and other large-scale genre films.

And they owned hundreds of theaters in cities and towns across the nation in film theaters that showed their films and that were always in need of fresh material. Throughout the s, as well as most of the golden age, MGM dominated the film screen and had the top stars in Hollywood, and was also credited for creating the Hollywood star system altogether.

Another great achievement of US cinema during this era came through Walt Disney 's animation company. Many film historians have remarked upon the many great works of cinema that emerged from this period of highly regimented film-making. One reason this was possible is that, with so many movies being made, not everyone had to be a big hit. A studio could gamble on a medium-budget feature with a good script and relatively unknown actors: Citizen Kane , directed by Orson Welles — and often regarded as the greatest film of all time , fits that description.

In other cases, strong-willed directors like Howard Hawks — , Alfred Hitchcock — , and Frank Capra — battled the studios in order to achieve their artistic visions. The apogee of the studio system may have been the year , which saw the release of such classics as The Wizard of Oz , Gone with the Wind , Stagecoach , Mr. Among the other films from the Golden Age period that are now considered to be classics: The studio system and the Golden Age of Hollywood succumbed to two forces that developed in the late s:.

In , Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released during a run of lackluster films from the major studios, and quickly became the highest grossing film released to that point. Embarrassingly for the studios, it was an independently produced animated film that did not feature any studio-employed stars.

The "Little Three" Universal Studios , United Artists , and Columbia Pictures , who did not own any theaters, refused to participate in the consent decree. The Big Five studios didn't meet the requirements of the Consent of Decree during WWII, without major consequence, but after the war ended they joined Paramount as defendants in the Hollywood anti-trust case, as did the Little Three studios.

The Supreme Court eventually ruled that the major studios ownership of theaters and film distribution was a violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. As a result, the studios began to release actors and technical staff from their contracts with the studios. This changed the paradigm of film making by the major Hollywood studios, as each could have an entirely different cast and creative team.

Certain movie people, such as Cecil B. DeMille , either remained contract artists until the end of their careers or used the same creative teams on their films so that a DeMille film still looked like one whether it was made in or Also, the number of movies being produced annually dropped as the average budget soared, marking a major change in strategy for the industry. Studios now aimed to produce entertainment that could not be offered by television: Studios also began to sell portions of their theatrical film libraries to other companies to sell to television.

By , all major film studios had given up ownership of their theaters. Industrial Commission of Ohio case, and stated that motion pictures were a form of art and were entitled to the protection of the First amendment ; US laws could no longer censor films. By , with film studios becoming increasingly defiant to its censorship function, the Motion Picture Association of America MPAA had replaced the Hays Code—which was now greatly violated after the government threat of censorship that justified the origin of the code had ended—with the film rating system.

Post-classical cinema is the term used to describe the changing methods of storytelling in the New Hollywood. It has been argued that new approaches to drama and characterization played upon audience expectations acquired in the classical period: The roots of post-classical storytelling may be seen in film noir , in Rebel Without a Cause , and in Hitchcock's storyline-shattering Psycho. The New Hollywood describes the emergence of a new generation of film school-trained directors who had absorbed the techniques developed in Europe in the s; The film Bonnie and Clyde marked the beginning of American cinema rebounding as well, as a new generation of films would afterwards gain success at the box offices as well.

Cinema of the United States

Inaugurated by the release of Andy Warhol 's Blue Movie , the phenomenon of adult erotic films being publicly discussed by celebrities like Johnny Carson and Bob Hope , [40] and taken seriously by critics like Roger Ebert , [41] [42] a development referred to, by Ralph Blumenthal of The New York Times , as " porno chic ", and later known as the Golden Age of Porn , began, for the first time, in modern American culture. In the s, the films of New Hollywood filmmakers were often both critically acclaimed and commercially successful.

A Space Odyssey , Polanski with Chinatown , and Lucas with American Graffiti and Star Wars , respectively helped to give rise to the modern " blockbuster ", and induced studios to focus ever more heavily on trying to produce enormous hits. The increasing indulgence of these young directors did not help. However, Apocalypse Now eventually made its money back and gained widespread recognition as a masterpiece, winning the Palme d'Or at Cannes. The s and s saw another significant development. The full acceptance of home video by studios opened a vast new business to exploit. Films such as Showgirls , The Secret of NIMH , and The Shawshank Redemption , which may have performed poorly in their theatrical run, were now able to find success in the video market.

A spokesperson for the state's Wenn Miley Cyrus' mother Tish Cyrus "smokes more pot than anyone" the singer knows. The Climb hitmaker, who has always been open about her fondness The actor, who plays Jack Pearson on Wenn Ellie Goulding's relationships suffered as a result of her blossoming music career.

The singer took a two-year break from her career, in which time Wenn Gisele Bundchen is adamant that she has no plans to retire. The supermodel burst onto the scene after walking in Alexander McQueen's ready-to-wear show The actress plays Tudor monarch Queen Elizabeth Wenn Natalie Portman has divulged that her two children have "such different" personalities.

The Black Swan actress and her husband Benjamin Millepied are parents to The early real-estate boom busted at the end of that year. By , the region had a post office, newspaper, hotel, and two markets. A single-track streetcar line ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent and the trip took two hours.

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The old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery stable , improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood. The Hollywood Hotel was opened in by H. Having finally acquired the Hurd ranch and subdivided it, Whitley built the hotel to attract land buyers.

Flanking the west side of Highland Avenue , the structure fronted on Prospect Avenue , which, still a dusty, unpaved road, was regularly graded and graveled. The hotel was to become internationally known and was the center of the civic and social life and home of the stars for many years.

Whitley's company developed and sold one of the early residential areas, the Ocean View Tract. He paid thousands of dollars for electric lighting, including bringing electricity and building a bank, as well as a road into the Cahuenga Pass. The lighting ran for several blocks down Prospect Avenue.

Whitley's land was centered on Highland Avenue. Hollywood was incorporated as a municipality on November 14, , by a vote of 88 for and 77 against. Neither hotels nor restaurants were allowed to serve wine or liquor before or after meals. In , the city voted for merger with Los Angeles in order to secure an adequate water supply and to gain access to the L. With annexation, the name of Prospect Avenue changed to Hollywood Boulevard and all the street numbers were also changed.

By , major motion-picture companies had set up production near or in Los Angeles. To escape this, filmmakers began moving out west, where attempts to enforce Edison's patents were more easily evaded. Los Angeles became the capital of the film industry in the United States.

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Griffith was the first to make a motion picture in Hollywood. Whitley home was used as its set, and the unnamed movie was filmed in the middle of their groves at the corner of Whitley Avenue and Hollywood Boulevard. In the s, Hollywood was the fifth-largest industry in the nation. Hollywood became known as Tinseltown [29] and the "dream factory" [20] because of the glittering image of the movie industry.

Hollywood has since become a major center for film study in the United States. Its purpose was to advertise a housing development. In , the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce entered a contract with the City of Los Angeles to repair and rebuild the sign. During the early s, the Hollywood Freeway was constructed through the northeast corner of Hollywood. The Capitol Records Building on Vine Street , just north of Hollywood Boulevard, was built in , and the Hollywood Walk of Fame was created in as a tribute to artists and other significant contributors to the entertainment industry.

The official opening was on February 8, The mall is located where the historic Hollywood Hotel once stood. After years of serious decline in the s, many Hollywood landmarks were threatened with demolition. In , some Hollywood voters began a campaign for the area to secede from Los Angeles and become a separate municipality.

To pass, they required the approval of a majority of voters in the proposed new municipality as well as a majority of voters in all of Los Angeles. In the November election, both measures failed by wide margins in the citywide vote. According to the Mapping L. Street limits of the Hollywood neighborhood are: Whitley commissioned architect A. Barnes to design Whitley Heights as a Mediterranean-style village on the hills above Hollywood Boulevard, and it became the first celebrity community.

Relation of Hollywood to nearby communities:

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