A guerra dos botóns (Galician Edition)

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In the s, the conflict in the Netherlands drew England into war with Spain , creating a further menace to Spanish shipping.

The effort to neutralise this threat led to a disastrous attempt to invade England in This defeat led to a reform of fleet operations. The navy at this time was not a single operation but consisted of various fleets, made up mainly of armed merchantmen with escorts of royal ships. The Armada fiasco marked a turning point in naval warfare, where gunnery was now more important than ramming and boarding and so Spanish ships were equipped with purpose built naval guns.

During the s, the expansion of these fleets allowed a great increase in the overseas trade and massive increase in the importation of luxuries and silver. Nevertheless, inadequate port defences allowed an Anglo-Dutch force to raid Cadiz in , and though unsuccessful in its objective of capturing the silver from the just returned convoy, was able to inflict great damage upon the city.

Port defences at Cadiz were upgraded and all attempts to repeat the attack in the following centuries would fail. They were able to capture many enemy ships, merchant and military, in the early decades of the 17th century and provide military supplies to Spanish armies in France and the Low Countries and to Irish rebels in Ireland. By the middle of the 17th century, Spain had been drained by the vast strains of the Thirty Years' and related wars and began to slip into a slow decline.

During the middle to late decades of the century, the Dutch, English and French were able to take advantage of Spain's shrinking, run-down and increasingly underequipped fleets.

Spanish Navy

Military priorities in continental Europe meant that naval affairs were increasingly neglected. The Dutch took control of the smaller islands of the Caribbean , while England conquered Jamaica and France the western part of Santo Domingo. These territories became bases for raids on Spanish New World ports and shipping by pirates and privateers. The Spanish concentrated their efforts in keeping the most important islands, such as Cuba , Puerto Rico and the majority of Santo Domingo, while the system of treasure fleets , despite being greatly diminished, was rarely defeated in safely conveying its freight of silver and Asian luxuries across the Atlantic to Europe.

Only two such convoys were ever lost to enemy action with their cargo, one to a Dutch fleet in and another to an English fleet in A third convoy was destroyed at anchor by another English attack in , but it had already unloaded its treasure. By the time of the wars of the Grand Alliance and the Spanish Succession , the Habsburg regime had decided that it was more cost effective to rely on allied fleets, Anglo-Dutch and French respectively, than to invest in its own fleets.

The War of the Spanish Succession arose after the establishment on the Spanish throne of a House of Bourbon king, following the extinction of the Spanish Habsburg line. The internal division between supporters of a Habsburg and those of a Bourbon king led to a civil war and ultimately to the loss of Sicily, Sardinia, Menorca and Gibraltar.

Menorca was ultimately surrendered to Spain years later. Attempting to reverse the losses of the previous war, in the War of the Quadruple Alliance —20 the Spanish navy successfully convoyed armies to invade Sicily and Sardinia, but the escort fleet was destroyed by the British in the Battle of Cape Passaro and the Spanish invasion army was defeated in Italy by the Austrians. A major program to renovate and reorganise the run-down navy was begun. Following the war of Quadruple Alliance, a program of rigorous standardization was introduced in ships, operations, and administration.

Given the needs of its empire, Spanish warship designs tended to be more orientated towards long-range escort and patrol duties than for battle.

A major reform of the Spanish navy was initiated, updating its ships and administration, which was helped by French and Italian experts, although Spaniards, most notably Antonio Castaneta , soon rose to prominence in this work, which made Spain a leader in warship design and quality again, as was demonstrated by ships like the Princesa. A major naval yard was established at Havana , enabling the navy to maintain a permanent force in the Americas for the defence of the colonies and the suppression of piracy and smuggling.

During the War of the Polish Succession —38 , a renewed attempt to regain the lost Italian territories for the Bourbon dynasty was successful; with the French as allies and the British and Dutch neutral, Spain launched a campaign by sea and retook Sicily and southern Italy from Austria. In the War of Jenkins' Ear , the navy showed it was able to maintain communications with the American colonies and resupply Spanish forces in Italy in the face of British naval opposition. The navy played an important part in the decisive Battle of Cartagena de Indias in modern-day Colombia , where a massive British invasion fleet and army were defeated by a smaller Spanish force commanded by able strategist Blas de Lezo.

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This Spanish victory prolonged Spain's supremacy in the Americas until the early 19th century. The program of naval renovation was continued and by the s the Spanish navy had outstripped the Dutch to become the third most powerful in the world, behind only those of Britain and France. Joining France against Britain near the end of the Seven Years' War —63 , the navy failed to prevent the British capturing Havana , during which the Spanish squadron present was also captured.

In the American War of Independence —83 , the Spanish navy was essential to the establishment, in combination with the French and Dutch navies, of a numerical advantage that stretched British naval resources. They played a vital role, along with the French and Dutch, in maintaining military supplies to the American rebels. The navy also played a key role in the Spanish army led operations that defeated the British in Florida. The bulk of the purely naval combat on the allied side fell to the French navy, although Spain achieved lucrative successes with the capture of two great British convoys meant for the resupply of British forces and loyalists in North America.

Joint operations with France resulted in the capture of Menorca but failed in the siege of Gibraltar. Having initially opposed France in the French Revolutionary Wars — , Spain changed sides in , but defeat by the British a few months later in the Battle of Cape St Vincent and Trinidad was followed by the blockade of the main Spanish fleet in Cadiz.

List of Galician words of Germanic origin

The run down of naval operations had as much to do with the confused political situation in Spain as it had to do with the blockade. The British blockade of Spain's ports was of limited success and an attempt to attack Cadiz was defeated; ships on special missions and convoys successfully evaded the Cadiz blockade and other ports continued to operate with little difficulty, but the main battle fleets were largely inactive. The blockade was lifted with the Peace of Amiens The war recommenced in and ended in when the Spain and the United Kingdom became allied against Napoleon.

As in the first part, Cadiz was blockaded and Spanish naval activity was minimal. The most notable event was Spanish involvement in the Battle of Trafalgar under French leadership. This resulted in the Spanish navy losing eleven ships-of-the-line or over a quarter of its line-of-battle ships. After Spain became allied with the United Kingdom in in its war of independence , the Spanish navy joined the war effort against Napoleon.

The s saw the loss of most of the Spanish Empire in the Americas. With the empire greatly reduced in size and Spain divided and unstable after its own war of independence, the navy lost its importance and shrank greatly. The first new steam-driven vessels were purchased from Mexico in These included two iron-clad frigates, the Guadalupe and the Moctezuma, acquired from the UK in , and a third vessel delivered in However, in the s and s, particularly under the prime-ministership of General O'Donnell , significant investments were made in the Spanish naval squadrons of the Pacific.

A new steam-powered naval squadron sailed around the Pacific escorting a Spanish scientific expedition and unfortunately became entangled in what has been billed the First War of the Pacific from to During the conflict, the Spanish massed a fleet of 15 vessels to combat the combined navies of Peru, Chile, and Ecuador.

Another large number of words, related to seafaring and navigation, were incorporated also through French, English, Dutch, or Frisian navigators. Some other Germanic words have been incorporated recently, from English, Dutch, French, or Italian, but frequently with the intermediation of Spanish. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This page will be copied to Wiktionary using the transwiki process. If this page does not meet the criteria, please remove this notice. Otherwise, the notice will be automatically removed after transwiki completes.

Spanish and Portuguese monastic history, Retrieved 28 October Vocabolario etimologico della lingua italiana. For noble women, the role of monastic patron for female communities held particular resonance, as an accepted channel of female authority, and as a method to provide a suitable residence for widowed or unmarried women of high birth. Patton, Simon Barton, Joseph T.

Santa Clara de Allariz would serve as an occasional residence for the widowed queen after the death of Alfonso X, el Sabio —, r. Queen Violante features in biographies of Alfonso X as part of the struggle over succession. Gaibrois — , ; Nieto Soria ; Valle ; Carmona A ceremony per verba de presenti was held in Valladolid on 26 Nov.

Even these bare facts are difficult to tease out of the historical record. This would place the birth of their first child, Violante, in or Activities of royal largesse and generosity to pre- existing foundations do not meet these criteria. The hospice of Villafranca de Montes de Oca to which the queen left property casas in July and income in April cannot be considered her foundation, as the institution was established in the twelfth century: Ballesteros , app.

The proprietary lan- guage of her testament mio ospital que yo ffis, line 24 does indicate a strong identification with the enterprise, and a possible role in the expansion of its built fabric. See also the discussion below n. Gaibrois , vol. She is not known to have visited Galicia again until the establishment of Santa Clara de Allariz. Cid , For other royal visits, see Documentos reales…Galicia, doc. Alfonso X issued no documents from Allariz. See Documentos reales… Galicia, doc. See also Cid See also Muro — Presilla , , identified cancer of the maxillary antrum as the cause of his erratic behavior from the mids on.

On a political level, her actions commanded attention—even Pope Nicholas III took a hand in the negotiations for her return—yet the politi- cal and familial were closely intertwined, and the errant queen often seems the most prudent member of a querulous family. At the time of its plan- ning, female Franciscans were present in all four kingdoms: Allariz was not the first Franciscan house on the peninsula to enjoy royal patronage: Sanctity ran in the family: Archivo de San Francisco de Valladolid, carp.

Shortly thereafter, the mendicants won her lifelong favor. Unusually, Santa Clara de Allariz was located in a small, agricultural town rather than a major population center, underlining that an alternative strategy was at work in the selection of its site, if not one immediately apparent. Moreira , — Despite a papal bull stating that in case of denial by a diocesan bishop to bless the church, altars, or cemeteries of a Franciscan tem- ple, the same function could be carried out by any other Catholic bishop, the nuns of Allariz and their Franciscan sponsors continued to pursue a diplo- matic solution.

Archivo Municipal de Allariz, Carta de avenencia, 20 May Extensive documentation regarding the case can be found in the papal archives, and a lively summary of la ocasion que todos saben in Castro 4. Nothing explains why a bishop was brought from so far away; possibly neighboring prelates did not wish to directly defy Pedro Eanes, or possibly the bishop of Silves, a Dominican himself, wished to aid mendicant expansion into the hostile see of Ourense. Bulls of a happier note sanc- tioned observance of the rule of St. Clare and forbade entry to the convent to all nonprofessed persons save the queen and her ladies-in-waiting.

His name reappears as one of ten signatories to the codicil that reasserts the bequests of her testament and warns against anyone interfering with her wishes. There, he is simply identified as a friar of 49 Linehan , — Valladolid would not become a bishopric until Testament 11 April The installation of another mendicant outpost in the bishopric of Pedro Eanes was an act of provocation, and the royal imprimatur provided by its foundress essential to the strategy.

See Marcos de Lisboa 9. Castro , chap.

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