The Coffee Roasters Companion by Scott Rao (2014-05-04)

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This work shows that it was possible to determine high-fructose-syrup content of Acacia honey by terahertz technique. Triterpenoids from Acacia ataxacantha DC: Acacia ataxacantha is a medicinal specie used extensively in traditional medicine of Benin republic to treat infectious diseases. Our previous study showed interesting antibacterial and antifungal activities against six strains of bacteria and six strains of fungi.

The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of compounds isolated from A. Chromatographic and spectroscopic methods were used to isolate and identify three compounds from the bark of A. Phytochemical investigation of A. All isolated compounds were tested for antimicrobial activity using agar disc-diffusion and microdilution methods. The radical scavenging activity of isolated compounds was assessed using 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl DPPH method. Phytochemical investigation led to the isolation and identification of lupeol 1 , betulinic acid 2 and betulinic acidtrans-caffeate 3.

Compounds 3 was more active against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Candida albicans with a MIC value of Compounds 3 had also interesting antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 3. The overall results of this study provide evidence that the compound 3, isolated from A. Nursery response of Acacia koa seedlings to container size, irrigation method, and fertilization rate. Planting koa Acacia koa A. Gray in Hawai'i, USA aids in restoration of disturbed sites essential to conservation of endemic species. Survival and growth of planted seedlings under vegetative competition typically increases with initial plant size.

Increasing container size and fertilizer rate may produce larger seedlings, but high fertilization can lead to Biomass and nutrient mass of Acacia dealbata and Eucalyptus globulus bioenergy plantations. We quantified biomass and nutrient accumulation of Acacia dealbata Link and Eucalyptus globulus Labill. We tested the hypotheses that species and stocking will not affect biomass or nutrient accumulation. Operational disease screening program for resistance to wilt in Acacia koa in Hawaii.

In Hawaii, koa Acacia koa A. Gray is a valuable tree species economically, ecologically, and culturally. With significant land use change and declines in sugarcane, pineapple, and cattle production, there is an opportunity and keen interest in utilizing native koa in reforestation and restoration efforts. However, moderate to high mortality rates Applied genetic conservation of Hawaiian Acacia koa: Koa Acacia koa is a valuable tree species economically, ecologically, and culturally in Hawaii.

A vascular wilt disease of koa, caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. Producing seeds with genetic resistance to FOXY is vital Impact of Hurricane Iniki on native Hawaiian Acacia koa forests: Effects of phosphorus fertilization, seed source, and soil type on growth of Acacia koa. The endemic tree Acacia koa is used to reforest abandoned agricuItural lands in Hawaii. Growth may be constrained by soil infertility and toxic concentrations of aluminum AI and manganese Mn in acidic Oxisols and Ultisols, The effects of phosphorus P fertilization at time of planting, soil type, and seed source on koa growth were studied for three years Trial production of fuel pellet from Acacia mangium bark waste biomass.

Fuel pellet is one of the innovation products that can be produced from various sources of biomass such as agricultural residues, forestry and also wood industries including wood bark. Herein this paper, the potential fuel pellet production using Acacia mangium bark that abundant wasted from chip mill industry was studied. Fuel pellet was produced using a modified animal feed pellet press machine equipped with rotating roller-cylinders. Theresults showed the quality offuel pellet produced were good compared to commercial sawdust pellet. Blending of Acacia bark with tapioca and glycerol was positively improved its physical, chemical and combustion properties to met the international standards requirement for export market.

Based on this finding, production of fuel pellet from Acacia bark waste biomass was promising to be developed as an alternative substitution of fossil energy in the future. Stable isotope ratios and reforestation potential in Acacia koa populations on Hawai'i. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes can be influenced by a multitude of factors including elevation, precipitation rate, season, and temperature.

Aboveground biomass equations for 7-year-old Acacia mangium Willd in Botucatu, Brazil. The biomass of steins, leaves, and branches was determined for sample trees of Acacia mangium Willd were in a 7-year-old experimental plantation in Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. After felling, dimensional measurements were taken from each tree. Cross sections were collected in sample trees at ground level 0 percent , 25 percent, Early field performance of Acacia koa seedlings grown under subirrigation and overhead irrigation.

Koa Acacia koa A. Gray [Fabaceae] seedlings were grown with subirrigation and overhead irrigation systems in an effort to characterize post-nursery field performance. One year following outplanting, we found no differences in seedling height or survival, but root-collar diameter was significantly larger for subirrigated seedlings. This indicates that koa seedlings, Stocktype and grass suppression accelerate the restoration trajectory of Acacia koa in Hawaiian montane ecosystems. Restoring degraded mesic-montane forests represents a major challenge in maintaining functioning ecosystems throughout the tropics.

Gray forests are a top conservation and forestry priority because of the critical habitat and high-value timber products that they provide. Multitasking in a plant-ant interaction: Plant associations with protective ants are widespread among angiosperms, but carry the risk that ants will deter pollinators as well as herbivores.

Such conflict, and adaptations to ameliorate or prevent the conflict, have been documented in African and neotropical acacias. Ant- acacia associations occur in Australia, but little is known of their ecology. Moreover, recent phylogenetic evidence indicates that Australian acacias are only distantly related to African and American acacias , providing an intercontinental natural experiment in the management of ant-pollinator conflict.

We examined four populations of Acacia myrtifolia over a km environmental gradient in southeastern Australia using ant and pollinator exclusion as well as direct observation of ants and pollinators to assess the potential for ant-pollinator conflict to affect seed set. Native bees were the only group of floral visitors whose visitation rates were a significant predictor of fruiting success, although beetles and wasps may play an important role as "insurance" pollinators.

We found no increase in pollinator visitation or fruiting success following ant exclusion, even with large sample sizes and effective exclusion. Because ants are facultative visitors to A. It is also likely that the morphological location of extrafloral nectaries tends to draw ants away from reproductive parts, although we commonly observed ants on inflorescences, so the spatial separation is not strict. A comparison of the stability of beverage cloud emulsions formulated with different gum acacia - and starch-based emulsifiers.

The performance of several hydrocolloids 3 gum acacias , 1 modified gum acacia , and 3 modified starches in stabilizing beverage emulsions and corresponding model beverages was investigated employing different core materials, emulsifier usage levels, and storage temperatures. Concentrated emulsions were prepared using orange terpenes or Miglyol comprising medium-chain triglycerides, MCT weighted 1: On day 3, model beverages were made from each emulsion, stored at both temperatures, and analyzed weekly for 4 wk.

Stability of concentrated emulsions was assessed by measuring mean particle size and by visual observations of ringing; beverage stability was judged similarly and also by loss of turbidity. Particle size measurements showed concentrated emulsions containing gum acacia or modified gum acacia with either core material were stable over 3 d storage at both temperatures whereas those made with modified starches were not, destabilization being faster at 35 degrees C. Beverages based on orange terpenes, in contrast to Miglyol, yielded smaller mean particle sizes, both on manufacture and during storage, regardless of hydrocolloid used.

Visual observations of ringing generally supported this finding. Modified gum acacia was evaluated at both recommended and higher usage levels, stability increasing in the latter case. In general, all gum acacia and modified gum acacia emulsifiers were superior in stability to those based on modified starches, at either temperature, for orange terpene-based beverages. In Miglyol-based beverages, similar results were seen, except 1 modified starch performed as well as the gum acacia products.

This study is aimed at evaluating the anti-H. The crude acacia honey was extracted with n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate EtOAc , and n-butanol. The EtOAc extract was subjected to octadecyl-silica chromatography. The extracts and fractions were then examined for anti-H. The antimicrobial activity of abscisic acid against H.

Abscisic acid related to the botanical origins of acacia honey from Korea has been analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography. The bactericidal activity of abscisic acid at These results suggest that abscisic acid isolated from Korean acacia honey has antibacterial activity against H. Abscisic acid isolated from Korean acacia honey can be therapeutic and may be further exploited as a potential lead candidate for the development of treatments for H.

SUMMARY The crude acacia honey was extracted with n-hexane, dichloromethane, EtOAc, and n-butanolThe EtOAc extract yielded eight fractions and four subfractions were subsequently obtained chromatographicallyAbscisic acid was isolated from one subfractionAll the solvent extracts and fractions showed antibacterial activity against H. This study is aimed at evaluating the anti- H.

The crude acacia honey was extracted with n -hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate EtOAc , and n -butanol.

The extracts and fractions were then examined for anti- H. The crude acacia honey was extracted with n -hexane, dichloromethane, EtOAc, and n -butanolThe EtOAc extract yielded eight fractions and four subfractions were subsequently obtained chromatographicallyAbscisic acid was isolated from one subfractionAll the solvent extracts and fractions showed antibacterial activity against H. Consumer preferences in east Asian part of the world pave the way for consumption of lotus stem starch LSS in preparations such as breakfast meals, fast foods, and traditional confectioneries.

Acacia gum resulted in increased water uptake and swelling of starch; however, NaCl reduced the swelling power of starch by making water unavailable to starch and also due to starch-ion electrostatic interaction. Sucrose restricted the water absorption by binding free water and decreased amylose leaching by building bridges with starch chains and thus forming rigid structure. Stripping of Acacia koa bark by rats on Hawaii and Maui.

Koa Acacia koa is the most valuable native timber species in Hawaii. Bark stripping of young trees by rats, a common but unstudied phenomenon, may affect survival, growth, and quality of koa. Two-year variations of phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant contents in acacia honey. Honey is a good source of several important chemical compounds and antioxidants and is harvested throughout the year. However, no study has determined how their contents change over the years.

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The aim of the present research was to investigate the changes in the phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant properties, as well as other physicochemical properties, of Malaysian acacia honey collected during different months during a two year period. The DPPH 1,1-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl and FRAP ferric reducing antioxidant power methods were used to determine the total antioxidant activity of the honey samples.

Generally, honey samples collected in the beginning and the middle of the year tended to have higher sugar content, which may be attributed to its high acidic nature and low moisture content. There was a gradual increase in the phenolic content of the acacia honey samples collected between September and December The honey sample collected at the beginning of the year January showed the highest color intensity and was dark amber in color.

It also contained the highest concentration of phenolic compounds There was a positive correlation between DPPH and total phenolic content, suggesting that phenolic compounds are the strongest contributing factor to the radical scavenging activity of Malaysian acacia honeys. Overall, our results indicated that there were significant seasonal variations in the antioxidant potentials of honey over the two year period and the time of honey collection affects its physicochemical properties. Therefore, acacia honey from Malaysia should ideally be collected during the dry season, particularly in the months of January, May and June.

Electrospray-assisted drying of live probiotics in acacia gum microparticles matrix. Acacia gum solution was employed as a carrier for electrospray-assisted drying of probiotic cells. To optimize the process, effect of gum concentration, thermal sterilization as a prerequisite for microbial studies, and surfactant addition on physical properties of feed solution was investigated. Thermal sterilization increased the viscosity without any significant effect on the conductivity and surface tension.

Surfactant addition reduced the surface tension and conductivity but the viscosity increased. Thermal sterilization and surfactant addition improved electrospray-ability of acacia gum solution. Bacterial count showed that more than 96 percent of probiotic cells passed the process viably. Precipitation of calcium in plants is common. There are abundant studies on the uptake and content of magnesium, strontium and barium, which have similar chemical properties to calcium, in comparison with those of calcium in plants, but studies on co-precipitation of these elements with calcium in plants are rare.

In this study, we compared morphologies, distributional patterns, and elemental compositions of crystals in tissues of four Acacia species grown in the field as well as in the glasshouse. A comparison was also made of field-grown plants and glasshouse-grown plants, and of phyllodes of different ages for each species. Crystals of various morphologies and distributional patterns were observed in the four Acacia species studied. Magnesium, strontium and barium were precipitated together with calcium, mainly in phyllodes of the four Acacia species, and sometimes in branchlets and primary roots.

These elements were most likely precipitated in forms of oxalate and sulfate in various tissues, including epidermis, mesophyll, parenchyma, sclerenchyma fibre cells , pith, pith ray and cortex. In most cases, precipitation of calcium, magnesium, strontium and barium was biologically induced, and elements precipitated differed between soil types, plant species, and tissues within an individual plant; the precipitation was also related to tissue age. Formation of crystals containing these elements might play a role in regulating and detoxifying these elements in plants, and protecting the plants against herbivory.

At present, the rice syrup as a low price of the sweeteners was often adulterated into acacia honey and the adulterated honeys were sold in honey markets, while there is no suitable and fast method to identify honey adulterated with rice syrup. In this study, Near infrared spectroscopy NIR combined with chemometric methods were used to discriminate authenticity of honey.

The near infrared spectrum NIR instrument and spectrum processing software have been applied in the? Then it was analyzed by Principal component analysis PCA and canonical discriminant analysis methods in order to discriminating adulterated honey.

The Coffee Roaster's Companion by Scott Rao (2014-05-04)

The results showed that after principal components analysis, the first two principal components accounted for Precipitation of calcium, magnesium, strontium and barium in tissues of four Acacia species Leguminosae: Climate trends in the wood anatomy of Acacia sensu stricto Leguminosae: Acacia sensu stricto s. Methods Wood samples were sectioned in transverse, tangential and radial planes for light microscopy and analysis. Key Results The wood usually has thick-walled vessels and fibres, paratracheal parenchyma and uniseriate and biseriate rays, occasionally up to four cells wide.

The greater abundance of gelatinous fibres in arid and semi-arid species may have ecological significance. Prismatic crystals in chambered fibres and axial parenchyma increased in abundance in semi-arid and arid species. Whereas vessel diameter showed only a small decrease from the sub-tropical to the arid region, there was a significant 2-fold increase in vessel frequency and a consequent 3-fold decrease in the vulnerability index.

Conclusions Although the underlying phylogeny determines the qualitative wood structure, climate has a significant influence on the functional wood anatomy of Acacia s. Interfacial rheology of surface-active biopolymers: Acacia senegal gum versus hydrophobically modified starch. Acacia gum is a hybrid polyelectrolyte containing both protein and polysaccharide subunits. Both the shear and the dilatational rheological responses of the interfaces are considered. In dilatational experiments, the viscoelastic response of the starch derivative is just slightly weaker than that for Acacia gum, whereas we found pronounced differences in shear flow: The interfaces covered with the plant gum flow like a rigid, solidlike material with large storage moduli and a linear viscoelastic regime limited to small shear deformations, above which we observe apparent yielding behavior.

In contrast, the films formed by hydrophobically modified starch are predominantly viscous, and the shear moduli are only weakly dependent on the deformation. Concerning their most important technological use as emulsion stabilizers, the dynamic interfacial responses imply not only distinct interfacial dynamics but also different stabilizing mechanisms for these two biopolymers. Ecophysiological and foliar nitrogen concentration responses of understorey Acacia spp. In Australian natural forests, Eucalyptus spp.

Two most common understorey Acacia spp.

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The results suggested that the two Acacia spp. Acacia catechu, Schinopsis balansae, and Acacia mearnsii. The chemical composition of Acacia catechu, Schinopsis balansae, and Acacia mearnsii proanthocyanidins has been determined using a novel analytical approach that rests on the concerted use of quantitative 31 P NMR and two-dimensional heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy. This approach has offered significant detailed information regarding the structure and purity of these complex and often elusive proanthocyanidins. By integrating each of these regions in the 31 P NMR spectra, it is possible to identify the oxygenation patterns of the flavanol units.

At the same time it is possible to acquire a fingerprint of the proanthocyanidin sample and evaluate its purity via the HSQC information. This analytical approach is suitable for both the purified natural product proanthocyanidins and their commercial analogues. Overall, this effort demonstrates the power of the concerted use of these two NMR techniques for the structural elucidation of natural products containing labile hydroxy protons and a carbon framework that can be traced out via HSQC. Impact of the energy crop Jatropha curcas L. Jatropha curcas, a Euphorbiaceae species that produces many toxicants, is increasingly planted as an agrofuel plant in Senegal.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether soil priming induced by J. Soil samples were transferred into a greenhouse from three fields previously cultivated with Jatropha for 1, 2, and 15 years, and the two trap legumes were grown in them. Control soil samples were also taken from adjacent Jatropha-fallow plots. Both legumes tended to develop fewer but larger nodules when grown in Jatropha soils.

Only sequences from Acacia seyal nodules grown in the most recent Jatropha plantation were related to the Mesorhizobium genus, which was much a more conventional finding on A. Apart from this particular case, only minor differences were found in the respective compositions of Jatropha soil versus control soil rhizobial populations.

Lastly, the structure of these rhizobial populations was systematically imbalanced owing to the overwhelming dominance of a very small number of nifH genotypes, some of which were identical across soil types or even sites. Despite these weak and sparse effects on rhizobial diversity, future investigations should focus on the characterization of the nitrogen-fixing abilities of the predominant rhizobial strains. Risk assessment, eradication, and biological control: Aim Many Australian Acacia species have been planted around the world, some are highly valued, some are invasive, and some are both highly valued and invasive.

We review global efforts to minimize the risk and limit the impact of invasions in this widely used plant group. Methods Using information from literature sources, knowledge and experience of the authors, and the responses from a questionnaire sent to experts around the world, we reviewed: Results Relatively few Australian acacias have been introduced in large numbers, but all species with a long and extensive history of planting have become invasive somewhere.

Australian acacias , as a group, have a high risk of becoming invasive and causing significant impacts as determined by existing assessment schemes. Moreover, in most situations, long-lived seed banks mean it is very difficult to control established infestations. Control has focused almost exclusively on widespread invaders, and eradication has rarely been attempted. Classical biological control is being used in South Africa with increasing success.

Main conclusions A greater emphasis on pro-active rather than reactive management is required given the difficulties managing established invasions of Australian acacias. Adverse effects of proposed new introductions can be minimized by conducting detailed risk assessments in advance, planning for on-going monitoring and management, and ensuring resources are in place for long-term mitigation.

Eradication should be set as a management goal more often to reduce the invasion debt. Introducing classical biological control agents that have a successful track-record in South Africa to other regions and identifying new. Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and its development is frequently associated with oxidative stress-induced by carcinogens such as arsenicals. Most foods are basically health-promoting or disease-preventing and a typical example of such type is honey.

This study was undertaken to investigate the ameliorative effects of Acacia honey on sodium arsenite-induced oxidative stress in the heart, lung and kidney tissues of male Wistar rats. The tissues were used for the assessment of glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities, protein content and lipid peroxidation. Sodium arsenite significantly P Acacia honey significantly increased P Acacia honey mitigates sodium arsenite induced-oxidative stress in male Wistar albino rats, which suggest that it may attenuate oxidative stress implicated in chemical carcinogenesis.

Tannins from Acacia mearnsii De Wild. Tannin Determination and Biological Activities. The bark of Acacia mearnsii De Wild. Following the discovery of its strong antioxidant activity, a wattle tannin dietary supplement has been developed and as part of developing new dietary supplements, a literature search was conducted using the SciFinder data base for " Acacia species and their biological activities". An analysis of the references found indicated that the name of Acacia nilotica had been changed to Vachellia nilotica , even though the name of the genus Acacia originated from its original name.

This review briefly describes why and how the name of A. Tannin has been analyzed using the Stiasny method when the tannin is used to make adhesives and the hide-powder method is used when the tannin is to be used for leather tanning. A simple UV method is also able to be used to estimate the values for both adhesives and leather tanning applications. Tannins consists mostly of polyflavanoids and all the compounds isolated have been updated.

Antioxidant activities of the tannin relating to anti-tumor properties, the viability of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and also anti-hypertensive effects have been studied. The antioxidant activity of proanthocyanidins was found to be higher than that of flavanol monomers. A total of fourteen papers and two patents reported the antimicrobial activities of wattle tannin. Bacteria were more susceptible to the tannins than the fungal strains tested. Several bacteria were inhibited by the extract from A.

The growth inhibition mechanisms of E. An interaction between extracts from A. The extracts from A. Excessive sulphur accumulation and ionic storage behaviour identified in species of Acacia Leguminosae: Little is known of the prevalence of the behaviour or the associated physiological aspects.

Methods The elemental composition of soils and the foliage of 11 species seven genera at a site in the Tanami Desert NT, Australia was compared and 13 additional Acacia species from other locations were examined for elevated calcium and sulphur concentrations and calcium—sulphur mineralization, thought to be particular to thiophores. Key Results Acacia bivenosa DC. This behaviour was observed in several populations from diverse habitats, from samples collected over three decades. Conclusions The thiophores studied exhibit a tight coupling between sulphur and calcium uptake and storage, and apparently store these elements as inorganic salts within the cells of their foliage.

Thiophore behaviour is a constitutive trait shared by closely related Acacia but is not highly prevalent within, nor exclusive to, xerophytes. Several of the newly identified thiophores occupy coastal or riparian habitats, suggesting that the evolutionary and ecophysiological explanations for this trait.

The elemental composition of soils and the foliage of 11 species seven genera at a site in the Tanami Desert NT, Australia was compared and 13 additional Acacia species from other locations were examined for elevated calcium and sulphur concentrations and calcium-sulphur mineralization, thought to be particular to thiophores. The thiophores studied exhibit a tight coupling between sulphur and calcium uptake and storage, and apparently store these elements as inorganic salts within the cells of their foliage. Several of the newly identified thiophores occupy coastal or riparian habitats, suggesting that the evolutionary and ecophysiological explanations for this trait do not lie solely in adaptation to arid conditions or.

Acacia catechu Willd Fabaceae , commonly known as catechu, cachou, and black cutch, has been studied for its hepatoprotective, antipyretic, antidiarrheal, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antinociceptive, antimicrobial, free radical scavenging, and antioxidant activities. We evaluated the cytotoxic activity of ethanol extract of A. Cytotoxic effect of ACS extract was determined by 3- 4,5-dimethylthiazolyl -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, using concentrations of 0. At the end of treatment period, apoptotic marker gene expressions such as caspase 8, 9, Bcl-2, Bax, and cytochrome c were evaluated by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.

Apoptotic markers caspases 8 and 9, cytochrome c, Bax gene expressions were significantly increased upon ACS extract treatment indicate the apoptosis induction in SCC cells. This treatment also caused significant downregulation of Bcl-2 gene expression. The ethanol seed extracts of A. Acacia catechu ethanolic seed extract contains phytochemicals such as epicatechin, rutin, and quercetin Acacia catechu seed ACS extract significantly P Size variation of Acacia caven leguminosae pods along a climatic gradient in Chile.

A southward tendency of increment in pod-length is shown for 11 populations of Acacia caven Mol. This fact would suggest that A. The possible bearing of this southward tendency of increasing seed production upon the expansion of A. The effect of saturated steam vapor temperature on heat consumption in the process of color modification of acacia wood. The dependance of the heat consumption normative QTFS on the temparature of saturated water steam in the process of colour homogenisation of acacia timber following these regimes describes the equation: Chemical composition and nutritional evaluation of the seeds of Acacia tortilis Forssk.

Chemical composition and nutritional evaluation as well as physicochemical and functional properties of seed flour of Acacia tortilis Forssk. The results indicated that seeds contained 5. Potassium was the predominant element followed by calcium and then phosphorous. Phytic acid, tannins and trypsin inhibitor as antinutrients were detected. Also, the first limiting amino acid was lysine. Fatty acid composition showed that linoleic acid was the major fatty acid, followed by palmitic, stearic, oleic and arachidic acids.

The seed oil showed absorbance in the ultraviolet ranges, thus it can be used as a broad spectrum UV protectant. For physicochemical and functional properties, acacia seeds flour had excellent water holding index, swelling index, foaming capacity and foam stability. The dynamic water uptake behavior of semi-IPNs was investigated and the data were interpreted by various kinetic models.

The equilibrium swelling data were used to evaluate various network parameters. The semi-IPNs were used as template for the in situ preparation of silver nanoparticles using extract of Syzygium aromaticum clove. Physico-mechanical properties of plywood bonded with ecological adhesives from Acacia mollissima tannins and lignosulfonates.

The objective of this research was to develop ecological adhesives for bonding plywood panels using lignosulfonates, a common waste product of the wood pulp industry, and natural tannin extracted from Moroccan bark of Acacia mollissima using different process. Natural tannin and lignin were used in wood adhesives formulation to substitute resins based on phenol and formaldehyde. To achieve this, the lignosulfonates were glyoxalated to enhance their reactivity and the used tannins obtained by three different extraction methods were compared with commercial mimosa tannin.

The proportion of Acacia mollissima tannins and lignosulfonates, the pressing time, the pressing temperature, and the pressure used were studied to improve mechanical properties, and bonding quality of plywood panel. The properties of plywood panels produced with these adhesives were tested in accordance with normative tests. Thus, the tensile strength, and the shear strength were measured. The results showed that the performance of the plywood panels made using biobased tannin adhesives was influenced by physical conditions such as pressure, press temperature as well as by chemical conditions, such as the tannin-lignin ratio.

It exhibited excellent mechanical properties comparable to commercially available phenol-formaldehyde plywood adhesives. This study showed that biobased adhesives formulations presented good and higher mechanical performance and no formaldehyde emission. This study aims to characterize the ectomycorrhizal ECM communities associated with Acacia spirorbis, a legume tree widely spread in New Caledonia that spontaneously grows on contrasted edaphic constraints, i.

Soil geochemical parameters and diversity of ECM communities were assessed in 12 sites representative of the three mains categories of soils. The diversity and the proportion of the ECM lineages were similar for the ferralitic and volcano-sedimentary soils but significantly different for the calcareous soils.

These differences in the distribution of the ECM communities were statistically correlated with pH, Ca, P and Al in the calcareous soils and with Co in the ferralitic soils. Altogether, these data suggest a high capacity of A. Polyploidy is a common phenomenon in the evolution of angiosperms. It has been suggested that polyploids manage harsh environments better than their diploid relatives but empirical data supporting this hypothesis are scarce, especially for trees. Using microsatellite markers and flow cytometry, we examine the frequency of polyploids and diploids in a progeny trial testing four different populations of Acacia senegal, a species native to sub-Saharan regions of Africa.

We compare growth between cytotypes and test whether polyploid seedlings grow better than diploids. Our results show that polyploids coexist with diploids in highly variable proportions among populations in Senegal. Acacia senegal genotypes were predominantly diploid and tetraploid, but triploid, pentaploid, hexaploid, and octaploid forms were also found. We find that polyploids show faster growth than diploids under our test conditions: The results suggest that polyploid A. The acacia ants revisited: Phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses can enhance our understanding of multispecies interactions by placing the origin and evolution of such interactions in a temporal and geographical context.

We use a phylogenomic approach—ultraconserved element sequence capture—to investigate the evolutionary history of an iconic multispecies mutualism: Neotropical acacia ants Pseudomyrmex ferrugineus group and their associated Vachellia hostplants. In this system, the ants receive shelter and food from the host plant, and they aggressively defend the plant against herbivores and competing plants.

We confirm the existence of two separate lineages of obligate acacia ants that convergently occupied Vachellia and evolved plant-protecting behaviour, from timid ancestors inhabiting dead twigs in rainforest. The more diverse of the two clades is inferred to have arisen in the Late Miocene in northern Mesoamerica, and subsequently expanded its range throughout much of Central America.

The other lineage is estimated to have originated in southern Mesoamerica about 3 Myr later, apparently piggy-backing on the pre-existing mutualism. Comparative studies of the two lineages of mutualists should provide insight into the essential features binding this mutualism. Host-driven diversification of gall-inducing Acacia thrips and the aridification of Australia.

Background Insects that feed on plants contribute greatly to the generation of biodiversity. Hypotheses explaining rate increases in phytophagous insect diversification and mechanisms driving speciation in such specialists remain vexing despite considerable attention. The proliferation of plant-feeding insects and their hosts are expected to broadly parallel one another where climate change over geological timescales imposes consequences for the diversification of flora and fauna via habitat modification.

This work uses a phylogenetic approach to investigate the premise that the aridification of Australia, and subsequent expansion and modification of arid-adapted host flora, has implications for the diversification of insects that specialise on them. Results Likelihood ratio tests indicated the possibility of hard molecular polytomies within two co-radiating gall-inducing species complexes specialising on the same set of host species.

Significant tree asymmetry is indicated at a branch adjacent to an inferred transition to a Plurinerves ancestral host species. Lineage by time diversification plots indicate gall-thrips that specialise on Plurinerves hosts differentially experienced an explosive period of speciation contemporaneous with climatic cycling during the Quaternary period.

Chronological analyses indicated that the approximate age of origin of gall-inducing thrips on Acacia might be as recent as 10 million years ago during the Miocene, as truly arid landscapes first developed in Australia. Conclusion Host-plant diversification and spatial heterogeneity of hosts have increased the potential for specialisation, resource partitioning, and unoccupied ecological niche availability for gall-thrips on Australian Acacia. Eucalyptus U6 and Acacia crassicarpa were mixed planted with different ratios and modes to investigate the growth parameters of the two tree species.

In the years old mixed plantation, the wind-throw of A. Mixed planting retarded the A. The mixed planting had little effects on the height growth of Eucalyptus U6, but promoted its DBH growth markedly, and the beneficial effect increased with increasing ratio of A.

In the 6 years old 1: Mixed planting with 2: Responses to water stress of gas exchange and metabolites in Eucalyptus and Acacia spp. Carbohydrates dominated the leaf metabolite profiles of species from dry areas, whereas organic acids dominated the metabolite profiles of species from wet areas. Water stress caused large decreases in photosynthesis and C c , increases in metabolites and decreases in metabolites. In most species, fructose, glucose and sucrose made major contributions to osmotic adjustment.

In Acacia , significant osmotic adjustment was also caused by increases in pinitol, pipecolic acid and transhydroxypipecolic acid. There were also increases in low-abundance metabolites e. The response of gas exchange to water stress and rewatering is rather consistent among species originating from mesic to semi-arid habitats, and the general response of metabolites to water stress is rather similar, although the specific metabolites involved may vary.

Impact of Acacia tortilis ssp. In the past, Acacia tortilis ssp. Nowadays, the geographical distribution of A. The Acacia is of considerable interest for local populations and may be considered as a "foundation species" under arid climate. This study examines the effects of Acacia canopy on soil fertility and cereal productivity. The improvement in soil fertility and microclimate provided by A.

We studied the effect of A. We finally discuss the potential negative effects of Acacia trees which may have balanced the positive effects found for nutrient in our study. Parent tree effects on reestablishment of Acacia koa in abandoned pasture and the influence of initial density on stand development. Increasingly private landholders in Hawaii are considering native forest restoration for their lands, and some public agencies have already started such work.

Initial efforts have focused on reestablishing Acacia koa to recover alien-grass-dominated sites. Understory structure in a year-old Acacia koa forest and 2-year growth responses to silvicultural treatments. Restoration of degraded Acacia koa forests in Hawaii often involves mechanical scarification to stimulate germination of seed buried in the soil and to suppress vegetation that competes with shade intolerant A. Resulting even-age stands are gradually colonized by other plant species, but understory Influence of xanthan, guar, CMC and gum acacia on functional properties of water chestnut Trapa bispinosa starch.

This study was performed to determine the effect of xanthan, guar, CMC and gum acacia on functional and pasting properties of starch isolated from water chestnut Trapa bispinosa. The addition of hydrocolloids significantly enhanced the solubility of water chestnut starch WCS while reduced swelling power and freeze-thaw stability. The hydrophilic tendency of WCS was increased by xanthan gum; however, with addition of gum acacia it decreased significantly.

Guar gum was found to be effective in increasing the clarity of water chestnut starch paste. The setback was accelerated in the presence of xanthan gum but gum acacia delayed this effect during the cooling of the starch paste. Only xanthan gum was found to be effective in increasing breakdown showing good paste stability of WCS.

Inoculating Acacia koa with Bradyrhizobium and applying fertilizer in the nursery: Restoration of Acacia koa A. Gray koa forests on degraded sites in Hawaii is important for conservation of rare, endemic plants and animals and is often accomplished by planting nursery-grown seedlings. To be successful after outplanting, koa seedlings must access sufficient nutrients from the soil and outcompete other vegetation.

Passive restoration augments active restoration in deforested landscapes: Passive restoration by root suckering has potential to expand tree cover and close gaps between planted stands. This study documents rates of encroachment into grassland, clonal Mixing of acacia bark and palm shells to increase caloric value of palm shells white charcoal briquette. Indonesia is greatly rich in biomass resources. On the other hand waste palm shells have been partly utilized as boiler fuel oil plant as much as This study aims to determine the effect of mixing an acacia bark with palm shells to increase the calorific value of palm shell white charcoal briquettes.

As well as white charcoal briquettes control without any acacia bark. And the results of briquettes analysis in calorific value. The results showed that the caloric value of palm shell white charcoal briquettes increased from Geoecosystem-related dynamics of Acacia populations in the Israeli hyper-arid Arava Valley. Similar to other Middle-Eastern and North-African drylands, Acacia populations across the hyper-arid Arava Valley of Israel have experienced dramatic phonological changes during the last few decades. These changes have been expressed with high mortality rates and low recruitment rates.

Species of the Acacia trees across the region include the A. We studied the recruitment and decay rate of seedlings. Also, data showed that the main impediment to recruitment and survival of seedlings was insufficient access to soil-water, resulting in their mortality due to drying. Another, secondary impediment was imposed by erosional and depositional processes under heavy floods, resulting in the elimination or burial of seedlings. Modeling of results revealed that the drying of seedlings is defined with a constant mortality rate, which fits an exponential decay function.

At the same time, seedling mortality due to fluvial processes is defined with a mortality rate that grows with time, which fits a Gaussian decay function. Also, we investigated the effect of latitude, basin size, and microhabitat on vitality of existing trees. Results showed negative effect of latitude on tree mortality, fitting with the generally greater precipitation rates in the northern- than in the southern- Arava Valley.

At the same time, no effect on tree mortality was recorded for basin size, proposing that in such extreme drylands, runoff ratio becomes more non-linear with increasing watershed size because of the greater dominance of ephemeral stream transmission losses, as well as due to the partial storm area coverage. Nor did the location in microhabitat across the valley floor affect tree mortality rate, highlighting the bimodal effect of greater access to flood water, potentially increasing survivability of old trees, but at the same time, imposing.

Influence of Acacia trees on soil nutrient levels in arid lands. The potential of scattered trees as keystone structures in restoring degraded environments is gaining importance. Scattered trees have strong influence on their abiotic environment, mainly causing changes in microclimate, water budget and soil properties.

They often function as 'nursing trees', facilitating the recruitment of other plants. Acacia raddiana is such a keystone species which persists on the edge of the Sahara desert. The study was conducted in a forest-steppe ecosystem in central Tunisia where several reforestation campaigns with Acacia took place. To indentify the impact of those trees on soil nutrients, changes in nutrient levels under scattered trees of three age stages were examined for the upper soil layer cm at five microsites with increasing distance from the trunk.

In addition, changes in soil nutrient levels with depth underneath and outside the canopy were determined for the cm soil layer. Higher concentrations of organic matter OM were found along the gradient from underneath to outside the canopy for large trees compared to medium and small trees, especially at microsites close to the trunk. Levels of soluble Ca and Na remained unchanged along the gradient.

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At the microsite closest to the trunk a significant decrease in levels of soluble K, EC, OM, available P, total C and N, while a significant increase in pH was found with increasing depth. The concentration of other nutrients remained unchanged or declined not differently underneath compared to outside the canopy with increasing depth. Differences in nutrient levels were largely driven by greater inputs of organic matter under trees. Hence, Acacia trees can affect the productivity and reproduction of understory species with the latter in term an important source of organic matter.

Various kinetic models such as Power function model, Schott model and Higuchi model were applied to interpret the release data. Schott model was found to be most fitted. The Doxycycline loaded hydrogels were tested for their antibacterial action against E.

Salt tolerance traits increase the invasive success of Acacia longifolia in Portuguese coastal dunes. Salt tolerance of two co-occurring legumes in coastal areas of Portugal, a native species--Ulex europaeus, and an invasive species-- Acacia longifolia, was evaluated in relation to plant growth, ion content and antioxidant enzyme activities. Plants were submitted to four concentrations of NaCl 0, 50, and mM for three months, under controlled conditions. The results showed that NaCl affects the growth of both species in different ways.

Salt stress significantly reduced the plant height and the dry weight in Acacia longifolia whereas in U. Under salt stress, the root: W S and root mass ratio W R: W RS increased as a result of increasing salinity in A. The activities of antioxidant enzymes were higher in A. Water absorption and method improvement concerning electrical conductivity testing Acacia mangium Fabaceae seeds.

Acacia is an important forest species of rapid growth whose seeds have tegument dormancy. In this work it was intended to characterize water absorption pattern after seed dormancy break, and to determine the amount of water, container size and the need of breaking the tegument dormancy, as to perform electrical conductivity test in small and large seeds of Acacia mangium Fabaceae. The seeds were collected from 10, 8 and 6 years old trees established in poor yielding-capacity soils on savannah areas of Roraima, Brazil; seeds were classified in six lots concerning to seed size and tree age.

Imbibition was verified by seed weighing at different times 0, 2, 5, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96 and hours. The electrical conductivity test consisted of three experiments, distinguished by the amount of water used and by the container size in which seeds were immersed.

Small seeds presented increased in electrical conductivity and water absorption until hours when compared to large seeds. The immersion of seeds of A. The ratio of electrolytes by seed mass, after 24 hours of immersion in water, turns electrical conductivity test more accurate concerning A. Chemical composition and allelopathic potential of essential oils obtained from Acacia cyanophylla Lindl.

Fabaceae , synonym Acacia saligna Labill. In addition, this evergreen tree represents a potential forage resource, particularly during periods of drought. The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from different plant parts, viz. Phenylethyl salicylate 8; The phyllode and flower oils were very similar, containing almost the same compounds. Principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses separated the five essential oils into four groups, each characterized by its main constituents. Furthermore, the allelopathic activity of each oil was evaluated using lettuce Lactuca sativa L.

The phyllode, flower, and pod oils exhibited a strong allelopathic activity against lettuce. Non-protein amino acids in Australian acacia seed: Seed of Australian acacia species, Acacia colei, Acacia elecantha, Acacia torulosa, Acacia turmida and Acacia saligna, were analysed for the presence of toxic non-protein amino acids and the levels of essential amino acids. Multiple reaction monitoring MRM with optimised transitions and collision energies for each analyte were employed.

The known nephrotoxic compound djenkolic acid was found to be present at elevated levels in all species tested. The lowest levels were in A. Observed levels of djenkolic acid are comparable to measured and reported levels found in the djenkol bean. Phylogeny of nodulation genes and symbiotic diversity of Acacia senegal L. Mesorhizobium strains from different regions of Senegal. Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal are small, deciduous legume trees, most highly valued for nitrogen fixation and for the production of gum arabic, a commodity of international trade since ancient times.

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation by legumes represents the main natural input of atmospheric N2 into ecosystems which may ultimately benefit all organisms. We analyzed the nod and nif symbiotic genes and symbiotic properties of root-nodulating bacteria isolated from A. The symbiotic genes of rhizobial strains from the two Acacia species were closed to those of Mesorhizobium plurifarium and grouped separately in the phylogenetic trees.

Phylogeny of rhizobial nitrogen fixation gene nifH was similar to those of nodulation genes nodA and nodC. Efficiency tests demonstrated that inoculation of both Acacia species significantly affected nodulation, total dry weight, acetylene reduction activity ARA , and specific acetylene reduction activity SARA of plants. However, these cross-inoculation tests did not show any specificity of Mesorhizobium strains toward a given Acacia host species in terms of infectivity and efficiency as stated by principal component analysis PCA.

This study demonstrates that large-scale inoculation of A. University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia , and F. Fine structure of bacteroids in root nodules of Vigna sinensis, Acacia longifolia, Viminaria juncea, and Lupinus angustifolius. The bacteroids often contain inclusion granules and electron-dense bodies, expand little during development, and retain their rod form with a compact, central nucleoid area. The membrane envelope may persist around bacteroids after host cytoplasm breakdown.

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