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Two or more of the following, each present for a significant portion of time during a 1-month period or less if successfully treated.
Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior. For a significant portion of the time since the onset of the disturbance, one or more major areas of functioning such as work, interpersonal relations, or self-care are markedly below the level achieved prior to the onset or when the onset is in childhood or adolescence, failure to achieve expected level of interpersonal, academic or occupational achievement. Continuous signs of the disturbance persist for at least 6 months.
This 6-month period must include at least 1 month of symptoms or less if successfully treated that meet Criterion A i. During these prodromal or residual periods, the signs of the disturbance may be manifested by only negative symptoms or two or more symptoms listed in Criterion A present in an attenuated form e. D Schizoaffective and Mood Disorder exclusion: Schizoaffective Disorder and Mood Disorder With Psychotic Features have been ruled out because either 1 no Major Depressive, Manic or Mixed Episodes have occurred concurrently with the active-phase symptoms; or 2 if mood episodes have occurred during active-phase symptoms, their total duration has been brief relative to the duration of the active and residual periods.
The disturbance is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance e.
F Relationship to a Pervasive Developmental Disorder: If there is a history of Autistic Disorder or another Pervasive Developmental Disorder, the additional diagnosis of Schizophrenia is made only if prominent delusions or hallucinations are also present for at least a month or less if successfully treated. These five subtypes are no longer included in the updated DSM Instead, the DSM-5 includes specifiers for: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 4th ed. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5th ed.
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Paranoid Type Paranoid schizophrenia is characterized by prominent delusions and usually auditory hallucinations that wax and wane across recurrent psychotic episodes. Multiple delusions may be present but generally all will share a coherent theme e. There may be command hallucinations that drive patients to complete odd or bizarre goals. Disorganized Type Hebephrenic The characteristics of this type of schizophrenia are disorganized speech , and flat or inappropriate affect. Disorganized speech may include silliness and laughter that are unrelated to the topic of conversation. Disorganized behaviors limit these patients' ability to sustain goal-oriented activities, often including personal hygiene.
People with this type of schizophrenia typically score poorly on a variety of neuropsychological and cognitive tests and show more signs of brain damage on brain scans. Neuroimaging studies show differences in the brain structure and central nervous system of people with schizophrenia. While researchers aren't certain about the significance of these changes, they indicate that schizophrenia is a brain disease. Although the precise cause of schizophrenia isn't known, certain factors seem to increase the risk of developing or triggering schizophrenia, including:.
Left untreated, schizophrenia can result in severe problems that affect every area of life. Complications that schizophrenia may cause or be associated with include:. There's no sure way to prevent schizophrenia, but sticking with the treatment plan can help prevent relapses or worsening of symptoms. In addition, researchers hope that learning more about risk factors for schizophrenia may lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment.
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Helping the homeless mentally ill people: Neuroimaging studies show differences in the brain structure and central nervous system of people with schizophrenia. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. Since she was doing rather well with medication adherence, the topic was not broached again. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 4th ed.
This content does not have an Arabic version. Overview Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Request an Appointment at Mayo Clinic. American Psychiatric Association; Accessed July 19, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; National Institute of Mental Health.
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