Le pain des corbeaux (Aghrum n ihaqqaren) (French Edition)

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Just to give an example, in Moha le fou, Moha le sage , Tahar ben Jelloun has shown how the essentially oral figure of the Maghrebian rawi , epitomizing the living voice of the earth and alien to both spheres of writing, the Arabic and the French one, is silenced twice: No wonder that the emergence of the written culture is presented by Azergui as a must: The same attitude towards literacy is accentuated by other figures of the Berber cultural and intellectual revival, promoting the key notions of asgudi and taskla — emergent literary creation conditioned by the crucial transition from oral to written culture.

El Kathir Aboulkacem-Afulay goes even further, speaking about the necessity of literacy in absolute terms: For Azergui, literary creation is a gesture of resistance against an adversary wishing to conserve the Amazigh culture in its subaltern position: The ascension of the writing man as a representative of the subaltern culture clashes against the resistance of the local people themselves, as they have integrated the messages causing their stagnation into their own symbolic system. It is indeed a paradox that the Berbers accede to literacy at the beginning of the 21 st century.

Inscriptions in tifinagh , an alphabet descending from the Libyco-Berber script, are attested from the 3 rd century BC, making it one of the oldest forms of writing in the Mediterranean region. An abundant literature in Amazigh appeared during the Middle Ages.

Yet it progressively fell into the oblivion over the modern period, circumscribed to the peripheral regions and replaced by the Arabic. Both the Amazigh language and script had been associated with a determined standpoint in Islam, namely the Almohad reform movement.

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This is why their cultivation in the epoch that followed the decline of the Almohad dynasty at the end of the 13 th century had been seen as a sign of a separatist tendency, causing unacceptable division inside the Muslim community. Once again, this historical background became vital at the moment of the construction of the post-colonial state.

The option that followed the independence of Morocco in consisted in building a unified, Arabic-speaking nation. The Berber claims of cultural and linguistic autonomy had been repressed.

After several decades of activism and persecution, this policy officially came to an end in , with the creation of IRCAM, the Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture, and the introduction of the Amazigh into schools and universities. The dualism of ethnic and cultural identities, so obvious throughout the Maghrebian history, has finally been recognized, opening space for the autonomous cultural development of the Berbers and the emergence of the Berber intellectuals.

At the same time, a call for transcription of the post-colonial notion of national unity into a new version admitting such a pluralistic vision is open. The Mozambican case is different and analogous at the same time.

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Apparently, the native African cultures are eminently oral traditions. The gesture of writing appears as the prerogative of the white man not only in the colonial, but also in post-colonial times. This is why it is crucial to give Africa the opportunity of a truly autonomous development.

Couto himself, as the author of this novel, goes beyond the limitations of his own physical condition as a white, blue-eyed and blond-haired writer. In spite of all his effort of solidarity with Africa, he is a descendant of the colonizers, not of the colonized [13]. With Um rio chamado tempo… he places himself in the position of a forerunner, wishing to foster the emergence of a truly African intellectual, such as his personage Marianinho, directly incarnating the spirit of the African dead.

The writer is conscious of the fact that his own presence and writing is only a makeshift solution, typical for the general rough-and-ready state of the post-colonial affairs. Similarly to the Berber emergent scholars, Mia Couto comments on the absolute necessity of literacy as a passage from circular conceptualization of time into the modern domain of history: The modern historicity requires writing as a medium of building the past and the memory, and, at the same time, of building a future: Different relations with the dead give thus different scenarios for the future.

Arguably, the Mozambican writing, either in Portuguese or in Bantu languages [16] , has at least a century-long tradition cf.

The latter has often been neglected in Europocentric optics; perhaps new discoveries, beyond ideological manipulation, may throw a new light on the precolonial literacy of the eastern coast of Africa. On the other hand, Couto evokes, in very touching terms, the enthusiasm with which the idea of creating the university in Zambia, launched by the president Kenneth Kaunda in , was accepted among the illiterate peasants Couto The hero of Um rio chamado tempo… , Marianinho, is a son of parents involved in the decolonization as well as the first stage of the post-colonial transformation, and a grandson of a traditional patriarch, who is currently believed to be neither dead nor alive.

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This is why the burial ceremony has been suspended. The roof of the Nyumba-Kaya, a house representing the unity of North and South, has been removed due to the mourning. The domestic climate is heavy with unspoken truths. The appearance of the young hero who has completed his studies in the city incarnates a new hope, as his purity seems to shine, contrasting with the multiple, dubious and unclean compromises of the previous generation. In a mysterious way, Marianinho plays the role of a medium, receiving strange letters that appear as written by his own hand and at the same time epitomize the voice of the un dead grandfather.

In this way, the writing becomes a bridge between the past and the present, a way of recuperating the magical contact with the xicuembos ancestral spirits worshiped by the family. The task of the young hero is to trace a new destiny of the community: This crucial task, a duty towards the community, is nonetheless to be performed in solitude.

Writing is essentially an activity of a lonely subject. The essential aspect, accentuated by Said in his Representations of the Intellectual , is the mediation between an individual consciousness and the community: Such people and issues are many: Evidently, the personal risks the young intellectual is facing are in proportion to the financial stakes implied in the game; there had been an assassination before, yet another issue swept under the rug.

Nonetheless, the fear Marianinho experiences at the moment of grasping the pen derives from his confrontation with the tremendum of non-human entities he is to represent. The mission of the intellectual is to invert the downgrading tendency that marks the post-colonial history of the country that during the second half of the 20 th century passed by several stages: This historical evolution is presented in the novel as a continuous decadence, specially as it is referred to the evolution of the leaders and the local elite: At the same time, the crisis possesses not only a social, economical or political dimension.

It takes a generalized, nearly a cosmic turn. Not only life, but also death becomes impossible: The mission of the intellectual stretches thus beyond the usual, rationalistic paradigms of action established by the modernity. In the Polish case, the transition to the market economy has been undoubtedly much smoother than in the African case.

Nonetheless, in psychological terms, the situation of indigence characterizing the new Polish society, whose apparent, consumerist abundance is financed by an economy of debt, appears as very similar to any other form of human poverty. This individual experience coincides with the winter solstice and the end of the year: The new year, as well as new opportunities of gain, seem never to come.

An act of writing, yet another magical way of dealing with the crisis, appears as indispensable. In Morocco, the magical value of an apotropaic inscription produced by a qualified taleb in order to ward off the evil seems to be closer at hand than a belief in any beneficiary or malignant powers of writing in the Polish culture. Africa ; arts ; conference papers form ; interdisciplinary studies. Africa Primitivism in 20th century art: Angola ; civil wars ; conflict resolution ; Latin America ; peace negotiations.

Women's NGO coalition [etc. Botswana ; gender relations ; women politicians ; women's education ; women's employment ; women's health ; women's rights. Botswana ; civil society ; democracy ; elections ; government policy ; political participation. Burundi Gitega, capitale du Burundi: Burundi ; capitals ; colonial administration ; colonial history ; Germany ; Ruanda-Urundi ; urban planning. Egypt Confronting fascism in Egypt: Ethiopia Breeding bread wheat with multiple disease resistance and high yield for the Ethiopian highlands: Ghana Panoply of Ghana: Kenya ICPD beyond Kenya's progress in implementing the International Conference on Population and Development programme of action: Kenya ; population policy.

Kenya Nairobi, a night guide: Kenya Gender and transitional justice in Kenya: Maghreb Quand le printemps est arabe: Arab countries ; Egypt ; governance ; Maghreb ; political change ; protest ; social change. Morocco Ce qui nous somme: France ; fundamentalism ; Islam ; Morocco ; social problems ; society ; terrorism. Berber languages ; language usage ; Morocco ; novels ; writing.

Morocco Une femme audacieuse: Morocco Un autre Maroc: Morocco Ein Ritt durch Marokko: Namibia Coping in a fragile environment: South Africa Drawing the line: South Africa Between anger and hope: West Africa The cruellest journey: Mali ; Niger River ; travel books form ; West Africa.

Angola ; novels form. Benin ; novels form ; Togo. Benin Regards vers le ciel: Benin ; poetry form. Burkina Faso La magie des lucioles: Burkina Faso ; poetry form. Ghana Fruits of a harvest: Ghana ; letters ; poetry form. Ghana My father's song: Ghana ; popular literature form. Ghana ; youth literature form. Ghana ; novels form. Ashanti ; Ghana ; novels form.

Kenya Six and the city: Kenya ; novels form. Morocco Laisse mon corps te dire Morocco ; novels form. Morocco ; political action ; social conditions ; social isolation ; youth literature form. Morocco Les noces fabuleuses du Polonais: Morocco ; short stories form.

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