Korea: Von der Kolonie zum geteilten Land (German Edition)

South Korea

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Klassische koreanische Lyrik by Ernst Schwarz 0. Als Mutter verschwand by Kyung-Sook Shin 3. Koreanisch vegetarisch by Yi Yang-Cha 3. Die koreanische Sprache by Ik-Sop Lee 0. Flucht aus Lager Nordkorea by Philippe Chancel Photographer 3. Reisegast in Korea by Christine Liew 3. Das Gottesspiel by Young-Ha Kim 3. Others anti-colonialist Koreans, mostly left-wing radicals, went north across the Yalu River at the time, hoping to make the step from theory to revolutionary practice.

Thus, in the s, a left-wing anti-Japanese guerilla, inspired undoubtedly by the righteous army , was formed in the Japanese occupied puppet state, Manchukuo. The new guerilla movement was recruiting both Korean peasants who had settled in this Chinese Northeastern province [ dong bei ] and Korean workers recruited in the Korean motherland and transferred to Manchukuo.

The communist leaders of the guerilla in Manchukuo apparently hoped to form a people's army that would liberate Korea. They were in touch with Mao Zedong and other Red Chinese leaders.

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It seems that the Soviet Union did not openly provide assistance to them at the time, as Stalin had concluded a neutrality treaty with the Japanese government. Eager to avoid a second front in East Asia by all means, he was ready to stick to the letter of the treaty, in order to provide absolutely no pretext for a Japanese offensive against Russia. Even though the Korean guerilla movement in Manchukuo was obviously inspired by the 8th Route Army in China, its different units remained too weak and ill-equipped to withstand Japanese suppression campaigns. The Red Army pushed into Manchuria and then, into Korea.

The left-wing Korean guerilla returned to the motherland together with the Red Army. On September 15, , Japan surrendered, thereby officially ending the Japanese occupation of the Korean peninsula. It was also critiqued by the Leftist resistance that had fought the Japanese, and by the collobarators and the other rightists who would form the South Korean administration and the security apparatus that the Americans hastened to put in place. It was the radical Left that enjoyed such support, especially among the majority in the countryside, the peasants, who were decisive in a still very agrarian society.

American declassified documents confirm this. Peasants were suppressed by the landlord class and loathed the burden of high rent levels. Hodge, put it [later on, when questioned about the insurrection, probably in the context of a Congressional hearing], Cheju was "a truly communal area peacefully controlled by the [local] people's committee.

They brought in a man they trusted and who had already cooperated with them. In addition, he had succeeded to build contacts and form close ties with US politicians between and A 5-year trusteeship was discussed, and a US-Soviet joint commission was established. The commission met intermittently in Seoul but deadlocked over the issue of establishing a national government. Military Government in It had around party members.

Chung-Ang University alumni

The clandestine trade union movement, the All Korea Labor Union was connected to the party. As the persecution of party intensified, large sections of the party leadership moved to Pyongyang. In fact, " [d]emand for land reform in the South grew strong. The reform had aimed at soothing a discontent class of small peasants without land of their own who resented the burden of exorbitant land rents. On April 3, , rebels attacked police stations and government offices, killing an estimated 50 police. Clearly the islanders, who had been staging peaceful mass demonstrations against the planned partial elections, were incensed because of the way the police was repressing such peaceful protests, shooting and killing in at least one case a number of demonstrators.

It makes the fury of the attacks on police stations and the homes of policemen understandable. This was a region of peasant insurrection, bloody repression campaigns and massacres which wiped out the lives of up to 60, islanders in Approximately 40, islanders fled to Japan to escape the bloody S. While Cheju was suffering repression of its revolt since early April , many other revolts broke out on the South Korean mainland, in the middle of the run-up period ahead of the election for the constituent assembly in May.

And this because, for one thing, the party did not want to lend legitimacy to a process that would separate the North and the South for what could be a long time, and b successful participation in the elections under conditions of harrassment and persecution was anyway unthinkable. Thus, the party supported the masses when they rose spontaneously, but in unplanned and uncoordinated fashion. Police stations and homes of policemen and Japanese collaborators were attacked by angry people.

The crack-down that followed when the American army ferried replacements to the centers of revolt was terrible, especially in such towns as Jeosu [Yeosu] and Suncheon , in South Cholla province. In Jeosu, the uprising had begun when army units from the region refused to depart for Cheju, to suppress the rebellion.

The soldiers took control of the town. They restored the town people's committee, and tried and executed a number of police, officials, and landlords.

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Assassinations, arrests, executions and torture were widespread. Armed revolts shook the country. Immediately, Syngman Rhee declared himself president of "all Korea" - a claim that was also made by the UN. This amounted in fact to an official declaration that Syngman Rhee considered himself president of the Northern zone, too, and did not recognize the authorities in place after the Soviet Union withdrew all troops in that year. It meant in fact that the government based in Seoul would "recoup" the Korean territory to the North of the 38th parallel by force, as soon as possible.

Kim Gu, received 6. But in view of the wave of terror and bloody repression that swept across the country, it could not have fielded candidates anyway. Recently, South Korea's Truth Commission reported new figures for the massacres on Jeju, after the chairperson of the commission was replaced by a Conservative government. A civil war between communist and [so-called] nationalist forces in southern Korea resulted in thousands [and thousands] of people killed or wounded.

They were murderd by a pseudo-nationalist right that had often served the Japanese already and that now served American geopolitical interests and enjoyed the support of the American military. It is clear by now that the Korean war began as a civil war.

That this conflict would not remain a fratricidal struggle among Koreans, but would immediately turn into a regular war, was inevitable because of the presence of the US army, the occupation force. These important forces, and then also their allies, backed by a UN mandate, got involved in what would have otherwise remained a civil war. They came to aid the North when it was nearly vanquished, and this although Mao Zedong, the Chinese leader, was not keen at all to do so, as recently released messages between Mao and Stalin confirm.

Chinese security interests were at stake. In hindsight it is clear that it was the Cold War that made it impossible for Koreans to solve the problem of national unity on their own, either peacefully or through armed struggle. Both sides lost, the people in the North and the people in the South. But the two rivals, America and the Soviet Union, maintained the status quo on the Korean peninsula.

Chang Ki Lee, The early revival movement in Korea - Andre Schmid, Korea between empires, - Hildi Kang, Under the black umbrella: Theresa Hyun, Writing women in Korea: University of Hawai'i Press, Missing in Action in the Misunderstood War, The Korean War in World History. Edited by William Stueck. Press of Kentucky, , pp.

Eckert, Offspring of Empire: MacNamara, Trade and transformation in Korea: On Japanese colonial policies and the beginnings of dependent capitalist development in Korea, see: Kenji Kimura, Japanese settler colonialism and capitalism in Japan: Gi-Wook Shin, Colonial modernity in Korea. It is interesting to note that Japanese troops were asked to remain in the American zone and function as police when the US troops landed at Incheon on Sept 8, Gary Donaldson, America at war since Praeger, , xiv, pp.

Newsweek, June 19, Journal of Korean Studies, Volume 2, No. Center for Korea Studies, University of Washington. Peter Lang, , p.

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Bruce Cummings, The Korean War: The figure , is also given in: Pre-Korean War Stage," in: The China Quarterly, No. On the revolt on Cheju Island [Cheju-do], see: See also the account on the revolt in: Yang Sang-ick, Echoes of Mt. And, in Korean, this noteworthy account: Kim Pong-hyon, and Kim Min-ju, eds.

In stage two, lasting from to , public farm land, which had formerly belonged to the Japanese government or individuals and had been confiscated by the Nationalists, was leased or sold to tenant farmers. By , 63, chiahad been sold. The third stage, "land to the tiller," was more complex. First, the land was classified by owners and graded for quality. The Land to the Tiller Act of set an upper limit of three chia of seventh- to twelfth-grade paddy field for landlords to retain; all land over three chia was subject to compulsory purchase by the government for resale to the present cultivators.

Landlords were compensated 70 percent with land bonds in kind rice for paddy land, sweet potatoes for dry land and 30 percent with shares of stock in for government enterprises earmarked to be transferred to private owenership - Taiwan Cement, Taiwan Paper and Pulp, Taiwan Agriculture and Forestry, and Taiwan Industry and Mining. In all, about one-quarter of Taiwan's cultivated land was affected [ Tenant-culivated land fell from Tenant farmers fell from 36 percent to 15 percent [ Younghoon Ro, Land taxation in Korea: Wikpedia, ibidem Such a demonstration could hardly please the police, as police units had largely been formed by collaborators who had already served under the Japanese colonial authorities.

This is comparable to the situation in West Germany's American and British occupation zones where the police and judges were mostly personnel that had served in the same function under the Nazi regime. Though adored in the mainstream press of the West during the early s as a hero of Korean democracy, Rhee was undoubtedly a dicator during all or most of the time he served as president of the Republic of Korea ROK. On the other hand, the dictatorial character of the government in the North cannot be put in doubt either. The Democratic People's Republic of Korea openly defines itself as a "dictatorship of the proletariate.

As far as the South is concerned, it is clear that in recent years other political tendencies than the Communist Party have received the backing of the progressive and left-leaning parts of the population.

The official term was bodo league. A lot of [the compulsory] Bodo League members [subjected to work schedules combined with military discipline] were civilians who had no connection with communism or communists. A lot of them were [ Non-communist sympathizers or political opponents of Rhee were also forced into the Bodo League to fill [ Retreating South Korean forces and anti communist groups executed the alleged-communist prisoners, along with many of the Bodo League members [during ].

The executions were performed without any trials or sentencing. United States official documents show American officers witnessed and photographed the massacre. In one case a US officer is known to have sanctioned the killing of political prisoners so that they would not fall into enemy hands. For many decades it was forbidden to talk about these events.

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