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Through the Looking-Glass - Wikipedia

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Larry Page Sergey Brin. Asymmetric double glazing, using different thicknesses of glass rather than the conventional symmetrical systems equal glass thicknesses used for both lights will improve the acoustic attenuation properties of the IGU. If standard air spaces are used, sulfur hexafluoride can be used to replace or augment an inert gas [15] and improve acoustical attenuation performance. Other glazing material variations affect acoustics. The most widely used glazing configurations for sound dampening include laminated glass with varied thickness of the interlayer and thickness of the glass.

Including a structural, thermally improved aluminum thermal barrier air spacer in the insulating glass can improve acoustical performance by reducing the transmission of exterior noise sources in the fenestration system. Reviewing the glazing system components, including the air space material used in the insulating glass, can ensure overall sound transmission improvement.

The life of an IGU varies depending on the quality of materials used, size of gap between inner and outer pane, temperature differences, workmanship and location of installation both in terms of facing direction and geographic location, as well as the treatment the unit receives. IG units typically last from 10 to 25 years, with windows facing the equator often lasting less than 12 years. IGUs typically carry a warranty for 10 to 20 years depending upon the manufacturer. If IGUs are altered such as installation of a solar control film the warranty may be voided by the manufacturer.

The Insulating Glass Manufacturers Alliance IGMA [16] undertook an extensive study to characterize the failures of commercial insulating glass units over a year period. For a standard construction IG unit, condensation collects between the layers of glass when the perimeter seal has failed and when the desiccant has become saturated, and can generally only be eliminated by replacing the IGU.

Seal failure and subsequent replacement results in a significant factor in the overall cost of owning IGUs. Large temperature differences between the inner and outer panes stress the spacer adhesives, which can eventually fail. Units with a small gap between the panes are more prone to failure because of the increased stress. Atmospheric pressure changes combined with wet weather can, in rare cases, eventually lead to the gap filling with water. The flexible sealing surfaces preventing infiltration around the window unit can also degrade or be torn or damaged.

Replacement of these seals can be difficult to impossible, due to IG windows commonly using extruded channel frames without seal retention screws or plates. Instead, the edge seals are installed by pushing an arrow-shaped indented one-way flexible lip into a slot on the extruded channel, and often cannot be easily extracted from the extruded slot to be replaced.

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In Canada, since the beginning of , there are some companies offering servicing of failed IG units. This solution often reverses the visible condensation, but cannot clean the interior surface of the glass and staining that may have occurred after long-term exposure to moisture. They may offer a warranty from 5 to 20 years. This solution lowers the insulating value of the window, but it can be a "green" solution when the window is still in good condition.

If the IG unit had a gas fill e. Since , there are also some companies offering the same restoration process for failed double-glazed units in the UK, and there is one company offering restoration of failed IG units in Ireland since Thermal stress cracking isn't different for insulated glazing and uninsulated glazing. Temperature differences across the surface of glass panes can lead to cracking of the glass. This typically occurs where the glass is partially shaded and one section is heated in sunlight.

Tinted glass increases heating and thermal stress, while annealing reduces internal stress built into the glass during manufacturing leaving more strength available to resist thermal cracking.

Thermal expansion creates internal pressure, or stress, where expanding warm material is retrained by cooler material. A crack may form if the stress exceeds the material strength and the crack will propagate until the stress at the tip of the crack is below the material's strength. Typically cracks initiate and propagate from the narrow shaded cut edge where the material is weak and the stress is spread over a small glass volume compared to the open area. Glass thickness has no direct effect on thermal cracking in windows because both thermal stress and material strength are proportional to thickness.

While thicker glass will have more strength remaining after supporting wind loads, that's usually only a significant factor for large glazing units on tall buildings and wind improves heat dissipation. Increased resistance to cracking with thicker glazing in common residential and commercial applications is more reliably result of using tempered glass to satisfy building safety codes requiring its use to reduce the severity of injuries when broken.

Cut edge stresses have to be reduced by annealing prior to tempering and that removes stress concentrations created during glass cutting and that significantly increases the stress required to initiate a crack from the edge. It may also avoid revealing to the customer that tempered glass should have been used initially.

Given the thermal properties of the sash, frame, and sill, and the dimensions of the glazing and thermal properties of the glass, the heat transfer rate for a given window and set of conditions can be calculated. This can be calculated in kW kilowatts , but more usefully for cost benefit calculations can be stated as kWh pa kilowatt hours per annum , based on the typical conditions over a year for a given location. The glass panels in double-glazed windows transmit heat in both directions by radiation, through the glazing by conduction and across the gap between the panes by convection, by conduction through the frame, and by infiltration around the perimeter seals and the frame's seal to the building.

The actual rates will vary with the conditions throughout the year, and while solar gain may be much welcomed in the winter depending on local climate , it may result in increased air conditioning costs in the summer. Unwanted heat transfer can be mitigated by for example using curtains at night in the winter and using sun shades during the day in the summer. This takes into account a combination of the heat loss through the window U value, the reciprocal of R-value , the solar gain g value , and loss through air leakage around the frame L value.

For example, an A Rated window will in a typical year gain as much heat from solar gain as it loses in other ways however the majority of this gain will occur during the summer months, when the heat may not be needed by the building occupant. This provides better thermal performance than a typical wall [18]. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Realizing that he is a fawn, she is a human, and that fawns are afraid of humans, it runs off to Alice's frustration.

Chapter Four — Tweedledum and Tweedledee: She then meets the fat twin brothers Tweedledum and Tweedledee , who she knows from the nursery rhyme. After reciting the long poem " The Walrus and the Carpenter ", they draw Alice's attention to the Red King —loudly snoring away under a nearby tree—and maliciously provoke her with idle philosophical banter that she exists only as an imaginary figure in the Red King's dreams.

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Finally, the brothers begin suiting up for battle, only to be frightened away by an enormous crow, as the nursery rhyme about them predicts. Chapter Five — Wool and Water: Alice next meets the White Queen , who is very absent-minded but boasts of and demonstrates her ability to remember future events before they have happened. Alice and the White Queen advance into the chessboard's fifth rank by crossing over a brook together, but at the very moment of the crossing, the Queen transforms into a talking Sheep in a small shop. Alice soon finds herself struggling to handle the oars of a small rowboat, where the Sheep annoys her with seemingly nonsensical shouting about " crabs " and " feathers ".

Chapter Six — Humpty Dumpty: After crossing yet another brook into the sixth rank, Alice immediately encounters Humpty Dumpty , who, besides celebrating his unbirthday , provides his own translation of the strange terms in "Jabberwocky". In the process, he introduces Alice to the concept of portmanteau words, before his inevitable fall. Chapter Seven — The Lion and the Unicorn: In this chapter, the March Hare and Hatter of the first book make a brief re-appearance in the guise of " Anglo-Saxon messengers" called "Haigha" and "Hatta".

Chapter Eight — "It's my own Invention": Upon leaving the Lion and Unicorn to their fight, Alice reaches the seventh rank by crossing another brook into the forested territory of the Red Knight, who is intent on capturing the "white pawn"—Alice—until the White Knight comes to her rescue. Escorting her through the forest towards the final brook-crossing, the Knight recites a long poem of his own composition called Haddocks' Eyes , and repeatedly falls off his horse.

Chapter Nine — Queen Alice: Bidding farewell to the White Knight, Alice steps across the last brook, and is automatically crowned a queen, with the crown materialising abruptly on her head. She soon finds herself in the company of both the White and Red Queens, who relentlessly confound Alice by using word play to thwart her attempts at logical discussion.

They then invite one another to a party that will be hosted by the newly crowned Alice—of which Alice herself had no prior knowledge. Chapter Ten — Shaking: Alice arrives and seats herself at her own party, which quickly turns into chaos. Alice finally grabs the Red Queen, believing her to be responsible for all the day's nonsense, and begins shaking her. Chapter Eleven — Waking: Alice awakes in her armchair to find herself holding the black kitten, who she deduces to have been the Red Queen all along, with the white kitten having been the White Queen.

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Chapter Twelve — Which dreamed it? The story ends with Alice recalling the speculation of the Tweedle brothers, that everything may have been a dream of the Red King, and that Alice might herself be no more than a figment of his imagination. The book ends with the line "Life, what is it but a dream? The themes and settings of Through the Looking-Glass make it a kind of mirror image of Wonderland: In it, there are many mirror themes, including opposites, time running backwards, and so on.

The White Queen offers to hire Alice as her lady's maid and to pay her "Twopence a week, and jam every other day. The rule is, jam tomorrow and jam yesterday—but never jam to-day. Jam is therefore never available today. Whereas the first book has the deck of playing cards as a theme, Through the Looking-Glass is based on a game of chess, played on a giant chessboard with fields for squares. Most of the main characters are represented by a chess piece, with Alice being a pawn.

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