Oeuvres de Louis Pasteur (French Edition)
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Write a customer review. There's a problem loading this menu right now. Learn more about Amazon Prime. He was an average student in his early years, and not particularly academic, as his interests were fishing and sketching. They were married on May 29, , [28] and together had five children, only two of whom survived to adulthood; [29] the other three died of typhoid.
Louis Pasteur
Pasteur was appointed professor of chemistry at the University of Strasbourg in , and became the chair of chemistry in The examinations became more rigid, which led to better results, greater competition, and increased prestige. Many of his decrees, however, were rigid and authoritarian, leading to two serious student revolts. During "the bean revolt" he decreed that a mutton stew, which students had refused to eat, would be served and eaten every Monday.
On another occasion he threatened to expel any student caught smoking, and 73 of the 80 students in the school resigned. In , he became the chair of organic chemistry at the Sorbonne, [34] but he later gave up the position because of poor health. He resolved a problem concerning the nature of tartaric acid in Pasteur noticed that crystals of tartrates had small faces.
Then he observed that, in racemic mixtures of tartrates, half of the crystals were right-handed and half were left-handed. In solution, the right-handed compound was dextrorotatory , and the left-handed one was levorotatory. This was the first time anyone had demonstrated molecular chirality , and also the first explanation of isomerism.
Some historians consider Pasteur's work in this area to be his "most profound and most original contributions to science", and his "greatest scientific discovery. Pasteur was motivated to investigate fermentation while working at Lille. In a local wine manufacturer, M. Bigot, whose son was one of Pasteur's students, sought for his advice on the problems of making beetroot alcohol and souring. Pasteur demonstrated that this theory was incorrect, and that yeast was responsible for fermentation to produce alcohol from sugar.
Pasteur's research also showed that the growth of micro-organisms was responsible for spoiling beverages, such as beer, wine and milk. Pasteur and Claude Bernard completed tests on blood and urine on April 20, Beverage contamination led Pasteur to the idea that micro-organisms infecting animals and humans cause disease. He proposed preventing the entry of micro-organisms into the human body, leading Joseph Lister to develop antiseptic methods in surgery.
In the early 19th century, Agostino Bassi had shown that muscardine was caused by a fungus that infected silkworms. In the first three years, Pasteur thought that the corpuscles were a symptom of the disease. The pulp was examined with a microscope, and if corpuscles were observed, the eggs were destroyed. The primary cause is currently thought to be viruses. Hygiene could be used to prevent accidental flacherie. Moths whose digestive cavities did not contain the microorganisms causing flacherie were used to lay eggs, preventing hereditary flacherie. Following his fermentation experiments, Pasteur demonstrated that the skin of grapes was the natural source of yeasts, and that sterilized grapes and grape juice never fermented.
He drew grape juice from under the skin with sterilized needles, and also covered grapes with sterilized cloth. Both experiments could not produce wine in sterilized containers. His findings and ideas were against the prevailing notion of spontaneous generation. To settle the debate between the eminent scientists, the French Academy of Sciences offered the Alhumbert Prize carrying 2, francs to whoever could experimentally demonstrate for or against the doctrine.
Pouchet stated that air everywhere could cause spontaneous generation of living organisms in liquids. Spallanzani's experiments in suggested that air contaminated broths with bacteria. In the s, Pasteur repeated Spallanzani's experiments, but Pouchet reported a different result using a different broth. Pasteur performed several experiments to disprove spontaneous generation. He placed boiled liquid in a flask and let hot air enter the flask. Then he closed the flask, and no organisms grew in it.
The number of flasks in which organisms grew was lower at higher altitudes, showing that air at high altitudes contained less dust and fewer organisms. Air was allowed to enter the flask via a long curving tube that made dust particles stick to it. Nothing grew in the broths unless the flasks were tilted, making the liquid touch the contaminated walls of the neck.
Louis Pasteur - Wikipedia
This showed that the living organisms that grew in such broths came from outside, on dust, rather than spontaneously generating within the liquid or from the action of pure air. These were some of the most important experiments disproving the theory of spontaneous generation, for which Pasteur won the Alhumbert Prize in Never will the doctrine of spontaneous generation recover from the mortal blow of this simple experiment.
There is no known circumstance in which it can be confirmed that microscopic beings came into the world without germs, without parents similar to themselves. Pasteur's later work on diseases included work on chicken cholera.
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He received cultures from Jean Joseph Henri Toussaint , and cultivated them in chicken broth. Upon reusing these healthy chickens, Pasteur discovered he could not infect them, even with fresh bacteria; the weakened bacteria had caused the chickens to become immune to the disease, though they had caused only mild symptoms. In , his assistant, Charles Chamberland of French origin , had been instructed to inoculate the chickens after Pasteur went on holiday.
Chamberland failed to do this and went on holiday himself. On his return, the month-old cultures made the chickens unwell, but instead of the infections being fatal, as they usually were, the chickens recovered completely. Chamberland assumed an error had been made, and wanted to discard the apparently faulty culture, but Pasteur stopped him. Pasteur concluded that the animals were now immune to the disease. In December , Pasteur used a weakened culture of the bacteria to inoculate chickens.
The chickens survived, and when he inoculated them with a virulent strain, they were immune to it. In , Pasteur presented his results to the French Academy of Sciences, saying that the bacteria were weakened by contact with oxygen. In the s, he applied this immunization method to anthrax , which affected cattle , and aroused interest in combating other diseases. Pasteur cultivated bacteria from the blood of animals infected with anthrax.
When he inoculated animals with the bacteria, anthrax occurred, proving that the bacteria was the cause of the disease. Pasteur thought that earthworms might have brought the bacteria to the surface. He found anthrax bacteria in earthworms' excrement, showing that he was correct. In , Pasteur's rival Jean-Joseph-Henri Toussaint , a veterinary surgeon , used carbolic acid to kill anthrax bacilli and tested the vaccine on sheep.
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Pasteur thought that this type of killed vaccine should not work because he believed that attenuated bacteria used up nutrients that the bacteria needed to grow. He thought oxidizing bacteria made them less virulent. Pasteur agreed, and the experiment, conducted at Pouilly-le-Fort on sheep, goats and cows, was successful. Pasteur did not directly disclose how he prepared the vaccines used at Pouilly-le-Fort.
The notion of a weak form of a disease causing immunity to the virulent version was not new; this had been known for a long time for smallpox. Inoculation with smallpox variolation was known to result in a much less severe disease, and greatly reduced mortality, in comparison with the naturally acquired disease. The difference between smallpox vaccination and anthrax or chicken cholera vaccination was that the latter two disease organisms had been artificially weakened, so a naturally weak form of the disease organism did not need to be found. In , Robert Koch had shown that Bacillus anthracis caused anthrax.
A few months later, Koch wrote that Pasteur had used impure cultures and made errors. In , Pasteur replied to Koch in a speech, to which Koch responded aggressively. In , Pasteur wrote that he used cultures prepared in a similar way to his successful fermentation experiments and that Koch misinterpreted statistics and ignored Pasteur's work on silkworms.
In , Pasteur sent his assistant Louis Thuillier to southern France because of an epizootic of swine erysipelas. Then they passed the bacillus through rabbits, weakening it and obtaining a vaccine. Pasteur and Thuillier incorrectly described the bacterium as a figure-eight shape.
Roux described the bacterium as stick-shaped in Pasteur produced the first vaccine for rabies by growing the virus in rabbits, and then weakening it by drying the affected nerve tissue. One survived but may not actually have had rabies, and the other died of rabies. The first of the Pasteur Institutes was also built on the basis of this achievement.
Pasteur himself was absolutely fearless. Anxious to secure a sample of saliva straight from the jaws of a rabid dog, I once saw him with the glass tube held between his lips draw a few drops of the deadly saliva from the mouth of a rabid bull-dog, held on the table by two assistants, their hands protected by leather gloves. Because of his study in germs, Pasteur encouraged doctors to sanitize their hands and equipment before surgery. Prior to this, few doctors or their assistants practiced these procedures. A French national hero at age 55, in Pasteur discreetly told his family never to reveal his laboratory notebooks to anyone.
His family obeyed, and all his documents were held and inherited in secrecy. Yet the papers were restricted for historical studies until the death of Valley-Radot in The documents were given a catalogue number only in In , the centennial of the death of Louis Pasteur, a historian of science Gerald L. Geison published an analysis of Pasteur's private notebooks in his The Private Science of Louis Pasteur , and declared that Pasteur had given several misleading accounts and played deceptions in his most important discoveries.
Scientists before Pasteur had studied fermentation. He regarded himself as the first to show the role of microorganisms in fermentation. With both scientists claiming priority on the discovery, a dispute, extending to several areas, lasted throughout their lives. His name was "associated with bygone controversies as to priority which it would be unprofitable to recall". Pasteur thought that succinic acid inverted sucrose. In , Marcellin Berthelot isolated invertase and showed that succinic acid did not invert sucrose.
Hans Buchner discovered that zymase catalyzed fermentation, showing that fermentation was catalyzed by enzymes within cells. Pasteur publicly claimed his success in developing the anthrax vaccine in Toussaint isolated the bacteria that caused chicken cholera later named Pasteurella in honour of Pasteur in and gave samples to Pasteur who used them for his own works.
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He used potassium dichromate to prepare the vaccine. Pasteur experiments are often cited as against medical ethics , especially on his vaccination of Meister. He did not have any experience in medical practice, and more importantly, a medical license. This is often cited as a serious threat to his professional and personal reputation. He was not allowed to hold the syringe, although the inoculations were entirely under his supervision. Pasteur has also been criticized for keeping secrecy of his procedure and not giving proper pre-clinical trials on animals.
He later disclosed his procedures to a small group of scientists. Pasteur wrote that he had successfully vaccinated 50 rabid dogs before using it on Meister. Meister never showed any symptoms of rabies, [92] but the vaccination has not been proved to be the reason.
Pasteur was awarded 1, francs in by the Pharmaceutical Society for the synthesis of racemic acid. The French Academy of Sciences awarded Pasteur the Montyon Prize for experimental physiology in , [34] and the Jecker Prize in and the Alhumbert Prize in for his experimental refutation of spontaneous generation.
In many localities worldwide, streets are named in his honor.
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For example, in the USA: The Avenue Pasteur in Saigon, Vietnam, is one of the few streets in that city to retain its French name. The sculpture was designed by Harriet G. Moore and cast in by Artworks Foundry. After developing the rabies vaccine, Pasteur proposed an institute for the vaccine. The official statute was registered in , stating that the institute's purposes were "the treatment of rabies according to the method developed by M.
Pasteur" and "the study of virulent and contagious diseases". One year after the inauguration of the institute, Roux set up the first course of microbiology ever taught in the world, then entitled Cours de Microbie Technique Course of microbe research techniques. Since the Pasteur Institute had been extended to different countries, and currently there are 32 institutes in 29 countries in various parts of the world.
His grandson, Louis Pasteur Vallery-Radot , wrote that Pasteur had kept from his Catholic background only a spiritualism without religious practice. Absolute faith in God and in Eternity, and a conviction that the power for good given to us in this world will be continued beyond it, were feelings which pervaded his whole life; the virtues of the gospel had ever been present to him. Full of respect for the form of religion which had been that of his forefathers, he came simply to it and naturally for spiritual help in these last weeks of his life.
Maurice Vallery-Radot, grandson of the brother of the son-in-law of Pasteur and outspoken Catholic, also holds that Pasteur fundamentally remained Catholic. Could I but know all I would have the faith of a Breton peasant's wife".
In , Pasteur suffered a severe brain stroke that paralysed the left side of his body, but he recovered. Pasteur's principal published works are: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Pasteur disambiguation. List of things named after Louis Pasteur. The standard author abbreviation Pasteur is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.