As America Has Done to Israel

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Allegedly, the purpose was anti terror, but when you examine the details of the military deal, it is aimed at Iran. These weapons will be used against Iran. The second thing is Israel. Will part of this huge business deal be the betrayal of Israel? Will he fail to recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital?

Will he pressure Israel to divide the land for "peace? I hope that the President keeps his word regarding Israel, because if he doesn't a huge curse is coming on him and the nation. President Trump has a strong hand with the Arabs. They need America in the coming war with Iran. They might also need Israel, and they are already in meetings with Israel over Iran.

This might force them to back down over Jerusalem and dividing the land. In , when defecting Iraqi pilot Munir Redfa landed in Israel flying a Soviet-built MiG fighter jet, information on the plane was immediately shared with the United States. In the lead up to the Six-Day War of , while the Johnson Administration was sympathetic to Israel's need to defend itself against foreign attack, the US worried that Israel's response would be disproportionate and potentially destabilizing.

The primary concern of the Johnson Administration was that should war break out in the region, the United States and Soviet Union would be drawn into it. Intense diplomatic negotiations with the nations in the region and the Soviets, including the first use of the Hotline , failed to prevent war. When Israel launched preemptive strikes against the Egyptian Air force, Secretary of State Dean Rusk was disappointed as he felt a diplomatic solution could have been possible. Israel stated that the Liberty was mistaken as the Egyptian vessel El Quseir , and it was an instance of friendly fire.

The US government accepted it as such, although the incident raised much controversy, and some still believe it to be deliberate. Prior to the Six-War Day, US administrations had taken considerable care to avoid giving the appearance of favoritism. Johnson's presidency America's policy took a definite turn in the pro-Israeli direction". Following the war, the perception in Washington was that many Arab states notably Egypt had permanently drifted toward the Soviets. In , with strong support from Congress, Johnson approved the sale of Phantom fighters to Israel, establishing the precedent for US support for Israel's qualitative military edge over its neighbors.

However, the US continued to provide military equipment to Arab states such as Lebanon and Saudi Arabia , to counter Soviet arms sales in the region. Previously unknown information was subsequently shared with the US. These designs were also shared with the United States. Rogers formally proposed the Rogers Plan , which called for a day cease-fire and a military standstill zone on each side of the Suez Canal, to calm the ongoing War of Attrition. It was an effort to reach agreement specifically on the framework of UN Resolution , which called for Israeli withdrawal from territories occupied in and mutual recognition of each state's sovereignty and independence.

Despite the Labor-dominant Alignments , formal acceptance of UN and "peace for withdrawal" earlier that year, Menachem Begin and the right wing Gahal alliance were adamantly opposed to withdraw from the Palestinian Territories ; the second-largest party in the government resigned on 5 August No breakthrough occurred even after President Sadat of Egypt in unexpectedly expelled Soviet advisers from Egypt, and again signaled to Washington his willingness to negotiate.

On 28 February , during a visit in Washington, D. National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger 's peace proposal based on "security versus sovereignty": Israel would accept Egyptian sovereignty over all Sinai , while Egypt would accept Israeli presence in some of Sinai strategic positions.

Faced with this lack of progress on the diplomatic front, and hoping to force the Nixon administration to become more involved, Egypt prepared for military conflict. In October , Egypt and Syria, with additional Arab support, attacked Israeli forces occupying their territory since the war, thus starting the Yom Kippur War.

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Despite intelligence indicating an attack from Egypt and Syria, Prime Minister Golda Meir made the controversial decision not to launch a pre-emptive strike. Meir, among other concerns, feared alienating the United States, if Israel was seen as starting another war, as Israel only trusted the United States to come to its aid. In retrospect, the decision not to strike was probably a sound one. Later, according to Secretary of State Henry Kissinger , had Israel struck first, they would not have received "so much as a nail".

On 6 October , during the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur , Egypt and Syria, with the support of Arab expeditionary forces and with backing from the Soviet Union, launched simultaneous attacks against Israel.

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The resulting conflict is known as the Yom Kippur War. The Egyptian Army was initially able to breach Israeli defenses, advance into the Sinai, and establish defensive positions along the east bank of the Suez Canal , but they were later repulsed in a massive tank battle when they tried to advance further to draw pressure away from Syria.

The Israelis then crossed the Suez Canal. Major battles with heavy losses for both sides took place. At the same time, the Syrians almost broke through Israel's thin defenses in the Golan Heights, but were eventually stopped by reinforcements and pushed back, followed by a successful Israeli advance into Syria. Israel also gained the upper hand in the air and at sea early in the war.

Days into the war, it has been suggested that Meir authorized the assembly of Israeli nuclear bombs. This was done openly, perhaps in order to draw American attention, but Meir authorized their use against Egyptian and Syrian targets only if Arab forces managed to advance too far. Meir asked Nixon for help with military supply.

After Israel went on full nuclear alert and loaded their warheads into waiting planes, Nixon ordered the full scale commencement of a strategic airlift operation to deliver weapons and supplies to Israel; this last move is sometimes called "the airlift that saved Israel". However, by the time the supplies arrived, Israel was gaining the upper hand. Kissinger realized the situation presented the United States with a tremendous opportunity—Egypt was totally dependent on the US to prevent Israel from destroying the army, which now had no access to food or water.

The position could be parlayed later into allowing the United States to mediate the dispute, and push Egypt out of Soviet influences. As a result, the United States exerted tremendous pressure on the Israelis to refrain from destroying the trapped army. In a phone call with Israeli ambassador Simcha Dinitz , Kissinger told the ambassador that the destruction of the Egyptian Third Army "is an option that does not exist".

The Egyptians later withdrew their request for support and the Soviets complied. After the war, Kissinger pressured the Israelis to withdraw from Arab lands; this contributed to the first phases of a lasting Israeli-Egyptian peace. In early , the Israeli government turned down a US initiative for further redeployment in Sinai. President Ford responded on 21 March by sending Prime Minister Rabin a letter stating that Israeli intransigence has complicated US worldwide interests, and therefore the administration will reassess its relations with the Israeli government.

In addition, arms shipments to Israel halted. The reassessment crisis came to an end with the Israeli—Egyptian disengagement of forces agreement of 4 September The Carter administration was characterized by very active US involvement in the Middle East peace process. With the May election of Likud 's Menachem Begin as prime minister, after 30 years of leading the Israeli government opposition, major changes took place regarding Israeli withdrawal from the occupied territories.

The two frameworks included in the Carter-initiated Camp David process were viewed by right-wing elements in Israel as creating US pressures on Israel to withdraw from the captured Palestinian territories , as well as forcing it to take risks for the sake of peace with Egypt. It led to Israeli withdrawal from Sinai by Likud governments have since argued that their acceptance of full withdrawal from the Sinai as part of these accords and the eventual Egypt—Israel Peace Treaty fulfilled the Israeli pledge to withdraw from occupied territory.

Israeli supporters expressed concerns early in the first Ronald Reagan term about potential difficulties in US—Israeli relations, in part because several Presidential appointees had ties or past business associations with key Arab countries for example, Secretaries Caspar Weinberger and George P. Shultz were officers in the Bechtel Corporation , which has strong links to the Arab world; see Arab lobby in the United States.

However, President Reagan's personal support for Israel, and the compatibility between Israeli and Reagan perspectives on terrorism , security cooperation, and the Soviet threat, led to considerable strengthening in bilateral relations. In , Weinberger and Israeli Minister of Defense Ariel Sharon signed the Strategic Cooperation Agreement , establishing a framework for continued consultation and cooperation to enhance the national security of both countries.

In November , the two sides formed a Joint Political Military Group , which meets twice a year, to implement most provisions of that agreement. Joint air and sea military exercises began in June , and the United States constructed two War Reserve Stock facilities in Israel to stockpile military equipment.

Although intended for American forces in the Middle East, the equipment can be transferred to Israeli use if necessary.

US—Israeli ties strengthened during the second Reagan term. Israel was granted " major non-NATO ally " status in , giving it access to expanded weapons systems and opportunities to bid on US defense contracts. Since then all customs duties between the two trading partners have been eliminated. However, relations soured when Israel carried out Operation Opera , an Israeli airstrike on the Osirak nuclear reactor in Baghdad.

Reagan suspended a shipment of military aircraft to Israel, and harshly criticized the action. Relations also soured during the Lebanon War , when the United States even contemplated sanctions to stop the Israeli Siege of Beirut. The US reminded Israel that weaponry provided by the US was to be used for defensive purposes only, and suspended shipments of cluster munitions to Israel.

Although the war exposed some serious differences between Israeli and US policies, such as Israel's rejection of the Reagan peace plan of 1 September , it did not alter the Administration's favoritism for Israel and the emphasis it placed on Israel's importance to the United States. But, despite the US—PLO dialogue, the Pollard spy case, and the Israeli rejection of the Shultz peace initiative in the spring of , pro-Israeli organizations in the United States characterized the Reagan Administration and the th Congress as the "most pro-Israel ever", and praised the positive overall tone of bilateral relations.

President Bush raised the ire of the Likud government when he told a press conference on 3 March , that East Jerusalem was occupied territory and not a sovereign part of Israel as Israel says. Israel had annexed East Jerusalem in , an action which did not gain international recognition.

The United States and Israel disagreed over the Israeli interpretation of the Israeli plan to hold elections for a Palestinian peace conference delegation in the summer of , and also disagreed over the need for an investigation of the Jerusalem incident of 8 October , in which Israeli police killed 17 Palestinians. The United States urged Israel not to retaliate against Iraq for the attacks because it was believed that Iraq wanted to draw Israel into the conflict and force other coalition members, Egypt and Syria in particular, to quit the coalition and join Iraq in a war against Israel.

Israel did not retaliate, and gained praise for its restraint. Following the Gulf War, the administration immediately returned to Arab-Israeli peacemaking, believing there was a window of opportunity to use the political capital generated by the US victory to revitalize the Arab-Israeli peace process. On 6 March , President Bush addressed Congress in a speech often cited as the administration's principal policy statement on the new order in relation to the Middle East, following the expulsion of Iraqi forces from Kuwait.

The centerpiece of his program, however, was the achievement of an Arab—Israeli treaty based on the territory-for-peace principle and the fulfillment of Palestinian rights. However, unlike earlier American peace efforts, no new aid commitments would be used. This was both because President Bush and Secretary Baker felt the coalition victory and increased US prestige would itself induce a new Arab—Israeli dialogue, and because their diplomatic initiative focused on process and procedure rather than on agreements and concessions.

From Washington's perspective, economic inducements would not be necessary, but these did enter the process because Israel injected them in May. Bush and Baker were thus instrumental in convening the Madrid peace conference in October and in persuading all the parties to engage in the subsequent peace negotiations.

It was reported widely that the Bush Administration did not share an amicable relationship with the Likud government of Yitzhak Shamir. However, the Israeli government did win the repeal of United Nations General Assembly Resolution , which equated Zionism with racism. The Labor coalition approved a partial housing construction freeze in the occupied territories on 19 July, something the Shamir government had not done despite Bush Administration appeals for a freeze as a condition for the loan guarantees.

Israel and the PLO exchanged letters of mutual recognition on 10 September, and signed the Declaration of Principles on 13 September President Clinton disagreed with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu 's policy of expanding Jewish settlements in the occupied territories, and it was reported that the President believed that the Prime Minister delayed the peace process.

President Clinton hosted negotiations at the Wye River Conference Center in Maryland, ending with the signing of an agreement on 23 October Israel suspended implementation of the Wye agreement in early December , when the Palestinians violated the Wye Agreement by threatening to declare a state Palestinian statehood was not mentioned in Wye.

Ehud Barak was elected Prime Minister on 17 May , and won a vote of confidence for his government on 6 July President Clinton and Prime Minister Barak appeared to establish close personal relations during four days of meetings between 15 and 20 July. On 4 October , shortly after the September 11 attacks , Sharon accused the Bush Administration of appeasing the Palestinians at Israel's expense in a bid for Arab support for the US anti-terror campaign.

The White House said that the remark was unacceptable. Rather than apologize for the remark, Sharon said that the United States failed to understand him. Also, the United States criticized the Israeli practice of assassinating Palestinians believed to be engaged in terrorism, which appeared to some Israelis to be inconsistent with the US policy of pursuing Osama bin Laden "dead or alive". All recent US administrations have disapproved of Israel's settlement activity as prejudging final status and possibly preventing the emergence of a contiguous Palestinian state.

However, President Bush noted in an April 14, Memorandum which came to be called "the Bush Roadmap" and which established the parameters for subsequent Israel-Palestinian negotiations the need to take into account changed "realities on the ground, including already existing major Israeli population centers", as well as Israel's security concerns, asserting that "It is unrealistic to expect that the outcome of final status negotiations will be full and complete return to the armistice lines of At times of violence, US officials have urged Israel to withdraw as rapidly as possible from Palestinian areas retaken in security operations.

The Bush Administration insisted that United Nations Security Council resolutions be "balanced" by criticizing Palestinian as well as Israeli violence, and it vetoed resolutions which did not meet that standard. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice did not name a Special Middle East Envoy and did not say that she would not get involved in direct Israeli-Palestinian negotiations of issues.

She said that she preferred to have the Israelis and Palestinians work together, although she traveled to the region several times in The Administration supported Israel's disengagement from Gaza as a way to return to the Road Map process to achieve a solution based on two states, Israel and Palestine, living side by side in peace and security.

The evacuation of settlers from the Gaza Strip and four small settlements in the northern West Bank was completed on 23 August The Defense Security Cooperation Agency noted that the sale of the JP-8 fuel, should it be completed, will "enable Israel to maintain the operational capability of its aircraft inventory", and that "The jet fuel will be consumed while the aircraft is in use to keep peace and security in the region". American media also questioned whether Israel violated an agreement not to use cluster bombs on civilian targets.

Although many of the cluster bombs used were advanced M munitions developed by Israel Military Industries , Israel also used older munitions purchased from the US. Evidence during the conflict had shown that cluster bombs had hit civilian areas, although the civilian population had mostly fled, as well as Israel claiming that Hezbollah frequently used civilian areas to stockpile weaponry and fire rockets, in violation of international law.

Many bomblets remained undetonated after the war, causing hazard for Lebanese civilians. Israel said that it had not violated any international law because cluster bombs are not illegal and were used only on military targets. The Israeli newspaper Haaretz reported that the US was the only member of out the nation UN body to oppose any council action at all. On 19 July, the Bush administration rejected calls for an immediate ceasefire. John Bolton , then US Ambassador to the United Nations, rejected the call for a ceasefire, on the grounds that such an action addressed the conflict only superficially: On 26 July, foreign ministers from the US, Europe, and the Middle East that met in Rome vowed "to work immediately to reach with the utmost urgency a ceasefire that puts an end to the current violence and hostilities".

However, the US maintained strong support for the Israeli campaign, and the conference's results were reported to have fallen short of Arab and European leaders' expectations. In September , The Guardian reported that the U. Israeli—US relations came under increased strain during Prime Minister Netanyahu's second administration and the new Obama administration. After he took office, President Barack Obama made achieving a peace deal between Israel and the Palestinians a major goal, and pressured Prime Minister Netanyahu into accepting a Palestinian state and entering negotiations.

Netanyahu eventually conceded on 14 July In accordance with US wishes, Israel imposed a ten-month freeze on settlement construction in the West Bank. As the freeze did not include East Jerusalem , which Israel regards as its sovereign territory, or 3, pre-approved housing units already under construction, as well as the failure to dismantle already-built Israeli outposts , the Palestinians rejected the freeze as inadequate, and refused to enter negotiations for nine months. The transfer was kept secret to avoid the impression that the United States was arming Israel for an attack on Iran.

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In March , Israel announced that it would continue to build 1, new homes that were already under construction in the eastern Jerusalem neighborhood of Ramat Shlomo , during Vice President Joe Biden 's visit to Israel. The incident was described as "one of the most serious rows between the two allies in recent decades". Obama threatened that neither he nor any senior administration official would meet Netanyahu and his senior ministers during their upcoming visit to Washington.

The meeting was conducted without photographers or any press statements. During the meeting, Obama demanded that Israel extend the settlement freeze after its expiration, impose a freeze on Jewish construction in East Jerusalem, and withdraw troops to positions held before the start of the Second Intifada. Netanyahu did not give written concessions on these issues, and presented Obama with a flowchart on how permission for building is granted in the Jerusalem Municipality to reiterate that he had no prior knowledge of the plans.

Obama then suggested that Netanyahu and his staff stay at the White House to consider his proposals so that he could inform Obama right away if he changed his mind, and was quoted as saying: Netanyahu and his aides went to the Roosevelt Room , spent a further half-hour with Obama, and extended his stay for a day of emergency talks to restart peace negotiations, but left without any official statement from either side. In July , a video of citizen Netanyahu surfaced; he was speaking to a group of bereaved families in Ofra, Israel about relations with the United States and the peace process, and reportedly unaware he was being recorded.

They won't get in their way. I'm going to interpret the accords in such a way that would allow me to put an end to this galloping forward to the '67 borders. On 19 May , Obama made a foreign policy speech in which he called for a return to the pre Israeli borders with mutually agreed land swaps, to which Netanyahu objected.

It was my reference to the lines—with mutually agreed swaps—that received the lion's share of the attention, including just now. And since my position has been misrepresented several times, let me reaffirm what " lines with mutually agreed swaps" means. By definition, it means that the parties themselves—Israelis and Palestinians—will negotiate a border that is different than the one that existed on June 4, That's what mutually agreed-upon swaps means. It is a well-known formula to all who have worked on this issue for a generation.

It allows the parties themselves to account for the changes that have taken place over the last 44 years. It allows the parties themselves to take account of those changes, including the new demographic realities on the ground, and the needs of both sides. The ultimate goal is two states for two people: Israel as a Jewish state and the homeland for the Jewish people and the state of Palestine as the homeland for the Palestinian people—each state in joined self-determination, mutual recognition and peace.

In his speech to a joint session of congress on May 24, Netanyahu adopted some of Obama's earlier language:. Now the precise delineation of those borders must be negotiated. We'll be generous about the size of the future Palestinian state. But as President Obama said, the border will be different than the one that existed on 4 June Israel will not return to the indefensible boundaries of On 20 September , President Obama declared that the US would veto any Palestinian application for statehood at the United Nations, asserting that "there can be no shortcut to peace".

In October , the new American Defense Secretary, Leon Panetta , suggested that Israeli policies were partly responsible for its increasing diplomatic isolation in the Middle East. The Israeli government responded that the problem was the growing radicalism in the region, rather than their own policies. In , President Obama signed into law a bill that would extend by another three years the program of United States guarantees for Israeli government debt.

Until then, Israel had been a bastion of bipartisan consensus in the US. In and again in July—August , Israeli exports to the United States surpassed those to the European Union , usually the top destination for Israeli exports. Reaction in Israel was mixed to the Geneva interim agreement on the Iranian nuclear program. Prime Minister Netanyahu strongly criticized it as a "historic mistake", [72] and finance minister Naftali Bennett called it a "very bad deal".

It was also felt that Washington is a loyal ally and that America will come to Israel's aid against existential threats. On 23 December , the United Nations Security Council passed a resolution calling for an end to Israeli settlements ; the Obama administration's UN ambassador, Samantha Power , was instructed to abstain—although the U. President-elect Donald Trump attempted to intercede by publicly advocating the resolution be vetoed and successfully persuading Egypt's Abdel Fattah el-Sisi to temporarily withdraw it from consideration.

The resolution was then "proposed again by Malaysia , New Zealand , Senegal and Venezuela "—and passed 14 to 0. Netanyahu's office alleged that "the Obama administration not only failed to protect Israel against this gang-up at the UN, it colluded with it behind the scenes," adding: According to Army Radio, the US has reportedly pledged to sell Israel materials used to produce electricity, nuclear technology, and other supplies. On 22 January , in response to Trump's inauguration, the Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced his intention to lift all restrictions on construction in the West Bank.

Since the s, Israel has been one of the top recipients of United States foreign aid. In the past, a portion was dedicated to economic assistance, but all economic aid to Israel ended in due to Israel's growing economy. FMF is intended to promote US national security by contributing to global stability, strengthening military support for democratically elected governments and containing transnational threats, including terrorism and trafficking of weapons. Meanwhile, Republican Kentucky Senator Rand Paul has stated, in regards to US foreign military financing to Israel, that "aid hampers Israel's ability to make its own decisions as it sees fit".

But Eli Lake, the national security correspondent of The Washington Times , reported on 23 September , that Obama had authorized at the beginning of his presidency "significant new aid to the Israeli military that includes the sale of 55 deep-penetrating bombs known as bunker busters".

While United States law forbids the use of offset agreements on FMF sales, Israel's Industrial Cooperation Authority attempts to secure industrial participation contracts of around 35 percent of such sales. In fiscal year , the automatic U. In November , Steven Strauss a faculty member at the Harvard Kennedy School published an editorial calling for the United States to phase out all grant aid to Israel. Strauss argues that the United States should retain a close relationship with Israel, but that Israel is affluent enough to pay for the military equipment it needs. The United States views the growth of Israeli settlements in the West Bank as an impediment to the success of peace negotiations, acknowledging that most world powers view the settlements as illegal.

Israel, on the other hand, views the land as a security bulwark and religious Jewish Israelis hold the land is a God-given inheritance. Israel says that it plans to retain blocs of settlements in any peace treaty. In January , Jewish settlers at the " Adei Ad illegal outpost" [] threw stones at diplomats from a US delegation who had arrived to inspect vandalism reported at a grove of Palestinian-owned trees in the occupied West Bank. It was reported that recently settlers were suspected of uprooting thousands of olive tree saplings, some of which had been planted in honor of senior Palestinian official Ziad Abu Ein , who collapsed and died after an altercation with an Israeli soldier.

The American consulate came to inspect the grove because some of the land owners claim US citizenship. Syria has repeatedly requested that Israel re-commence peace negotiations with the Syrian government. Some Israeli officials asserted that there had been some unpublicized talks with Syria not officially sanctioned by the Israeli government. The United States demanded that Israel desist from even exploratory contacts with Syria to test whether Damascus is serious in its declared intentions to hold peace talks with Israel.

US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice was forceful in expressing Washington's view on the matter to Israeli officials that even exploratory negotiations with Syria must not be attempted. For years, Israel obeyed Washington's demand to desist from officially returning to peace talks. Syria withdrew from the peace talks several months later in response to the Gaza War. The United States has taken on the preeminent role in facilitating peace negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority.

The US has been criticized as acting as the attorney of the Israeli government rather than as an honest broker, catering and coordinating with the Israeli government at the expense of advancing the peace talks. Over the years, the United States and Israel have regularly discussed Israel's sale of sensitive security equipment and technology to various countries, especially the People's Republic of China. US administrations believe that such sales are potentially harmful to the security of US forces in Asia.

China has looked to Israel to obtain technology it could not acquire from elsewhere, and has purchased a wide array of military equipment and technology, including communications satellites , and Harpy Killer unmanned aerial vehicles in , and which China tested over the Taiwan Strait in In , the United States persuaded Israel to cancel the sale of the Phalcon. The US was also said to have demanded that Israel provide information on 60 recent arms deals with China, agree to US supervision of arms deals which could be seen as "sensitive" to the US.

On 21 October , it was reported that pressure from Washington forced Israel to freeze a major contract with Venezuela to upgrade its 22 US-manufactured F fighter jets. The Israeli government had requested US permission to proceed with the deal, but permission was not granted. After capturing East Jerusalem in the Six-Day War , Israel annexed it and incorporated it into the Jerusalem Municipality, and has built neighborhoods and homes in Arab neighborhoods there, along with government offices. Israel has insisted that Jerusalem is its eternal and indivisible capital. The United States does not agree with this position and believes the permanent status of Jerusalem is still subject to negotiations.

As America Has Done to Israel

This is based on the UN's Partition plan for Palestine , which called for separate international administration of Jerusalem. This position was accepted at the time by most other countries and the Zionist leadership, but rejected by the Arab countries.

Most countries had located their embassies in Tel Aviv before ; Jerusalem was also located on the contested border. The Declaration of Principles and subsequent Oslo Accords signed between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization in September similarly state that it is a subject for permanent status negotiations. US administrations have consistently indicated, by keeping the Embassy of the United States in Israel in Tel Aviv, that Jerusalem's status is unresolved.

In , however, both houses of Congress overwhelmingly passed the Jerusalem Embassy Act to move the embassy to Jerusalem, no later than 31 May , and suggested funding penalties on the State Department for non-compliance. Executive branch opposition to such a move, on constitutional questions of Congressional interference in foreign policy, as well as a series of presidential waivers, based on national security interests, have delayed the move by all successive administrations, since it was passed during the Clinton Administration.

A permanent consular office was established in in this same building. The mission moved to Street of the Prophets in the late 19th century, and to its present location on Agron Street in In , the US Consulate General on Agron Road leased an adjacent building, a Lazarist monastery built in the s, to provide more office space. In March , General David Petraeus was quoted by Max Boot saying the lack of progress in the Middle East peace process has "fomented anti-Americanism , undermined moderate Arab regimes, limited the strength and depth of U.

He believes there are many important factors standing in the way of peace, including "a whole bunch of extremist organizations, some of which by the way deny Israel's right to exist". So again we have all these factors in there. This [Israel] is just one. On 6 December U. President Donald Trump officially recognized Jerusalem as Israel's capital and announced his intention to move the American embassy to Jerusalem. Hitherto, the Consulate General had been responsible for conducting US relations with the Palestinians. The same poll asked "In general, do you favor or oppose the establishment of a Palestinian state that is recognized by the United Nations?

Others maintain that democratic Israel is a helpful and strategic ally, and believe that US relations with Israel strengthen the US presence in the Middle East. Analysis of the poll data showed that Republicans, conservatives and older Americans were more likely to be partial to Israel. Democratic support for Israel has increased by four percent since , while Republican support for the Jewish state has jumped 18 percentage points in the same period. Israeli attitudes toward the US are largely positive. In several ways of measuring a country's view of America American ideas about democracy; ways of doing business; music, movies, and television; science and technology; and spread of US ideas , Israel came on top as the developed country who viewed it most positively.

A report from The David Project , an Israel advocacy organization in the US, found that the strongest anti-Israel behaviour in America is found in universities. Quoting the experience of Jewish students who felt largely comfortable in American universities, the report denied that anti-Israeli feelings were based on antisemitism , as commonly believed.

Israel–United States relations

Instead the problem was said to lie in a "drip-drip negativity" about Israel that threatened to erode support over the long term, and might eventually spread from campuses to the population at large. In tensions emerged between the Emergency Committee for Israel and other Jewish charities it argued are hostile to Israel. Several people quoted in the Emergency Committee for Israel's New York Times advertisement immediately distanced themselves from the publicity campaign.

The Jewish groups the ads targeted reported little change in donor support. In December , a public opinion poll of Israelis showed a majority of Israelis believe Israel's relationship with the US is "in crisis". The survey found that Less than one quarter of respondents said the relations were "stable and good. Israel is in large part a nation of Jewish immigrants. Israel has welcomed newcomers inspired by Zionism , the Jewish national movement.

Zionism is an expression of the desire of many Jews to live in their historical homeland. The largest numbers of immigrants have come to Israel from countries in the Middle East and Europe. The United States has played a special role in assisting Israel with the complex task of absorbing and assimilating masses of immigrants in short periods of time. Within the first three years of Israel's establishment, the number of immigrants more than doubled the Jewish population of the country. Mass immigrations have continued throughout Israeli history.

Since , Israel absorbed approximately one million Jews from the former Soviet Union. The United States worked with Israel to bring Jews from Arab countries, [ citation needed ] Ethiopia [ citation needed ] and the former Soviet Union [ citation needed ] to Israel, and has assisted in their absorption into Israeli society. In addition, there has been immigration between the two countries, with many American Jews immigrating to Israel annually, while the United States is the top destination for Israelis emigrating abroad yerida permanently or for an extended stay.

Several regional America—Israel Chambers of Commerce exist to facilitate expansion by Israeli and American companies into each other's markets.

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