Menu australien - A table avec les Grands Explorateurs (French Edition)

Nouvelle-Calédonie

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First was the forced redistribution of land and wealth, followed by other moral and property punitive actions that sent more than one million people fleeing to South Vietnam. The northern Communists then began their first stage of a takeover by inciting terror, using violent hit and run assassinations of village leaders, police posts, religious and political leaders, and taking hostages of innocents. The new Vietnamese Dong after twenty years of Communist rule was worth one 42,th of its value in Roads, rail, shipping, communications, education, child-care, hospitals, and all public buildings were in a failed state of disrepair.

Vietnam was listed as the fourth poorest nation in the world, ahead of just three of the worst African dictatorships. The Vietnamese Revolution is incomplete. Frank Palmos is an historian and former journalist. He was a Vietnam War correspondent for five tours between and , accompanying 33 land, sea and air missions from bases in Da Nang, Saigon and Nha Trang. His experiences as a correspondent in Vietnam, and in his successful, two-year investigation into the Tet incident, constitute his autobiographical book, Ridding the Devils Bantam, Sydney which has been translated into Vietnamese and read in serial form over Vietnam National Radio, He was a contributor to Requiem Jonathan Cape, , edited by Horst Faas and Tim Page, in memory of the combat photographers and correspondents killed over two decades in the Indochina Wars.

This essay describes the experiences, thoughts, and feelings of one person in the years leading up to, during, and after the Vietnam War. The journey described has not ended because the war and its aftermath continue to preoccupy his thinking now over forty years since his military service in Vietnam. For those who did notexperience the war directly, it may help to illustrate the confusing, often distressing, and at times overwhelming events that made the war the central event in the lives of a generation of Americans and several generations of Vietnamese.

He has published numerous articles and three books including The Dust of Life: Viet Nam War as Concept: Vietnamese Veterans in Australia. Although colonial situations and wars of independence have attracted considerable attention, both public and scholarly, the French colonization of Indochina and the First Indochina War have been largely ignored. Our event brings together a documentary film-maker and scholars of Indochina and its plural memories, in France, the U. Paul Concordia Avenue St.

Topics may include but are not limited to: Please direct questions concerning this Call for Papers or the conference to: Nathalie Nguyen Recognition of War Service: Vietnamese Veterans and Australian Government Policy The end of the Vietnam War in led to one of the largest and most visible diasporas of the late twentieth century. On completing a B. She is the author of three books, two of which have been translated into other languages: Femmes de la diaspora vietnamienne Her current work focuses on Francophonie in Vietnamese and Russian.

However, they actually showed that discontent with the exhibit was more wide reaching. Chicanos, veterans, free-speech protestors, peace activists, and others also wanted their views represented. It is not even the exclusive domain of people who lived in Southeast Asia during the fighting. For some involved in the war directly, it meant helping keep democracy alive; for others, like Latin Americans, it was about global revolution.

This serves to help us rethink the Viet Nam War period and its aftermath with a much more globally inclusive perspective. Coming full circle as a co-curator for the Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the end of the Second Indochina War, I am invested in a broader understanding of the impact of this era and the assertion that the Viet Nam War as concept is owned by the world.

She received her B. Her teaching, research and organizing interests include: Conflict, Migration and Convergence , Melbourne: Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales. Making Media in an Aboriginal Community. University of Minnesota Press. University of Sydney Press.

The Antiquarian Imagination In Australia. Aboriginal collections from a Yolngu perspective. Australian Indigenous Knowledge and Libraries. Yolngu of Northeast Arnhem Land.

DAY 2 – Friday 11 October

The King even enacted special slave taxes. He was later employed by men who, like his father, grew wealthy on the trade; after settling in Mauritius, he himself became a slave-owner and sought to expand this appalling trade in the Indian Ocean. Not much is known about the manner in which Marc was educated. Saint Malo had a high literacy rate by the end of the 17th century.

The numerous religious orders established in the town assumed a significant responsibility for educating the poor. In a city of families of absent sailors, women had a strong matriarchal role. One wonders whether Julien assumed a personal role in the education of his two youngest sons, perhaps giving them lessons in navigation and mathematics. Marc was to demonstrate his practical competence as a navigator at an early age. From his letters and journals we know he was literate — though much of his writing is marred by grammatical and spelling errors.

Aside from the influence of the sea, what is perhaps most obvious when one looks at the Marion household, is the strong influence of religion. The family of Marion Dufresne, therefore, belonged to a unique class of bourgeois merchants and shipowners: Unlike several of his Magon cousins, this formal recognition by the King was something Marc never attained-although he was made a Chevalier of the Order of Saint Louis.

While merchant shipowners such as the Marion Dufresnes chafed under feudal restrictions, they themselves enlisted the support of the Crown to establish their own prerogatives. As they expanded their trade abroad, they were able to enjoy a standard of living which far outshone that of the petty nobility-members of which were often unable to afford a carriage or simple lodgings should they venture beyond their estates.

Despite the fortunate circumstances of his birth, Marc, like his cleric brother Nicolas, would betray both a potent ambition and concomitant insecurity and desire for acceptance. As we shall see, he was a man capable of bold individual action, yet one who constantly sought approval for his actions-especially when they were outside the confines of the merchant-bourgeois world of the the Compagnie des Indes.

He was only fifteen years old. He was only eleven. It was the beginning of a brilliant career. The commander of the expedition was Marc-Joseph Marion Dufresne , one of the most colourful mariners in French history. Furthermore, what is the significance of his visit? Marc-Joseph Marion Dufresne was born in Saint-Malo, in Brittany, in , the son of a wealthy ship-owner and merchant.

Although Marion met Philibert Commerson on at least one occasion, it should be remembered that Marion was actively engaged in the slave trade and even brought slaves with him on his expedition. Such a man is unlikely to have been a disciple of Rousseau. As Alexis Rochon put it: In planning his voyage, Marion probably also made use of A. Although he achieved a measure of success when Simon Provost returned to the Isle de France with seedlings from the island of Geby in June , [xix] they did not fare well.

His son Alexandre Le Corre — would lead the first Mauritian trading expedition to Australia; he and five of his crew members perished when their ship, the Entreprise, was wrecked off the Three Sisters in Bass Strait on 15 October On 13 January , the expedition sighted islands which are now known by the name James Cook gave them: It will be remembered that Tasman had not met the locals when he visited [in ].

No fish bones, or fishing or hunting material have been found. Before the close of the eighteenth century, French explorers would make profound contributions to the foundations of the natural, physical and social sciences in Australia. As a pre-emptive measure, a brutal penal colony was established on the island with dire consequences for the indigenous inhabitants. Zuiderbaan, Dutch Discoveries of Australia: Horner, The French Reconnaissance: Duyker, Of the Star and the Key , pp.

Thirty-two years separated the major exploring voyages of Cook and Flinders on the coasts of Australia. During that time five French expeditions visited these shores. In March , two years after Cook had examined the east coast, two Frenchmen were ashore at opposite ends of the island continent, on territory not seen by Cook.

On the east coast of Tasmania, Marion-Dufresne was making the first European contact with the Aborigines of that island, at Marion Bay. To all readers it will, like every good historical biography, illuminate the times through which its subject lived-in this case the maritime world of eighteenth century France. At various times in command of corsairs, naval vessels and merchant ships, he took part not only in convoys, naval engagements, trading voyages and raids on enemy merchantmen but also in a number of special assignments and personal enterprises well out of the usual line of duty.

One of the most remarkable was his command, at twenty-two, of the ship that rescued the Young Pretender from Scotland in One wonders, had he survived his voyage to Australia and the Pacific, what he might have achieved in the great age of French maritime exploration that lay ahead, planned and overseen by Fleurieu , de Castries and Louis XVI , and opening up when the next war, the War of American Independence, was over.

The achievement of Edward Duyker goes well beyond writing an absorbing narrative, though his success in that respect is obvious. He has had to assemble a mass of information, both primary and secondary, from many countries and very diverse sources. Unlike most French exploring captains, Marion served only intermittently in the navy, whose archives therefore record only part of his career; and no personal account of his final voyage has been found. This biography is a notable addition to the maritime history of France, New Zealand and Australia.

Adieu Frank

This book, by three South Australian colleagues, examines two major voyages of exploration of the Australian coast at the begining of the nineteenth century—that of the British explorer Matthew Flinders and his French counterpart Nicolas-Thomas Baudin. The first half of Encountering Terra Australis is largely made up of lengthy extracts from the journals of the two explorers with additional commentary.

The Baudin extracts are fresh translations. Both expeditions made priceless natural history collections, and significant ethnographic observations. They met twice, the first time at Encounter Bay on the South Australian coast in April and the second time at Port Jackson later in the same year. Baudin died a painful death on the island of Mauritius in September He was on the homeward leg of his voyage. While others might have gained posthumous glory, Baudin gained ignominy. His great misfortune was to die before he had an opportunity to do battle with his detractors.

As is so often the case, distortions and lies found their way into later biographies and studies. Flinders , in turn, would also suffer in Mauritius: It is easy to sympathize with him: The discursive chapters in the second half of Encountering Terra Australis are engaging and stimulating. Nevertheless, the authors offer no footnotes and despite a degree of internal referencing and a select bibliography, I was surprised at the sparse acknowledgement of the path-breaking and meticulous scholarship of the late Frank Horner.

While every scholar consolidates to some degree the work of his or her precursors, a select bibliography can only have a limited role in informing a reader of the originality or otherwise of historical statements and judgments. Essentially, therefore, this is a work of popular history which recounts and to some degree compares the Flinders and Baudin expeditions and their respective cartographic and scientific achievements.

This is in great part a result of an unqualified acceptance of the work of the American anthropologist George W. And like Montesquieu — and before him John Arbuthnot [ix] — he expended a great deal of effort proposing cultural differences as a result of climate. Jean Fornasiero , Peter Monteath and John West-Sooby do offer an accessible account of two important voyages in the history of Australian exploration.

Unfortunately there are some problems with their interpretation of the scientific results of the Baudin voyage and the scientific dogmas of the time. Cape Naturaliste where Depuch first landed, is largely made up of granitic gneiss and other ancient metamorphic rocks more than million years old. In the Alps Saussure may have made pioneering observations on folding, but he certainly failed to understand metamorphic processes involving granite let alone its very origins and so too did Depuch.

Three-part collaboration and a comparative study of two different voyages with a heavy emphasis on journal extracts is not easy. Fornasiero, Monteath and West-Sooby have brought a variety of linguistic and other skills to their cooperative task. This book is handsomely produced with many beautiful illustrations and a good index. Considered unfit for further military service because of the loss of sight in his right eye , he was included in a prisoner-of-war exchange and repatriated to Thionville, in Lorraine, at the end of Prisoners of War in Britain to Montesquieu et la tradition politique anglaise en France: This is a revised version of an article first published in the National Library of Australia News in September His lungs eaten away by what was almost certainly tuberculosis, the great French explorer Nicolas-Thomas Baudin died a painful death in Mauritius in September The ships under his command were brimming with collections of botanical, zoological, geological and ethnographic riches.

His great misfortune was to die before his expedition returned to France and thus before he had an opportunity to do battle with his detractors. As is so often the case, these distortions and lies found their way into later biographies and studies. Although he has received powerful vindication through the work of the Australian historian Frank Horner The French Reconnaissance: Baudin in Australia , Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, , mystery still surrounds his private life and even his last resting place. Indeed his approach spurred me to write an entry for the Dictionnaire de Biographie Mauricienne of which the National Library has fragmented holdings on the mysterious Madame Kerivel , in whose home the explorer died.

During a visit to Mauritius in , I acquired one of these precious copies, bound in a set of seven volumes. Some years later I loaned them to another Mauritian friend, who, without my knowledge, unbound and photocopied every page before suddenly dropping dead of a heart attack! His widow rang me and asked me what I wanted done with the photocopies. Not wishing to add recriminations to her grief, I feined no surprise and decided then and there to donate them to the National Library. They are now held in alphabetical folders among my own papers in the Manuscript Collection and are a valuable resource for Australian family historians of Mauritian descent.

Although it seems likely she was born sometime in the s, the Paris Archives have informed me that the records for this parish, prior to , no longer exist. It was perhaps through them that Baudin met the widow Kerivel. Alternatively, he may have met her through one of her merchant brothers during an earlier voyage to the island. Did Baudin and the recently widowed Alexandrine become lovers?

We may never know. But Alexandrine appears to have been a woman drawn to reflective individualists with republican persuasions and the fact remains that the largely self-made Baudin ended his days with her. Despite the calumnies of his detractors, Baudin was a cultured man with a passion for botany. The entire course of the voyage was altered by them. Because the island was isolated from sources of supply in the middle of the Indian Ocean and its men were waging a corsair war against British shipping to sustain themselves, Baudin had to compete for meagre victuals and limited manpower.

His delay in Mauritius meant that he eventually reached the coast of Australia in winter — when heavy seas made effective hydrographic and scientific work difficult. Baudin decided to postpone further surveying of the Tasmanian and south coast, and sail north. If he had not done so, he would have pre-empted Matthew Flinders. In his final days he had shown visitors pieces of his lungs coughed-up and preserved in a jar of alcohol — observing with black humour that lungs were not necessary for life for he had none, yet still existed!

Auguste Toussaint believed Baudin was interred in the Kerivel family vault. Alexandrine Kerivel died in Port Louis on 15 February One thing that is disappearing in history is this pretence that the author is telling you a scientific fact. History has its limitations and the full story will never be told — the storyteller always influences the tale. Her step mother, Mary Beckwith snr. During Encounter , the State major event celebrating the bicentenary of the meeting of Baudin and Flinders at Encounter Bay in April , the Kangaroo Islanders erected a memorial to Mary at what is now known as Baudin Beach.

It seemed a fitting conclusion to her story. A year or so later, while browsing through the memoirs of Captain R. Eastwick, an English merchant captain of the early 19 th century A Master Mariner: At this answer she drew closer and clasped her hands:. Because I would give twenty years of my life to see him once again!

Then of her own accord she explained to me that, although of good family, she had fallen into the crime of theft in London, and had been unhappily, although, as she allowed, properly punished by transportation. Her offence was that of shoplifting, being urged thereto by some species of madness which she could not explain, since she had never wanted for anything, being a lady of good family. His account rang true. How else to explain the two conflicting stories — the stepmother and step-daughter narrative which I had first accepted as factual, versus this fresh story in which the younger Mary seemingly played no part?

Believing as I now do that Mary senior and the young woman are probably the same person, which of these appears more credible? For readers today, the court papers provide a confusing summary of the proceedings. The operative judicial principle seems to be that the accused were guilty unless proven innocent. There was no defence counsel, and the court questioned the accused. The shop assistant asserted that while the elder Mary was purchasing a yard of calico and a handkerchief, the girl removed 46 yards!

The constable a local employee, there was no organised police force took both into custody and searched them, but found nothing. The elder Beckwith protested she knew nothing of it; the younger that the calico had fallen off the counter, and before she could pick it up the assistant jumped the counter and seized her. The jury did not question how the girl had concealed 46 yards of material under her gown without his knowledge while standing within a yard or so of him.

No search was made for the elusive John Beckwith; the only personal details recorded were that the defendants were aged 34 and Each was sentenced to death, the jury recommending mercy for the girl; both sentences were later commuted to transportation for life a common practice, to meet the shortage of women in the convict colony of New South Wales.

There is little doubt that sometimes the owner and his assistants conspired to accuse a wealthy customer of theft in order to blackmail her family. The judge in the Beckwith trial was Sir Soulder Lawrence. In fact the likelihood of a gentlewoman shopping at Charing Cross at night without a companion was slight — she would have been accompanied, at least by a personal maid. However, the discrepancy is not conclusive; the detail may be incorrect provided by the prisoner , and Eastwick years later, in hindsight was perhaps mistaken in his guess.

A new ship, she carried close to female convicts, and on arrival was inspected by Governor Philip Gidley King and his officials. Arriving in February , he made much of his connections to the powerful Cecil family, and was appointed a magistrate and registrar of the Vice-Admiralty Court.

He also appears to have had a penchant for convict housekeepers who in turn became his mistress. The first we know of was Ann Bockerah or Buckrill , a widow with a young daughter Sarah; she died giving birth to another, Penelope perhaps by Atkins , in February Alan Atkinson for details re Ann and Catherine]. She had given birth to a son, Henry, whose seaman father had returned to England, in November ; in July she had a daughter, Theresa, by Atkins.

She stayed with him until 6 th February , on which day she received an absolute pardon from Governor Hunter and sailed the same day for England, with her son Henry, in HMS Reliance in which ship Lieutenant Matthew Flinders also returned home, with his plan to circumnavigate and chart the continent. Catherine also returned, but whether as a convict or free is not clear — I have not found any record.

It may also be a possible motive for her later deportation from Sydney to Hobart. Richard Atkins, meanwhile, was left with three young girls on his hands two of them his own daughters ; despite his short-comings, nothing suggests he abandoned them. Normality was disrupted by the surprise arrival of Mrs Elizabeth Atkins on board the Atlas in July John Grant, who made their acquaintance in , has left a description in a letter dated July Mrs Atkins came out to him [in ] after an 11 Year separation; he lived then with a Woman as is customary with all the Gentlemen here … by whom he has 2 Girls whom Mrs Atkins adopts as her own.

Despite two bouts of serious illness on the voyage — including a near-fatal attack of fever at Timor — it seems Baudin was in relatively good health at the time. He took lodgings ashore, and soon built a close friendship with Governor King, a fluent French speaker. Baudin, occupied with the business of the expedition, lived ashore throughout the five months of his stay. Lacking evidence, let us fall back on conjecture. Whether he kept a journal during his stay will be discussed below. At the official and family levels this might well be viewed as the preferred solution for all concerned — a classic cover-up, with minimal impact on the social status quo!

The initial impact of the confrontation on each of the protagonists must have been devastating — perhaps less so on the judge, who one imagines resorted to the bottle as usual. For both Elizabeth and Mary one would expect it to be far worse, posing a direct challenge to their immediate and longer term futures. Their collusion, I suggest, appears more plausible if during their altercation Mary let slip the same information to Elizabeth that she gave Eastwick the following year — understandable in such a tense situation.

As such again this is speculation , she endangered their future security, which needed to be addressed. A new stratagem was then devised, as described by Baudin in his Journal: I had promised to interest myself in her case and indeed spoke of it to the Governor. He would not have refused me this request had it not been contrary to the general instructions concerning deported persons, but he told me that if she wanted to leave, no inquiry would be made about her.

She was, therefore, taken aboard the Naturaliste on the day before departure; but as she is unable to re-enter England without authentic permission from the Governor, I have embarked her to set her down somewhere in the Moluccas. Her youth will soon be noticed there and will find her some happy fate. Readers may make what they will of this last comment. Re-reading this passage, it seems Baudin is repeating information he has been given by the girl — it is straightforward, and gives us little reason to doubt his belief in its accuracy. This was a girl who had spent a year in prison before transportation, then six months or so on a convict transport, before assignment as a felon in the colony; we do not know whether or not she was literate, nor whether she had any contact with surgeon Thomson.

More surprising is the claim she would have been sent to a convent if she had not accompanied her mother; this was not the case in England, but may have applied in Ireland. Lacking facts, there seems a whiff of conspiracy about these claims — a feeling that the girl may have been tutored in the details she was to relay to Baudin by the two women. No one else need be involved — young Mary could be induced to believe it was a means to return home, the judge that her departure would ease the tension in his household, and Baudin and King that they were acting in the best interests of their friends the Atkins and also of the colony.

The latter two seem to have agreed that Mary might be put ashore in the East Indies on the homeward voyage. Midshipman Breton, officer of the watch on the Naturaliste, records in his journal that, on the 16 th , Captain Hamelin spent the day with Baudin, returning to the ship at dusk with a foreign woman wearing a hooded cloak. The initial impetus, I suspect, came from Mrs Atkins and Mary Beckwith, was then perhaps channelled through the girl, and accepted as valid by Baudin, Hamelin and King.

Was this perhaps a quid pro quo suggested by Governor King to Baudin? In January she became the first European woman to land in South Australia, while the ship lay at anchor in Nepean Bay, Kangaroo Island, for almost a month. A memorial erected in April marks the probable landing place, at Baudin Beach. He wished to leave her at Timor, and made this quite clear to her. In no way would she agree to this, but rushed off headlong like a fury; she ran towards the bridge crossing the little river in Koepang, and threatened she would throw herself from it.

Reassured by two blacks sent after her by the commandant, she allowed herself to be brought back to him, and it was agreed between them that she could continue on the voyage. The same evening she was embarked, but in the meantime she had drowned her sorrows in drink, and had to be carried to the boat. She was in a truly horrible state; distraught, her hair dishevelled, her clothing in disorder, out of her mind, disgusting in the extreme. Collection Lesueur 17 — 1, p. The Dutch governor and a handful of senior aides were the only Europeans, few survived the fever-ridden climate for any length of time, and the majority Malays were Muslims.

British troops had stormed the tiny port a few years before, and left much of it in ruins. Symptoms were probably apparent earlier in the voyage, and grew steadily worse on the homeward passage; as the expedition approached Timor Baudin was confined to his cabin for days at a time. The terminal stage developed in the Arafura Sea in early July, when weather conditions rather than illness at last forced him to call off his mission and return to Ile de France.

Mary had no option but to tend the dying man, now wasting away, often bedridden, and continually coughing blood, but still in command. After his arrival at Ile de France Baudin wrote to his friend Governor King, informing him that the Naturaliste had left for France with Surgeon Thomson and his wife on board; both were in good health. He made no mention of Mary — not surprising in view of her questionable departure from the British colony.

Young Mary probably was not allowed to attend the funeral. Curiously, Matthew Flinders provides the last known reference to the shards of her life story. Flinders does not mention what advice, if any, he gave his visitor. In April Atkins and Mary Beckwith, now a free woman, left the girls in Sydney and sailed for London in the Hindostan , along with Bligh and his former colleagues. Chronically insolvent, his financial problems again came to a head in , forcing him to reach a settlement with his numerous creditors.

Lacking the record of their marriage, it remains unknown whether she took her vows as Mary Beckwith or Miss M-. Did she, I wonder, in these final years give any thought to the possible fate of the young girl step-daughter or personal maid? It was standard practice for captains to maintain official records of their voyage, the property of the Navy, at sea, and personal journals while in port.

Baudin records his stay at Ile de France on the outward voyage, and at Kupang, in West Timor, in his Journal, but apart from his correspondence we have no record relating to his five months stay in the colony. Since after years the narrative has not come to light, the question needs to be asked — was it indeed written, and if so, what happened to it? He remained in S. No landings were made on this visit.

Baudin, Journal, ; F. She then ran up the English flag and shortened sail. We for our part hoisted the national flag, and I braced sharp up to draw alongside her. As they spoke us first, they asked what the ship was. I replied that she was French. Then they asked if Captain Baudin was her commander. When I said yes, the English ship brought to. Seeing her make ready to send a boat across, I likewise brought to to wait for it.

1. THE CONTENTS OF MICROBES AND INFECTION

Flinders … came aboard, expressed great satisfaction at this agreeable meeting, but was extremely reserved on all other matters. As it was already late, Mr. Flinders] arrived at half past six, accompanied by the same person [ Robert Brown ] as on the earlier occasion. As he was much less reserved on this second visit, he told me that his ship was the Investigator and that he had left Europe about eight months after I had. He also told me that he had begun his exploration of the coast of New Holland at Cape Leeuwin.

He had visited the Isles of St. Francis, as well as all the coast of New Holland up to the point of our meeting. In addition, he informed me of the lay-out of a port that he had discovered [which] he had named Kanguroo Island because of the great numbers of that animal that he had found there. Before we separated, Mr.

Flinders gave me several charts published by Arrowsmith since our departure. As I told him of the accident that had befallen my dinghy and asked him to give it all the help he could if he should chance to meet it, he told me of a similar misfortune that had happened to him, for he had lost eight men and a boat on his Kangaroo Island [sic]…. Flinders said that he was going to make for [Bass] strait and try to find some land which was said to exist between the Hunter Group and the place they have named Western Port. Baudin remained at Port Jackson from mid-June to mid-November He returned to S.

Louis de Freycinet in the schooner Casuarina. On this second voyage landings were made on Kangaroo Island the St. Peter Islands, and at Murat Bay. Baudin remained at anchorage in Nepean Bay until 1 February. During his stay the Bay and nearby coasts were charted, a long-boat was rebuilt with native timber, Bernier the astronomer set up an observatory ashore, the naturalists made many excursions collecting specimens, and nearly 20 kangaroos and two emus were captured alive for transportation to France.

On 10 January Freycinet and Boullanger, the geographer , were despatched in Casuarina to survey the two Gulfs. Freycinet completed survey of Gulf St. Delayed by calms, Casuarina returned to Kangaroo Island 1 February. Baudin had ordered Freycinet to rendezvous with him at Kangaroo Island no later than 31 January. Baudin shortened sail for overnight, but Freycinet passed unseen in the night. Both ships made for the next rendezvous at St.

Baudin sighted islands 5 February, anchored in Murat Bay on 7th. Boat parties landed on islands and mainland to examine shores. Francis Islands — 25 miles south of St. Peter group — 5 February. Freycinet remained for two days searching for Baudin, then sailed for King George Sound. Melbourne, Marsh Walsh Publ.

A glossy-black cockatoo from Kangaroo Island Calyptorhynchus lathami is eating Allocasuarina nuts. You can hear their typical wailing and a black crow. On the 4th of January , a French expedition under the command of Nicolas Baudin, sent by Napoleon Bonaparte on the last year of the 18th century, achieved the first circumnavigation of Kangaroo Island — as a matter of fact, the first circumnavigation of a land part of what will become Australia.

It was a full-fledged scientific expedition, the most important one ever sent to Terra Australis. Do you know your history, geography and basic science? Test it with this questions quiz. You will find the answers here. It occurs in both shallow waters and on offshore reefs, preferring rocky reef habitats with kelp and algal beds, and feeds on small crustaceans.

Males brood the eggs externally on a patch of skin beneath the tail. Dr Gabriel Bittar bittar kin. Bonaparte orders a new scientific expedition to Terra australis 4. Lamarck and the invertebrates 5. Transformism vs fixism — the great polemos 6. A very successful expedition for zoology 8. From amazing success to oblivion — what happened? Chaos in action The bicentenary of a death, yet a lively matter of prejudice In conclusion — Heureux qui, comme Ulysse….

While strolling along the stirring seashore of Kangaroo Island, this large island off South Australia, marvelling at its natural wonders, my mind often drifts back to January A most interesting captain this Nicolas Baudin, unusually attracted to natural sciences — alas, he would not live to see the fruits of his rather successful expedition: A ratite bird brought back to Napoleonic France by an incredible scientific expedition, that no one in France seemed aware of.

The Kangaroo Island emu, Dromaius baudinianus , named after captain Baudin. Lamarck — a magical name for any phylogenetist with a passion for evolution.

1968-2018 : 50 ans de science et de technologie au LAAS-CNRS

While wandering along these Kangaroo Island shores, wondering about the billions of years of evolution of life on this magnificent planet, I cannot but think of these brave people, so far from home, poignant particles of dust in the wind, these brave, courageous people who, two centuries ago, were strolling eagerly or peacefully on the very same shores, watching the very same sea, rich in so many life forms — a sea so powerful, so beautiful, so indifferent. They would explore with high interest the island of the kanguroos as spelt then with high interest, until their departure for the mainland on the 1st of February.

They provided a thorough description of the flora and fauna of an island that was devoid of any human beings. In fact, most of his time was spent on animals that were generally considered in those days as insignificant lowlies: These include obvious animals like spiders, scorpions, crustaceans and insects, the cephalopods squids, cuttlefishes and octopuses , diverse forms of worms, myriads of shelled animals, urchins, sea cucumbers, ophiuroids, sea stars, but also even stranger animals which were in those days hardly recognised as such: He grew up fatherless.

After volunteering in the revolutionary army, he fought bravely on foreign soils, at the same time showing an unquenchable thirst for reading anything educative. Obviously, he was a good student and the great anatomist noticed him. At this point, destiny pierced the heart of the young man. The benefactor notary, father of the Sophie he loved, would not allow him to marry her; he considered that a doctor in medicine was not good enough.

Medicine was not good enough for this higher ambition: Instead, he had a passion for science. Two expeditions which had been tragic histories of bad luck, heroism and suffering. One expedition had been organised by tenacious Fleurieu under the engrossed care of King Louis XVI, the second one under a revolutionary regime, and now this third expedition, which was to depart on the very last year of the Enlightenment century, was being organised under a republic sliding into despotic rule!

Choose a Destination!

Nicolas Baudin, born in , was the perfect choice for commanding this expedition: He was also a man of immense culture, travelling with a vast and diverse personal library, someone who could both understand the importance of science on the expedition and the necessity of bringing back to France the people under his responsibility and care. Without tragedy this time, hopefully…. Of course, the taxonomy of these animals was at that time far from being established, and what these two zoologists had in mind were more or less the invertebrates.

In these days, invertebrates were not clearly recognised as animals, in the usual sense of the noun. Neither did scientists mistake them any more for plants. Nevertheless, for the curious investigator, invertebrates remained an enigma. For many philosophers and intellectuals, they were deeply troubling. These little critters were blurring all boundaries, natural boundaries, mental boundaries, and consequently: Though clearly associated, as living beings, with seashores, they could also be found, as fossils, at high altitudes in many places far away from any existing sea!

Lamarck, having studied with an all-consuming passion the shells he had amassed in a vast collection, would, for his part, become blind and estranged from the academic world in his last ten years. Other than Lamarck, Georges Cuvier also was interested in the invertebrates, but for different reasons. For the former, they were valued pointers to a higher, fundamental truth; for the latter, their taxonomic place simply needed to be precisely defined. Cuvier who, in , created a new adjective by prefixing an existing one: Lamarck who, in , made an important conceptual leap: As a scientist with a taste for the bigger picture, Lamarck had been interested in trying to develop a natural method of classification a taxinomy even from the time of his earliest work in botany.

Well before , he had thought of series of taxonomic classes, which future research would inter-connect. In the theory of evolution that he developed, the natural taxonomic method was close to the path nature itself had followed in producing the different groups of organisms. For Lamarck, the best way to understand life as a whole was by first studying its simplest forms.

There, basic organisation and life functions could be observed more easily, as they were not masked with more complex and more specialised faculties and organs. He was philosophically and scientifically of the opinion that all forms of life formed an integrated development, deriving from one another and transforming into one another, with fossil forms proving that this process had always been ongoing, and was a progressive one. A most modern and unusual concept in those days. This transformist approach was the exact opposite to that of Georges Cuvier, who was a proponent of the fixist, Platonic-Aristotelian view of life: This made him very popular with Christian circles, still endowed with money and power despite the Revolution, who were conscious that their traditional narrative needed some tinkering with, the main ideas being preserved.

This major polemos , this great fight between fixism and transformism, would illuminate the stormy skies of science and philosophy during the whole first half of the 19th century. On the whole, it was Lamarck vs Georges Cuvier. He had been nominated in as chair of the department for mammals and birds. He specialised in experimental teratology the study of monster mutants and shared with Lamarck the notion of structural unity across the animal kingdom, implying a common origin for all animals.

Thus, like Lamarck, he found himself ideologically opposing Cuvier. There was some conceptual difference between the two transformists, though.

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