Una ética para laicos. Presentación de Gianni Vattimo (Discusiones) (Spanish Edition)

---

The tree is planted chiefly near the temples by Hindus and Buddhists who regard it as sacred. To evaluate the different fractions of dried leaves of Ficus religiosa Linn for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity using different models of pain and inflammation The analgesic activity of F. Out of five different fractions of F. The tree is a source of many compounds having high medicinal value.

In gastrointestinal tract, histamine H2 receptors have key role in histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion. Their over stimulation causes its excessive production which is responsible for gastric ulcer. This study aims to screen the range of phytochemicals present in F. Docking studies were also performed to assess binding affinities between modeled receptor and 34 compounds. Molecular dynamics simulations were done to identify most stable receptor-ligand complexes. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and screening was done to evaluate pharmacokinetic properties of compounds.

These two compounds may be a suitable therapeutic agent against histamine H2 receptor. This study was performed to screen antiulcer compounds from F. Molecular modeling, molecular docking and MD simulation studies were performed with selected phytochemicals from F. This study facilitates initiation of the herbal drug discovery process for the antiulcer activity. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity, DOPE: Optimized potential for liquid.

Effect of plant growth regulators on indirect shoot organogenesis of Ficus religiosa through seedling derived petiole segments. Full Text Available Ficus religiosa is known as a long-lived multipurpose forest tree. The tree plays an important role for religious, medicinal, and ornamental purposes. However, the propagation rate of Ficus religiosa is low in natural habitat so the plant tissue culture techniques are an applicable method for multiplication of this valuable medicinal plants.

For shoot induction purpose, the yellow-brownish, friable, organogenic calli were inoculated on shoot induction medium.

Buy for others

On MS medium supplemented with 1. The highest root formation frequency The rooted shoots were successfully transferred to field condition and the substrate with the mixture of cocopeat and perlite 1: This is the first report of an effective in vitro organogenesis protocol for F. Callus formation, Multiplication, Acclimatization, Growth regulators ratio. Anticonvulsant mechanism of saponins fraction from adventitious roots of Ficus religiosa: The present study was designed to reveal putative anticonvulsant mechanism of quantified saponins-rich fraction using target specific animal models.

However, SRF treatment failed to abolish N-methyl-D-aspartic acid and strychnine-induced convulsions, indicated by insignificant change in the appearance of turning behavior and onset of tonic extension, respectively, as compared to vehicle control. Further it can be correlated that quantified saponins. Ficus thonningii is commonly used in traditional medicine across the African continent.

We investigated the effects of crude Ficus thonningii extracts on growth, morphology and morphometry of the abdominal viscera and clinical biochemistry of neonatal rats. Forty, 6-day old Sprague Stem Bark Extracts of Ficus exasperata protects the Liver against Ficus exasperata is an important medicinal plant with a wide geographical distribution in Africa particularly in Nigeria.

Servicios Personalizados

In this study, aqueous stem bark extracts of Ficus exasperata were administered to investigate its hepatoprotective effects on Paracetamol induced liver toxicity in Wistar rats. A total of Twenty Five Wistar rats The stem bark of Ficus sycomorus is used traditionally for cure of fungal infection, jaundice and dysentery in some parts of northern Nigeria. The leaves of Ficus sycomorus were collected, dried and extracted to screen for some phytochemicals and study its effect on liver and kidney functions in experimental rats. The methanolic extract of leaves of Ficus arnottiana was used to evaluate the analgesic activity.

The dose used for the test of activity , The extract at all doses tested significantly P. Fruits are fig-like, globose, small and purplish when ripe. The bark is astringent, sweet, aphrodisiac and the aqueous extract of it is antibacterial. Leaves and tender shoots are recommended for wounds and skin diseases. Pulverised dried fruit taken in water cures asthma. The latex is good for neuralgia, inflammations and In vitro antiplasmodial activity of crude extracts of Tetrapleura tetraptera and Copaifera religiosa. Full Text Available Abstract Background Malaria remains a major public health problem, especially in tropical and subtropical regions because of the emergence and widespread of antimalarial drug resistance.

Traditional medicine represents one potential source of new treatments. Findings The antiplasmodial activity of dichloromethane and methanolic extracts was tested on P. The dichloromethane extracts of the two plants had interesting activity IC50 between 8. The mean IC50 values for field isolates were less than 1. The methanolic extract of Copaifera religiosa was also inactive on field isolates.

Conclusions Dichloromethane extracts of Tetrapleura tetraptera and Copaifera religiosa , two plants used to treat malaria in Gabon, had interesting antiplasmodial activity in vitro. These data provide a scientific rationale for the traditional use of these plants against malaria symptoms. Bioactivity-guided phytochemical analyses are underway to identify the active compounds. Microwave optimization of mucilage extraction from Opuntia ficus indica Cladodes. In this study, microwave-assisted extraction MAE of polysaccharides from Opuntia ficus indica Cladodes were investigated using response surface methodology RSM.

The effects of three extraction factors on the yield of mucilage were examined. The results indicated that the optimum extraction conditions were determined as follows: Under these optimal extraction conditions, mucilage yield was found to be Y, Ficus septica plant extracts for treating Dengue virus in vitro.

DENV infection threatens human health worldwide. However, other than supportive treatments, no specific therapy is available for the infection. In order to discover novel medicine against DENV, we tested 59 crude extracts , without cytotoxicity, from 23 plants in vitro; immunofluorescence assay revealed that the methanol extracts of fruit, heartwood, leaves and stem from Ficus septica Burm.

However, infection with the non-envelope picornavirus, Aichi virus, was not inhibited by treatment with F. Opuntia ficus indica L. In routine experiments synthetic indicators are the choice of acid base titrations. But there are some limitations like environmental pollution, availability and higher cost which leads to search for natural compounds as an acid base indicator was started. The present work highlights theexploit of the methanolic and aqueous extract of the fruit of Opuntia ficus indica plants as a natural acid base indicator in acid base titrations.

Opuntia ficus indica plant was identified and fruits were was Anti-hyperprolactinemic effect of Ficus pumila Linn extract in rats. To investigate the anti-hyperprolactinemic effect of Ficus pumila Linn. Immunoprotective activity and antioxidant properties of cactus Opuntia ficus indica extract against chlorpyrifos toxicity in rats. Opuntia ficus indica family Cactaceae is a typical Mediterranean plant, mainly used in food and traditional folk medicine.

The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of Opuntia ficus indica extract against chlorpyrifos CPF -induced immunotoxicity in rats. The experimental animals consisted of four groups of Wistar rats weeks old of eight each: These components were daily administered by gavage for 30days. After treatment, immunotoxicity was estimated by a count of thymocytes, splenocytes, stem cells in the bone marrow, relative weights of thymus and spleen, DNA aspects, and oxidative stress status in these organs.

Results showed that CPF could induce thymus atrophy, splenomegaly, and a decrease in the cell number in the bone marrow. It also increased the oxidative stress markers resulting in elevated levels of the lipid peroxidation with a concomitant decrease in the levels of enzymatic antioxidants SOD, CAT, GPx in both spleen and thymus, and also degradation of thymocyte and splenocyte DNA. Consistent histological changes were found in the spleen and thymus under CPF treatment. However, administration of Opuntia ficus indica extract was found to alleviate this CPF-induced damage. Gastro-protective effect of methanol extract of Ficus asperifolia bark Gastric juice pH, gastric acid concentration, gastric ulcer score, percentage gastric ulcer inhibition, activity levels of superoxide dismutase SOD , catalase and malondiadehyde MDA were determined.

Ficus asperifolia extract significantly increased gastric pH p [Antimutagenic activity of Armoracia rusticana, Zea mays and Ficus carica plant extracts and their mixture]. Antimutagenic action of plant extracts of Armoracia rusticana, Ficus carica, Zea mays and their mixture on environmental xenobiotics has been investigated. The plant extracts and their mixture decreased the level of mutations induced by N-metil-N'-nitro-N-nitrozoguanidin MNNG in Vicia faba cells, chlorophyll mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana and NaF induced mutability in rat marrow cells.

The studied plant extracts and their mixture demonstrate the ability to decrease the genotoxicity of environmental mutagens. Central nervous system activity of an aqueous acetonic extract of Ficus carica L.

Product details

Full Text Available Background: The present study was carried out to evaluate the CNS depressant activity of aqueous acetonic extract of Ficus carica Linn on different models in mice. The aerial parts of the plant Ficus carica L. A crude extract was given orally and its effects were tested on ketamine-induced sleeping time, muscle-coordination, anxiety elevated-plus maze and Staircase test, convulsions [maximal electroshock MES and pentylenetetrazole PTZ-induced seizures], and nociception.

In addition, we determined the levels of neurotransmitters, norepinephrine NE and 5-hydroxytryptamine 5-HT. Results from the experimental models tested showed: This suggests that Ficus carica L. Role of ethanol leaf extracts of Ficus Glumosa on fasting blood Fasting blood sugar levels were measured at one day intervals for 7 days. Rats were sacrifice for the Serum liver enzymes and liver the tissue for analysis on the 7 day Role of ethanol leaf extracts of Ficus glumosa on fasting blood Rats were sacrifice for the Serum liver enzymes and liver tissue for th analysis on the 7 day.

Extraction and characterization of three polysaccharides extracted from Opuntia ficus indica cladodes. The chemical extraction and the characterization of polysaccharides from mucilage MC , pectin PC and total pectic mucilage fraction TFC of Opuntia ficus indica cladodes as well as the evaluation of their antioxidant activities was investigated. The FTIR spectroscopic analysis revealed the presence of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups corresponding to polysaccharides.

In addition, the findings showed that all the samples had little protein content and low average molecular weight compared to the results mentioned in literature. However, PC had the strongest emulsifying and foaming properties. These outcomes can encourage the use of PC as a surfactant and MC and TFC as natural antioxidants in food and pharmaceutical industries. Comparative effects of ethanolic extracts of Ficus carica and Mucuna It is probable that the extract may have caused destruction or impaired production of Hypoglycemic action of an oral fig-leaf decoction in type-1 diabetic patients Full Text Available Corrosion is one of the main problems of degradation in components, tooling, equipment and even in structural applications, examples of this are the carbon steels.

Metallographic examination was also carried out to register the surface damage by corrosion. Analgesic effects were evaluated in two models including acetic acid-induced writhing response and formalin-induced paw licking. The results showed FPMeOH decreased writhing response in the acetic acid assay and licking time in the formalin test. HPLC fingerprint was established and the contents of three active ingredients, rutin, luteolin, and apigenin, were quantitatively determined. This study provided evidence for the classical treatment of Ficus pumila in inflammatory diseases.

Flavonoid content in leaf extracts of the fig Ficus carica L. As a base for comparison, flavonoid type and level were also determined in extracts from soybeans and grape seeds. In Ceratonia leaves, nine different flavonoids were detected. The present study is the first to report the presence of the isoflavone genistein in the Pistacia leaf, which was discovered to consist of about a third of the genistein level detected in soybean. Full Text Available Tabat barito Ficus deltoidea, Jack leaf is believed could be used to treat diabetes.

But more scientific data are needed. Tabat barito extract was obtained by maceration and made into dry extract with addition of starch. The result showed that chemical compound of the ethanol extract were fenolic and saponin. The extract showed effects in lowering blood sugar levels with glucose tolerance methods at 30 to 60 minutes. Blood glucose levels of mice treated with the extract extract ranged between The percentage decrease in blood sugar levels compared to controls is To assess if a dehydrated extract of nopal stems retains the effect on glycemia of the entire nopal stems two experiments were performed.

Six patients with type II diabetes mellitus in fasting condition received 30 capsules containing Six healthy volunteers received 30 capsules with the extract followed by 74 g of dextrose orally. Serum glucose measurements were made in a similar fashion. In each experiment a control test with empty capsules was performed. Nopal extract did not reduce fasting glycemia in diabetic subjects.

Nevertheless, the extract diminished the increase of serum glucose which followed a dextrose load. Peak serum glucose was Dehydrated extract of nopal Opuntia ficus -indica Mill did not show acute hypoglycemic effect, although could attenuate postprandial hyperglycemia. Full Text Available In this study, the effect of extraction parameters ethanol concentration, sonication time, and solvent-to-sample ratio on Ficus deltoidea leaves was investigated using ultrasound-assisted extraction by response surface methodology RSM.

Total phenolic content TPC of F. Besides, the extraction yield was measured and stated in percentage. The optimized TPC attained was The determination coefficient, R2, for TPC indicates that Raman bands in Ag nanoparticles obtained in extract of Opuntia ficus -indica plant. Silver nanoparticles have been obtained in an extract of Opuntia ficus -indica plant. The size and distribution of nanoparticles were quantified by atomic force microscopy AFM.

The diameter was estimated to be about 15 nm. In addition, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy EDX peaks of silver were observed in these samples. Three Raman bands have been experimentally detected at 83, and cm The bands at 83 and cm-1 are assigned to the silver-silver Raman modes skeletal modes and the Raman mode located at cm-1 has been assigned to breathing modes. Vibrational assignments of Raman modes have been carried out based on the Density Functional Theory DFT quantum mechanical calculation.

Calculated Raman modes for small metal clusters have an approximation trend of Raman bands. These Raman bands were obtained experimentally for silver nanoparticles AgNP. Antimutagene activity and high efficiency of antimutagene action of plant extracts from horseradish roots Armoracia rusticana , fig brunches Ficus carica and mays seedlings Zea mays and their ability to decrease the frequency of spontaneous and induced by gamma-rays chromosome aberrations in meristematic cells of Vicia faba and marrow cells of mice have been shown.

Comparative assessment of genoprotective properties of peroxidase and the studied extracts has revealed higher efficiency of antimutagene action of peroxidase. Full Text Available A Ficus umbellata is used to treat cancer. The present work was therefore designed to assess antitumor potentials of F.

The 7,dimethylbenz aanthracene DMBA-induced carcinogenesis in rats were also used to investigate antitumor potential of F. This study falls within the framework of the industrial exploitation of by-products of the prickly pear Opuntia ficus -indica. The study aims to evaluate the use of hydro-ethanolic extract of prickly pear peels as a substitute of vitamin E used as antioxidant in margarine preservation.

The extract was rich in total phenolics The extract displayed a reducing power and an antiradical activity that were respectively similar to and lower than the two antioxidant standards quercetin and butylated hydroxyanisole. Tests conducted at laboratory and pilot scales showed that the margarines elaborated with peel extract were more resistant to oxidation than the margarine reference with vitamin E. In addition, neither the physicochemical nor the microbiological properties were modified.

Prickly pear peels contain bioactive substances that could be used in different food sectors. Optimization of enzymatic extraction of pectin from Opuntia ficus indica cladodes after mucilage removal. In this study, pectin was isolated from Opuntia ficus indica OFI cladodes after removing mucilage using the xylanase and cellulase. The process variables were optimized by the Box Behnken design with three factors at three levels.

The optimal extraction condition obtained was: The simulated extraction yield of Both the OFI cladodes and enzymatic process present promising alternatives to traditional sources and extraction processes of pectin, respectively. EAEPC thus represents a promising additive in food industries.

Published by Elsevier Ltd. Pectin from Opuntia ficus indica: Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction and preliminary characterization. The effect of extraction time X 1 , microwave power X 2 , pH X 3 and solid-to-liquid ratio X 4 on the extraction yield was examined. The optimum conditions of MAE were as follows: The maximum obtained yield of pectin extraction was Total carbohydrate content of WSP is about Pectin-related proteins represent only the 0.

Overall, application of MAE can give rise to high quality pectin. Micropropagation of Ficus religiosa L. A high-frequency, season-independent, in vitro regeneration of Ficusreligiosa was developed, followed by comparative acetylcholinesterase inhibitory AChEI activity assay of the in vitro raised and conventionally grown plants. Fully expanded, mature leaves were cut into different segments to initiate the cultures. The middle section of the leaf in vertical orientation with cut portion inserted inside the medium was found most suitable for direct shoot regeneration.

Leaf explants responded with nearly consistent frequency To obtain high frequency response with enhanced shoot multiplication rate, 32 plant growth regulator regimes were screened amongst which benzylaminopurine at 5. The quality of the shoots and multiplication rate could be significantly enhanced The clonal nature of the micropropagated plants was confirmed by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis.

Customers who bought this item also bought

On the other hand. Cholesterol control is fundamental for prevention of cardiovascular disorders. In this work, the hypocholesterolemic activity of an aqueous Opuntia ficus -indica extract AOE was tested in triton-induced mice. The inhibitory activity on pancreatic lipase enzyme was evaluated in vitro by the same extract. Furthermore, polyphenol content of the extract was evaluated.

Hypercholesterolemia was induced in three groups of mice by intraperitoneal administration of Triton WR The levels of blood cholesterol after administration of AOE significantly decreased compared to negative control. The AOE had a high content of polyphenolic compounds. These results show that AOE is able to prevent hypercholesterolemia by pancreatic lipase inhibition, in part due to its polyphenolic compounds.

Full Text Available Cholesterol control is fundamental for prevention of cardiovascular disorders. Ficus racemosa Stem Bark Extract: Moraceae were subjected to free radical scavenging both by steady state and time resolved methods such as nanosecond pulse radiolysis and stopped-flow spectrophotometric analyses.

In vitro radioprotective potential of FRE was studied using micronucleus assay in irradiated Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells V Mill Extract as Moisturizing Agent. Mill hydroglycolic extract , as well as evaluate its preliminary and accelerated thermal stability and moisturizing efficacy. The formulations containing 0.

Both formulations were stable during preliminary and accelerated stability tests. FXE was able to increase the water content of the stratum corneum for 5 h after application on the forearm. Mill extract presented suitable stability for at least for 60 days. Besides, this formulation was able to increase the water content of stratum corneum, showing its moisturizing efficacy.

Production and characterization of cosmetic nanoemulsions containing Opuntia ficus -indica L. In vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts obtained from Ficus spp. Full Text Available The main goal of this study was to determine in vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts obtained from the leaves of various Ficus species against Aeromonas hydrophila isolated locally from infected rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum with the aim of providing scientific rationale for the use of the plant in the treatment of bacterial infections induced by Aeromonas spp.

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done on Muller-Hinton agar with the disc diffusion method. In the present study, most ethanolic extracts proved effective against the A. Among various species of Ficus with moderate activity against A. Thus, Ficus can be used as a natural antiseptic and antimicrobial agent in veterinary practice. Further investigations need to be conducted to isolate and identify the bioactive compounds that can then be subjected to detailed pharmacological studies and the development of clinical applications.

The alarming rate of increasing resistance in bacterial pathogens in aquaculture environments means that medicinal plants with antibacterial properties are very important as natural resources of new active compounds. Extraction , characterization and gelling behavior enhancement of pectins from the cladodes of Opuntia ficus indica. The antioxidant ability of TPF increased with the concentration increasing.

FTIR study was carried out. Strong characteristic absorption peaks at 1, cm -1 assigned to the vibration of COO - group of galacturonic acid. In the fingerprint region, we noticed three well-defined peaks at , , and 1, cm -1 characteristic of pectic polysaccharides. TPF are non-gelling pectins.

The co-crosslinking of TPF with carrageenan was carried out and the gelling behavior was successfully improved. This study was undertaken to investigate the leaf part of the plant for analgesic and anti-inflammatory. The analgesic effect was studied using acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction and hot plate test in mice, while the anti-inflammatory effect was investigated using carrageenan induced paw oedema in rats. A Biochemical and Histopathological Study. Full Text Available Opuntia ficus indica family Cactaceae is used in the treatment of a variety of conditions including metal-induced toxicity.

The study reports the protective effects of Opuntia ficus indica CCE against lithium carbonate-induced toxicity in rats. Obtained results revealed that administration of lithium carbonate caused a significant increase in serum creatinine, uric acid, and urea levels. Additionally, a significant decrease in the level of renal and cardiac SOD, CAT, and GPx activities was associated with a significant increase of MDA levels in lithium carbonate group more than those of the control.

However, the treatment of experimental rats with CCE prevented these alterations and maintained the antioxidant status. The histopathological observations supported the biochemical evidences of nephrocardioprotection. CCE supplementation could protect against lithium carbonate-induced renal and cardiac injuries in rats, plausibly by the upregulation of antioxidant enzymes and inhibition of MDA to confer the protective effect. Opuntia ficus indica family Cactaceae is used in the treatment of a variety of conditions including metal-induced toxicity.

AND Ficus parietalis Bl. Moraceae are closely related plants which also known in Indonesia as Figs L. Considering the wide therapeutic value of Figs, this research was aimed to evaluate the DPPH-radical scavenging activity of both plants as well as their total phenolic and flavonoids. Extracts were produced by using boiled water and diluted to gain the desired concentration. Analyses were performed by using UV-vis spectrophotometer. Radical scavenging activity testing was done by using radical of DPPH 2,2-diphenylpycrylhydrazyl to determine the IC50s.

Afterwards, the radical scavenging activity was correlated to the total phenolic and flavonoids contents. The results showed that the water soluble extract of F. The highest content of total phenolic was shown by the leaves of F. The highest flavonoid content was detected in the leaves of F.

Correlation analyses of the IC50 values vs. As a conclusion, the total flavonoid content influenced the DPPH radical scavenging activity by Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extract of Ficus iteophylla leaves in rodents. The ethanol extract of Ficus iteophylla leaves , , and mg kg -1 , i.

The ethanol extract at mg kg -1 , mg kg -1 , and mg kg -1 significantly Pacetic acid induced writhes by 1. It also exhibited significantly Pscreening of the plant extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, steroids, tannins and saponins while the effect of flavonoids, steroids and tannins on analgesic and inflammatory has been reported. The intraperitoneal median lethal dose LD 50 value of the extract was found to be The result obtained from this study shows that the extract of Ficus iteophylla contained phytochemical constituents with analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities, therefore the leaf part of the plant could be used in the management of pain and inflammatory conditions.

Ovicidal and larvicidal activity of extracts of Opuntia ficus -indica against gastrointestinal nematodes of naturally infected sheep. This study describes the in vitro anthelmintic activity of extracts from Opuntia ficus indica against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. The anthelmintic activity was evaluated by inhibition of egg hatching, larval development and larval migration assays. The residual aqueous fractions from cladodes and fruits showed higher ovicidal activity with EC50 values of 7.

The crude cladode and fruit ethanolic extracts inhibited larval migration and showed EC50 values of 0. Phytochemical screening detected high concentrations of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and saponins in the fruits and cladodes. The results demonstrated that O. Total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity in leaves and stems extract of cultivated and wild tabat barito Ficus deltoidea Jack. Tabat barito Ficus deltoidea Jack is a name given by Dayak Tribe who lived in Borneo-Kalimantan and it is belongs to the moraceae.

Almost all of the parts of F. The total flavonoid content TFC and antioxidant activity from cultivated and wild F. Total flavonoid content was estimated by using Aluminium chloride colorimetric method and expressed as catechin equivalents mg CE g-1 extract and the antioxidant activity by the DPPH 2,2-diphenylpicryl hydrazyl method. The content of total flavonoid of leaves and stems The IC50 of leaves extract of cultivated and wild F. These results showed that the cultivated F.

Results indicated the inhibition efficiency increases with increasing extract concentration and decreases with the temperature, and the inhibitor acted as a cathodic-type inhibitor which is physically absorbed onto the steel surface. In fact, the adsorption of the inhibitor on the steel surface follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, indicating monolayer adsorption. The presence of heteroatoms such as C, N, and O and OH groups were responsible for the corrosion inhibition.

Ameliorative properties of aqueous extract of Ficus thonningii on erythrocyte osmotic fragility induced by acetaminophen in Rattus norvegicus. Full Text Available In vitro antioxidant and erythrocyte protecting activities by aqueous extract of Ficus thonningii leaves on blood cells were studied in acetaminophen treated rats.

The extract was safe at limit dose of mg kg-1body weight. The extract demonstrated dose dependent antihemolytic effect at dose levels between 50 and mg kg-1 body weight. The lowest antihemolytic effect was observed at dose level of mg kg-1 body given the lowest percentage hemolysis of Hematology revealed erythrocytosis at dose levels of and mg kg-1 body weight. Hyper-globinemia and lymphocytopenia were observed at dose levels of mg kg-1 and mg kg-1, respectively. The extract effectively showed scavenging activity on a stable oxidative radical diphenylpicrylhydrazyl DPPH and a significant ferric reducing antioxidant power FRAP activity.

The plausible erythrocyte membrane protective effect may be due to its free radical scavenging activity and hence the extract can be used to improve hematological parameters and ameliorate oxidative stress. Andrographis paniculata , Gynura procumbens , Ficus deltoidea and Curcuma xanthorrhiza are commonly consumed as herbal medicines. However their effects on human liver glucuronidation activity are not yet evaluated. In this study, we evaluate the inhibitory Effects of Andrographis paniculata, Gynura procumbens, Ficus deltoidea and Curcuma xanthorrhiza extracts and their constituents on human liver glucuronidation activity.

Herbal extracts aqueous, methanolic and ethanolic extracts and their constituents were incubated with human liver microsomes with the addition of UDPGA to initiate the reaction. IC50 was determined by monitoring the decrement of glucuronidation activity with the increment of herbal extracts or phytochemical constituent's concentrations.

All herbal extracts inhibited human liver glucuronidation activity in range of In the present study, we have proved the capabilities of Andrographis paniculata , Gynura procumbens , Ficus deltoidea and Curcuma xanthorrhiza to interfere with in vitro glucuronidation process in human liver microsomes.

This study documented the capabilities of Andrographis paniculata , Gynura procumbens , Ficus deltoidea and Curcuma xanthorrhiza to inhibit human liver glucuronidation activity which may affect the metabolism of therapeutic drugs or hazardous toxicants that follow the same glucuronidation pathway. Half Maximal Inhibitory Concentration; Km: Anti-inflammatory potential of different extracts isolated from the roots of Ficus lacor buch. Hum and Murraya koenigii L. The results of the Murraya koenigii roots chloroform extract caused Biological activities of plant extracts from Ficus elastica and Selaginella vogelli: An antimalarial, antitrypanosomal and cytotoxity evaluation.

Full Text Available The cytotoxic, antiplasmodial, and antitrypanosomal activities of two medicinal plants traditionally used in Cameroon were evaluated. Wood of Ficus elastica Roxb. In vitro cell-growth inhibition activities were assessed on methanol extract of plant materials against Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7 and Trypanosoma brucei brucei, as well as against HeLa human cervical carcinoma cells. In contrast, at the same concentration, the extract of F. Both extracts presented low cytotoxic effects on HeLa cancer cell line. These results indicate that the selected medicinal plants could be further investigated for identifying compounds that may be responsible for the observed activities and that may represent new leads in parasitical drug discovery.

The effect of isorhamnetin glycosides extracted from Opuntia ficus -indica in a mouse model of diet induced obesity. A diet rich in polyphenols can ameliorate some metabolic alterations associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Opuntia ficus -indica OFI is a plant rich in isorhamnetin glycosides and is highly consumed in Mexico. The purpose of this research was to determine the metabolic effect of an OFI extract on a mouse model of diet-induced obesity and in isolated pancreatic islets. OFI extract was added to a high fat HF diet at a low 0. Furthermore, the OFI extract improved glucose tolerance, and additionally increased energy expenditure.

These metabolic improvements were associated with reduced adipocyte size, increased hepatic IRS1 tyr and S6 K thr phosphorylation. OFI isorhamnetin glycosides also diminished the hepatic lipid content associated with reduced mRNA expression of the endoplasmic reticulum stress markers and lipogenic enzymes and increased mRNA expression of genes related to fatty acid oxidation. Overall, the OFI extract prevented the development of metabolic abnormalities associated with diet-induced obesity. Full Text Available Formaldehyde FA is the leading cause of cellular injury and oxidative damage in testis that is one of the main infertility causes.

There has been an increasing evidence of herbal remedies use in male infertility treatment. This assay examines the role of Ficus carica Fc leaf extracts in sperm parameters and testis of mice intoxicated with FA. Cauda epididymal spermatozoa were analyzed for viability, count, and motility.

Testes were weighed and gonadosomatic index GSI was calculated. Also, histoarchitecture of seminiferous tubules was assessed in the Haematoxylin and Eosin stained paraffin sections. The findings showed that FA significantly decreased GSI and increased percentage of immotile sperm compared with control group. Disorganized and vacuolated seminiferous epithelium, spermatogenic arrest, and lumen filled with immature germ cells were also observed in the testes.

Moreover, seminiferous tubule with spermatogenic arrest was rarely seen, indicating that Fc has the positive effects on testis and epididymal sperm parameters exposed with FA. Identification of functional groups of Opuntia ficus -indica involved in coagulation process after its active part extraction.

Opuntia ficus -indica that belongs to the Cactaceae family and is a member of Opuntia kind has received increasing research interest for wastewater treatment by flocculation. The objectives of this study were i to provide more information regarding the active constituents of Opuntia spp. A classic approach by jar test experiments was used with raw and extracted material by solubilization and precipitation.

The splitting based on the solubility of the material with pH and the titration of functional groups completed the method. The optimal pH value for a coagulation-flocculation process using cactus solid material CSM was The alkaline pH of flocculation suggests an adsorption mechanism with bridging effect between particles by water-soluble extracted molecules. The strong flocculant property of this extract was verified, and titration of this solution showed at least one specific pKa of 9.

This pKa corresponds to phenol groups, which could be assigned to lignin and tannin. The optimization of phenolic compounds extraction from cactus pear Opuntia ficus -indica skin in a reflux system using response surface methodology. To extract , quantify, and evaluate the phenolic content in Opuntia ficus -indica skin for their antioxidant capacity with three different methods ABTS, DPPH, and lipid oxidation and to optimize the extraction conditions time, temperature and ethanol concentration in a reflux system. The extraction process was done using a reflux system. A San Cristobal II experimental design with three variables and three levels was used.

The extraction process was optimized using a response surface methodology. It was observed that at higher temperature more phenolic compounds were extracted , but the antioxidant capacity was decreased. The optimum conditions for phenolic compounds extraction and antioxidant capacity mixing the three methods were as follows: Values obtained in our results are little higher that other previously reported. It can be concluded the by-products of Opuntia ficus -indica represent a good source of natural antioxidants with possible applications in food, cosmetics or drugs industries.

Sperm DNA fragmentation induced by cryopreservation: To analyze the effect of cryopreservation on sperm DNA fragmentation SDF in two cytometric sperm populations, PI brighter and PI dimmer , and to test the effects of Opuntia ficus -indica OFI extracts , which contain antioxidants and flavanoids, and of resveratrol on cryopreservation of human semen.

In vitro prospective study. Twenty-one normozoospermic men undergoing semen analysis for couple infertility. Cryopreservation using the routine method in the presence of OFI extracts or resveratrol. The increase was negatively dependent on the basal values of SDF in the same population. Addition of OFI extracts and resveratrol to the cryopreservation medium slightly but statistically significantly reduced SDF in the PI br population without affecting the deleterious effect of cryopreservation on sperm motion parameters or viability.

The increase of SDF in the PI br population, which is unrelated to semen quality, suggests that caution must be taken in using cryopreserved semen, as morphologically normal and motile sperm may be damaged. The addition of substances with multifunctional properties such as OFI extracts to cryopreservation medium is only slightly effective in preventing the dramatic effects on SDF.

Published by Elsevier Inc. Innovative approach for urease inhibition by Ficus carica extract -fabricated silver nanoparticles: An in vitro study. In the present study, a rapid, low-cost, and ecofriendly method of stable silver nanoparticles AgNPs synthesis using leaves extract of Ficus carica F. An absorption peak at nm in UV-Vis spectroscopy, a spherical shape with an average size of 21 nm in transmission electron microscopy, and crystalline nature in X-ray powder diffraction studies were observed for the synthesized AgNPs.

Fourier transform infrared analysis indicated that proteins of F. AgNPs were found to inhibit urease, a key enzyme responsible for the survival and pathogenesis of the bacterium, Helicobacter pylori. Inhibition of urease by AgNPs was monitored spectrophotometrically by the evaluation of ammonia release. The urease inhibition potential of AgNPs can be explored in the treatment of H.

The fatty acids profiles of Tunisian Opuntia ficus indica seeds spiny and thornless form were investigated. Results of supercritical carbon dioxide SC-CO2 and soxhlet n-hexane extract were compared. Quantitatively, the better yield was obtained through soxhlet n-hexane: Qualitatively, the main fatty acids components were the sam Protective effects of Opuntia ficus -indica extract on ram sperm quality, lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation during liquid storage.

The sperm variables were evaluated at different time periods 8, 24, 48 and 72h. Full Text Available Abstract A widespread stem canker and dieback diseases threatened different plant genera in Sudan. It was highly spread among different Ficus species. This research was carried out in Atbara town north Khartoum. The causal agents of this disease were Isolated from the infected shoot system of Ficus bengalensis and F.

Morphological identification and relative densities of the isolated fungi were carried out with the help of authentic manuals of fungi. Biocontrol experiment was conducted for the most prevalent pathogenic fungus using aqueous neem extract in both cold and hot water.

The results showed that the fungal isolates belong to three genera Aspergillus spp. The most prevalent mycoflora was Botryosphaeria sp. The efficacy of aqueous cold and hot extracts of neem leaf on the growth of Botryosphaeria sp. Evaluation of anti-bacterial properties of ethanol extract of Ficus Thereafter, zones of inhibition in mm around the wells were measured.

The same organisms were tested for sensitivity against standard antibiotics using disk. Twelve combination of treatments were used consisting of: Fertilization increased the extraction of nutrients, particularly N, P and S at the spacing of 1. Additive insulinogenic action of Opuntia ficus -indica cladode and fruit skin extract and leucine after exercise in healthy males. However, it is unknown whether OFI-induced insulin stimulation after exercise is of the same magnitude than the stimulation by other insulinogenic agents like leucine as well as whether OFI can interact with those agents.

Therefore, the aims of the present study were: Methods Eleven subjects participated in a randomized double-blind cross-over study involving four experimental sessions. Blood samples were collected before and at min intervals during the OGTT for determination of blood glucose and serum insulin. El mejor tratamiento para desinfectar la semilla de A. The n-butanolic extract of Opuntia ficus -indica var. Opuntia ficus -indica var. The present study investigated the beneficial effects of the n-butanolic extract of O.

Memory performance was assessed with the passive avoidance task, and western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to measure changes in protein expression and cell survival. Properties of ligno-cellulose ficus religiosa leaf fibers. Full Text Available by scanning electron microscopic method.

The FTIR and chemical analyses indicated lowering of hemi-cellulose content by alkali treatment of the fibers. The X-ray diffraction revealed an increase in crystallinity of the fibers on alkali treatment. Anti-adipogenic effects of extracts of Ficus deltoidea var. This study examined the anti-adipogenic effects of extracts of Ficus deltoidea var.

Methanol and water extracts of leaves of the F. The study was initiated by determining the maximum non-toxic dose MNTD of the methanol and water extracts for 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Visualisation and quantification of lipid content in mature adipocytes were carried out through oil red O staining and measurement of optical density OD at nm, respectively. The TFCs of the methanol extracts were 1. The MNTDs determined for methanol and water extracts were Studies revealed that the methanol extracts of both varieties and the water extracts of var. The inhibition of the formation of mature adipocytes indicated that leaf extracts of F.

Ultrasonic extraction of pectin from Opuntia ficus indica cladodes after mucilage removal: Optimization of experimental conditions and evaluation of chemical and functional properties. Ultrasonic assisted extraction UAE of pectin from Opuntia ficus indica OFI cladodes after mucilage removal was attempted using the response surface methodology. The process variables were optimized by the isovariant central composite design in order to improve the pectin extraction yield. The optimum condition obtained was: This condition was validated and the performance of experimental extraction was Thus, UAE present a promising alternative to conventional extraction process thanks to its high efficiency which was achieved in less time and at lower temperatures.

Use of green chemistry methods in the extraction of dietary fibers from cactus rackets Opuntia ficus indica: Structural and microstructural studies. This work aims to compare the development of three green chemistry methods in the extraction of cactus Opuntia ficus indica dietary fibers. The influence of extraction conditions solvent nature: Fourier Transform Infrared FTIR spectroscopy proved that all treatments do not affect the cellulose structure and could induce the reduction of hemicelluloses and lignin content.

The steam treatment with lemon juice was the best treatment in term of quality of the fibers extracted. Through X-ray Diffraction XRD analysis, it was demonstrated that this treatment contributed to the destruction of the amorphous phase with preservation of the crystalline phase. Scanning electron microscopy SEM showed that the microstructure of the sample surface was uniform and contains arranged fibers. Published by Elsevier B. Cytotoxicity and Apoptotic Activity of Ficus pseudopalma Blanco Changes in activities of tissues enzymes in rats administered Ficus This study evaluates the effects of methanolic extract of Ficus exasperata leaf on the Full Text Available The fatty acids profiles of Tunisian Opuntia ficus indica seeds spiny and thornless form were investigated.

Qualitatively, the main fatty acids components were the same for the two types of extraction. Linoleic acid was the major compound, SC-CO2: Results of supercritical carbon dioxide SC-CO 2 and soxhlet n-hexane extract were compared. Linoleic acid was the major compound, SC-CO 2: Abstract A widespread stem canker and dieback diseases threatened different plant genera in Sudan.

Biocontrol experiment was conducte Effect of root- extracts of Ficus benghalensis Banyan in memory, anxiety, muscle co-ordination and seizure in animal models. Banyan is a commonly found tree in Eastern Nepal. Its different plant parts are used for various neurological ailments. This study was performed in mice to see its effects in various neuropharmacological parameters.

Passive-avoidance memory , Open-field anxiety , Pentobarbital-induced Sleep potentiation sleep , Rota-rod muscle-co-ordination , Pentylenetetrazol-Induced and Maximal Electroshock Seizure Tests were performed. P-value was set at test was appropriately used. Aerial roots of Ficus benghalensis have memory-enhancing, anxiolytic, musclerelaxant, and seizure-modifying effect.

Opuntia ficus -indica OFI is a cactus species widely used as an anti-inflammatory, antilipidemic, and hypoglycemic agent. It has been shown that OFI extract OFIE inhibits oxidative stress in animal models of diabetes and hepatic disease; however, its antioxidant mechanism remains largely unknown. In vitro grown F. Ficus deltoidea or locally known as Mas cotek is one of the common medicinal plants used in Malaysia. Our previous studies showed that this plant have blood glucose lowering effect.

Glucose uptake into muscle and adipocytes cells is one of the known mechanisms of blood glucose lowering effect. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of Ficus deltoidea on glucose uptake activity into muscle cells. The cells were incubated with Ficus deltoidea extracts either alone or combination with insulin. Amount of glucose uptake by L6 myotubes was determined using glucose tracer, 2-deoxy- 1- 3 H 1 -glucose. The results showed that Ficus deltoidea extracts at particular doses enhanced basal or insulin-mediated glucose uptake into muscle cells significantly.

Glucose uptake activity of Ficus deltoidea could be attributed by the phenolic compound presence in the plant. This study had shown that Ficus deltoidea has the ability to enhance glucose uptake into muscle cells which is partly contributed the antidiabetic activity of this plant.

Analysis of L-citrulline and L-arginine in Ficus deltoidea leaf extracts by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. Ficus deltoidea FD is one of the native plants widely distributed in several countries in Southeast Asia. Previous studies have shown that FD leaf possess antinociceptive, wound healing and antioxidant properties. These beneficial effects have been attributed to the presence of primary and secondary metabolites such as polyphenols, amino acids and flavonoids.

The aim was to develop a reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography method with ultraviolet detection that involves precolumn derivatisation with O-phthaladehyde for simultaneous analysis of two amino acids L-citrulline and L-arginine in FD leaf extracts. Galileo y la Iglesia, Madrid: Comunicar la propia fe en la cultura del siglo XXI.

Cardinali, Gianni Entrevista al cardenal Ratzinger, El catecismo en un mundo postcristiano. Revista 30 Giorni 4, Buenos Aires pro manuscripto , Fieles y laicos en la Iglesia.

El magisterio de la Iglesia. La Chiesa nella storia. Duemila anni di cristianesimo, 2. Claves de su pensamiento. Historia de la Iglesia. Juan Pablo II y Europa. Hahn, Scott y Kimberly Hahn. Nuestro camino al catolicismo. Para comprender el Concilio Vaticano II. Manual de Historia de la Iglesia, IX: La Iglesia mundial del siglo XX. Continuum International Publishing Group, Lee Bun Sang, Stephen. Life is a Blessing: A Biography of Jerome Lejeune.

The Catechism Yesterday and Today. The evolution of a genre. Reflexiones para la cuaresma. Sociedad de San Pablo, Leyendas negras de la Iglesia. La mano de Dios. Servicio de publicaciones de la Universidad de Navarra, pp. Informe sobre la fe. Biblioteca de autores cristianos, Rubin, Sergio y Francesca Ambrogetti. Conversaciones con el cardenal Jorge Bergoglio SJ. Revista A parte rei El final y el principio. Llamada universal a la santidad, preceptos y consejos. Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Navarra, pp. This article goes over three key moments in the design and construction of social digital interaction spaces.

The first moment which I refer to as the moment of "virtual reality", typified by immersive and multi-sensorial simulation technologies , the dominant visions aimed to imitate pre-existing offline forms of interaction. In the second moment referred to as the moment of "selective reality", typified by platforms aimed at supporting massive interaction networks such as Myspace , the design of digital interaction technologies was aimed at offering users the tools necessary to optimise their self-presentation, emphasising certain personal features while selectively withholding others.

In the third moment which I refer to as the moment of "hybrid reality", typified by minimalist interaction technologies such as Snapchat , there is a partial return towards offline forms of interaction through the incorporation of often involuntary non-verbal social cues. These transformations support the idea that digital interaction technologies are aimed at complementing, instead of replacing, offline social interactions.

CMC, virtual reality, digital interaction. El sol de la tarde impulsa a un grupo de personas a salir a patear una pelota en el parque. La lluvia que se avecina los incita a buscar refugio y tomarse una taza de chocolate caliente. El mundo online es un mundo enteramente construido. Los tres momentos que se proponen, entonces, reflejan tres maneras distintas de pensar las interacciones mediadas.

En , Thomas A. Existen varias posibles explicaciones para ello. Efectivamente, lo que permite el medio es editar facetas de la personalidad de manera casi ilimitada Hesse, Werner y Altman, Propongo que la realidad selectiva no ha conseguido afianzarse completamente debido a dos crisis en el uso de los EIDs. Altman define la privacidad como el "control selectivo de acceso a uno mismo" La primera es su permanencia: En contraste, en ciertos EIDs todas las conversaciones quedan grabadas, pues los usuarios, sin siquiera estar conscientes de ello, generan ras tros digitales Latour, Sitios de citas gays como GayRomeo inclusive permiten que sus usuarios accedan a la frecuencia con que otros usuarios ven su perfil.

Se trata de indicadores de presencia y actividad Licoppe, ; Erickson et al. Departamento de Arte y Cultura. The environment and social behavior: Privacy, personal space, territory, crowding. The University of Michigan Press, Coming of age in Second Life: An anthropologist explores the virtually human.

Princeton University Press, Taken out of context: American teen sociality in networked publics. Universidad de California-Berkeley, Force and Touch Feedback for Virtual Reality. Impression Management and Identity online. Christine Halverson, Wendy A. Communications of the ACM, 45 4 , Fisher, From Usenet to CoWebs: Interacting with Social Information Spaces. Goffman, Erving, "The presentation of self in everyday life".

TASA Conference, US Patent 6,,, Journal of Memory and Language, Science, technology, and socialist feminism in the s". Computers in Human Behavior, 4: The social logic of space. Performances and exhibitions online, Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology. Oxford University Press, pp. The growing role of obscurity and self-destructing data in digital communication". Times Higher Literary Supplement, abril de Society and Space, 22 1 , , Energy, 7 4 , , Computers in Human Behavior, 23 5 , , septiembre Exploring the Brave New Technologies".

Journal of distance education, 14 2 , , Adolescents' online self-disclosure and self-presentation. Amsterdam School of Communications, Journal of communication, 42 4 , , Hyperpersonal dimensions of technology, language, and cognition". Computers in Human Behavior, 23 5 , , Social constructivism and the philosophy of technology," Science, Technology, and Human Values, 18 3 , Next Generation of Smart Machines: Last century had an accelerated pace in terms of the technological revolution, a different world has been built; one based on electronic devices.

Currently, we inhabit a world in which several applications use a computer inside another device, realizing control, communication and multimedia processing tasks; these constitute the largest type of computers used in the market embedded systems. Since the ENIAC days, computers have become smaller in size, cheaper in price, with lower power consumption and increased performance more instructions per cycle , therefore, a new era of digital systems is emerging imposed by military, industrial, communications and entertainment needs.

Our lives are surrounded by more and more intelligent multimedia environments such as in the workplace, home and on entertainment; handheld devices cellular phones, PDAs smartphones, tablets, game consoles, etc. Recently, reconfigurable computing technologies are enabling the creation of computational platforms supporting new and smarter human-machine collaborative environments with cheaper non-recurrent engineering costs.

Those new cooperative environments require intelligent systems in which the system entities possess sensory-motor capabilities, such as visual, auditory and tactile features, as a part of their cognitive capabilities. Given the current technological maturity, innovative and intelligent products that are capable of problem solving, reasoning and learning are becoming possible. This paper reviews technology advancements that could enable the research and development of new intelligent systems in developing countries. The main features of reconfigurable computing as an enabling technology for system development are presented.

Furthermore, we introduce the point of view of the Computer Engineering Laboratory L-IC at the Bolivian Catholic University and its preliminary architecture for human-machine collaborative environments that will be able to support a wide range of cognitive behaviors within real time constraints. The electronic computer era started towards the end of 30s in the past century; it has been almost 85 years since the beginning of John V. Atanasoff's works at Iowa University. The increasing processing needs, principally guided by a market hunger for new multimedia intelligent systems has led the creation of new architectures that are rich in Instruction Set Architectures for highly customized tasks Lempel, Peleg and Weiser, ; Clark, Tang and Mahlke, Technology advancement to support actual needs includes the widespread use of both time and space parallelism Kastrup, Those techniques have increased the number of instructions issued and executed in a machine cycle performance , all this accompanied by the introduction of new memory hierarchies that try to avoid the memory wall problem Hennessy and Patterson, The following Table presents a summary of the advances in the electronic era since the introduction of the first computers first generation to the time in which, the embedded systems are widely used.

The embedded system era, started with the creation of microcontrollers Intel, ; ; Motorola , devices that are small microprocessor with an ISA capable to support bit manipulations and posses memory resource in the same die. Later more complex microcontrollers were introduced Motorola, that anticipated the whole functionality of today denominated System on a Chip SoC. Those systems introduce oriented ISA towards the signal processing market trying to support the emerging needs of multimedia applications 1.

Nowadays embedded systems are builtwith improved microcontrollers that are able of supporting media processing ARM; Diefendorff, Dubey, Hochsprung and Scales, ; Eden and Kagan, They incorporate features that in the past were inside a microprocessor's domain e. The main processing task in multimedia processing actually is vision. The last is true due to the processor's power consumption to support pixel processing stream processing ARM; Dobai and Sekanina, , the need of customized hardware, and due to the fact that vision is the most important feature for making machine reasoning.

Probably fifth generation will be the one that supports actively cognition tasks: Bio-inspired systems Mange and Tomassini, ; Bio-logically. The last becomes a need due to the need of smarter machines and the fact that we cannot sustain Moore's Law Chie et al. All those facts are guide us to investigate new architectures and micro architectures that support activities that day to day lives require, that support more clever machines, ones that can be able to adapt to our needs in a gentle and cooperative way.

Artificial general intelligence AGI research has been delivered since meeting in Dartmouth College McCarthy, Minsky, Rochester and Shannon, , and a lot of expertise has been created through the development of symbolic and sub-symbolic AI. Nowadays we want to revisit both paradigms and complement those approaches with highly customized systems, with the aim of creating smart systems to support applications in our everyday life; we are not researching for AGI.

Systems that can support processing of cognitive activities should be created, and Soft Computing techniques could allow us to merge symbolic and sub-symbolic AI within customized processing units. In the Computer Engineering Laboratory at the UCB-SP we strongly believe that if we can provide highly customized hardware for Soft Computing, we will be able to reproduce intelligent behaviors within real time constraints.

The future includes Human-Machine Collaborative HMC environments everywhere, L-IC researches for creating tools Smart Machines that can enable those environments using soft computing, including machine-learning statistical processing and intelligent signal processing Hager, Okamura and Taylor, , all these augmented with the revisiting of old paradigms e. Indeed some authors have proposed human communication, including both verbal and nonverbal behaviors, which use previously acquired knowledge, as a key aspect when designing a system with human-like cognitive abilities.

madre occidental volcanic: Topics by www.farmersmarketmusic.com

One such approach was described by Schank For thousands, maybe millions of years, people have been telling stories to each other. They have told stories around the campfire, they have traveled from town to town telling stories to relate news of the day, they have told stories transmitted by electronic means to passive audiences incapable to doing anything but listening and watching. Whatever that means, and whatever the venue, storytelling seems to play a major role in human interaction. We get reminded of histories and we use them in conversations. In the light of the Shanck approach, it seems promising to investigate artificial ways of classifying new stories, and then observe the interaction between people and machines using such stories i.

Practically, this can be achieved using well known methodologies such as memory based reasoning or reasoning by analogy Schank, It is foreseen that these cognitive metodologies could be used to create artificial intelligence to support humans in various activities at home, work, or for simple entertainment.

The last decade has witnessed the rise of several HMC systems in diverse fields ranging from game applications Benford, Magerkurth and Ljungstrand, to highly sophisticated military ones Murray, ; Xiao, Lina and Junwei, These new technological advances enhance the processing capabilities of current compu ter systems incorporate existing sensory-motor 2 actions that try to emulate the natural behavior of human beings.

These kinds of entities possess the highest degree of interaction with their surrounding environment, an environment that is rich in multiple-media stimuli. For instance, a sensorial processing platform is needed to reduce the high cost of processor and memory use i.

Current processing solutions try to speed up multimedia processing by augmenting the instructions of general purpose processors GPPs Lempel, Peleg and Weiser, ; Thakkar and Huff, only, but these solutions do not yet provide the necessary acceleration Talla, John and Burger, Current research on the development of new processors with the goal of improving human-machine interfaces should consider high-performance and silicon efficient customized units, as well as memory hierarchies when targeting cognitive information processing.

New developments in closely related fields, such as video, 3D graphics, pervasive gaming Benford et al. It is anticipated that a processing platform capable of handling cognitive applications will require the use of multiple-cores Parkhurst, Darringer and Grundmann, ; Zhu, Sreedhar, Hu and Gao, and a large customized memory hierarchy. New processing demands will call for processors sets with greater flexibility and adaptability to meet rising multimedia and cognition processing needs.

The rest of this article is presented as follows. In Section 2, the background of the targeted cognitive techniques is reported. Section 3 deals with the main features that involve the cognitive information processing and the advantages of reconfigurable computing offers. Section 4 proposes the cognitive information processing platform. Section 5 concludes the article presenting directions for future work.

Artificial general intelligence implements models and efforts proposed by the other members of cognitive sciences with the aim of reproducing intelligent processes in non biological strata. There are several open questions in the AI research community. In order to cope with these questions, researchers are trying to design machines that exhibit reasoning, planning, learning, communicating, environmental perception, as well as motor and object manipulation skills. Artificial general intelligence or "true AI" has not yet been achieved and remains a long-term goal.

Soft computing SC is a computer science term close related to AI that offers new insights into well known research dilemmas. SC techniques are often biologically-inspired paradigms, in contrast to traditional techniques based on formal representations of logical systems. Unlike hard computing, soft computing is tolerant to imprecision, uncertainty, partial truth, and approximation.

Some authors also include belief networks, chaos theory and learning theory. Schank proposed CBR as a method for reasoning about new situations cases based on knowledge given from previous experiences cases ,. Implementing the CBR paradigm requires a model in which cases are stored in a memory e. CBR processing includes four operation phases which are outlined below: When a new "incoming case" is presented to the system, experiences from the memory "domain knowledge" are retrieved based on judged similarities.

The previous case solution is mapped to the new target problem. This may require adapting the existing solution as needed to fit the new situation. Sometimes the new solution is an integration of previous solutions. In other words, a "suggested solution" is used. When solutions are applied, they are tested against the real world, revised as necessary and successful cases become "confirmed solutions".

After a solution has been successfully adapted to the target problem, it is stored as a new case in the memory. In this way a case is learned. The retrieving of a group of "possible match" cases needs to be both effective and time efficient low latency in case retrieval whenever a new inquiry is presented to the system. Traditional processors, like many presented in the literature e. Moreover, such processors are less appropriated for processing cognitive information. Traditionally the Von Newman machines achieve results by incorporating some extensions to their instruction set architecture ISAs dealing with multimedia processing Eden and Kagan, and even configuring the width of their data-paths adapting to several needs e.

Nevertheless, the architectural improvements have several drawbacks when these processors are used for multimedia functionalities on the new frameworks Bormans, Gelissen and Perkis, , especially in scenarios of power aware computing Benini, Bogliolo, Bogliolo and De Micheli, and embedded systems 6 like the ones used to set up intelligent systems. Exploitation of the data parallelism that multimedia applications provide began with the creation of data-path micro-architectures with coarse grained characteristics Wentzlaff, Grimn, Hoffmann, Bao, Edwards, Ramey, Mattina, Miao, Brown III and Agarwal, Performance improvements in multimedia processing Zhu, Hu and Gao, are based on the space parallelism approach e.

Nevertheless, as parallelism, bandwidth Burger, and clock rate increase, the inherent memory wall problem Hennessy and Patterson, becomes more pronounced. Recently, Many-Core architectures with tens and hundreds of small cores have been designed for accelerating diverse applications. Those micro-organizations deliver high performance in an affordable power package because they provide quasi linear complexity and power performances Borkar, ; Wang, Zhao, Li and Wang; Sodan, Machina, Deshmeh, Macnaughton and Esbaugh, Some of these solutions are closely related to the reconfigurable computing research Wentzlaff et al.

Cognitive information processing inherently includes vision, audio and haptics processing. This article shows a new model for supporting cognitive information processing. A cognitive processing environment composed of several customized, heterogeneous and adaptable processing cores that overcome the general purpose processing capabilities of the aforementioned processor solutions are envisioned. New hardware solutions must cope with customized architectures for setting up the processing of non connectionist approaches as well as to create networks of small processing elements such as the ones suggested by the connectionism approach ANN Liqing and Bao-Liang, Furthermore, considering some rule evaluated systems such as FL or even CBR Pal and Shiu, , which are paradigms that require new technology support, for example fetching several rules or cases concurrently.

Therefore new micro-organizations for supporting these cognitive information processing applications must be investigated. Cognitive Information processing will require customized hardware solutions not totally based on bio-inspired systems. Traditionally, at the macro system level, hardware acceleration units were based on the concatenation of discrete adders, subtractors, multipliers, dividers and comparators operations Lee, Murat Fiskiran, Shi and Yang, ; Khailany, Dally, Rixner, Kapasi, Mattson, Namkoong, Owens, Towles and Chang, This concatenation has the scope to set up complex operations, an approach used by several state of the art technology solutions, including reconfigurable related technologies Miyamori and Olukotun, ; Mirsky and DeHon, At the fine grain level, however, you can consider parallelism at the bit level.

Important research has sought to diminish the delay and latency in fundamental computer operations such as addition and multiplication. Swartzlander introduces the Merged Arithmetic Swartzlander, approach which dissolved the boundaries between multiplication and addition during multiply-accumulate operations. Furthermore, Compound Arithmetic improves upon merged arithmetic by enabling the operation of additional arithmetic operations Vassiliadis, Blaner and Eickemeyer, Compound arithmetic joins a sequence of simple numeric expressions using arithmetic operators like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

Compound Arithmetic can therefore help to accelerate the processing of soft computing techniques including machine learning, robot control and mechatronic manipulators. These applications use existing data representation e. These cognitive information processing devices could speed up with relatively small hardware requirements in comparison to simple space parallelism approaches that processors actually offer. Cognitive Processor technology development requires tools that facilitate the design exploration and platforms that show flexibility and adaptability, features that are intimately linked to Reconfigurable Computing RC technologies.

Flexibility is the key characteristic for designing novel cognitive information processing devices. Thus, flexible and adaptable hardware systems capable of achieving high degrees of plasticity in both knowledge representation and processing-elements complexity should be investigated. Computational flexibility and adaptability can be achieved with either variable-structures or adaptable-systems Hamblen, , paradigms that were introduced by Estrin Estrin proposed to create a: In essence a variable structure computer system consists of a high-speed general purpose computer the fixed part, F operating in conjunction with a second system the variable part, V comprised of large of small high-speed digital substructures.

The second system can be reorganized into a variety of problem oriented special purpose configurations and this property-use of the same hardware in a variety of computing configurations-makes special purpose computation of a large class of diverse problems on the variable structure computer system feasible. Since then academic and industrial researchers have been developing reconfigurable computing.

Furthermore, during the last two decades we have seen the revisit to this approach Hartenstein, ; Compton and Hauck, ; Todman, Constantinides, Wilton, Mencer and Luk, Actually, as proposed by Estrin more than five decades ago, a GPP core processor augmented with some kind of RFU can be used for optimizing the processing performance see Figure 2.

The rationality behind the Reconfigurable Computing Acceleration Approach uses a RFU as hardware accelerator 7 for speeding up selected kernels while, the non-critical parts, such as code that requires low processor use and small memory bandwidths, are processed by a General Purpose Processor GPP as depicted in Figure 2. The GPP is usually responsible for the control of the program's sequencing and issues data or instructions to the specialized RFU. Customizable logic devices emerged in the s with the appearance of logic circuitry without fixed structures were called Programmable-Logic-Devices PLDs.

The main idea behind these chips was that logic functions can be realized in sum-of-products form. Therefore, the chips were constructed with an array of AND gates used to build the products and a set of OR gates to produce the sum of a combinational logic function. From that time the programmable devices have evolved, and the Programmable Logic Arrays PLA devices include flip-flops and feedback paths and demonstrate the feasibility for constructing small sequential systems.

A centralized inter-connect network is used for setting up the CPLD desired functionalities. The Logic Blocks are built with a small number of inputs and only one output; internally the required functions are implemented with the use of Look-Up Tables LUT 8. Figure 4 shows that Logic Blocks are embedded in a sea of routing channels in contrast to the simple interconnect network of CPLDs.

Those routing channels composed by wires and programmable switches that set up the desired functions. In the subsection that follows, essential definitions for understanding the architectural characteristics of the reconfigurable computing are presented. This characteristic refers to the degree of adaptability that a reconfigurable system possesses: These systems are configured in a bit by bit fashion, modifying small parts of the programmable block, therefore require larger configuration bits compared to other granularity systems. These systems require less configuration bits compared with the two previous mentioned approaches.

A small overhead in communication is introduced with respect to a closely coupled unit. The communication is achieved through a system bus; and because of that, those systems feature a large latency level when compared with the previous coupled organizations enounced. This characteristic refers to the ability that a system has for adapting to new functions statically and dynamically: After their adaptation Xilinx, ; ; Siozios, Koutroumpezis, Tatas, Soudris and Thanailakis, the systems can start to operate again. Generally the CCU is configured once at the set-up time of the systems that it resides.

Run time reconfiguration can be done modifying the entire CCU e. Furthermore, adaptable systems evolve and current FPGAs allow performing partial reconfiguration 9 of an even smaller section of hardware on run time. The potential benefit of dynamic reconfiguration and specifically run-time reconfiguration RTR Siripokarpirom, is still under investigation.

Figure 6 depicts the partial reconfiguration steps. At time T0 the two RFUs are mapped into the programmable device; at time T1 those RFUs mapped before, are partially modified to achieve new functional characteristics. Processors with adaptable characteristics Vassiliadis et al. Table 2 summarizes the principal characteristics of adaptable computing compared to traditional solutions.

Adaptable technology configurable comes associated with the concept of Virtual Hardware, in which any application believes it has an infinitely sized and customizable engine to run on. Therefore, with a system that supports this hardware on demand paradigm, it is possible to overcome the intrinsic hardware obsolescence of other technologies due to their low flexibility see Table 2. Nevertheless, the main drawback of such adaptable systems is that current technology requires significant time for reconfiguration A similar approach Trimberger et al.

The previously presented solutions constitute the first approaches in order to hide the configuration time and fulfill the goal of having a fully customizable platform that works on demand basis. A cognitive information processing platform. Both are also noted for developing this branch of Cognitive Sciences. Several projects have resulted from the AI research community that attempted to create intelligent mechanisms capable of generalization, planning, reasoning by example, designing, etc.

Those projects have been successful in narrow knowledge domains, but usually require huge amounts of computational processing resources and were not designed to work in real time scenarios. The EPIC architecture for modeling human information-processing and performance presented in Meyer and Kieras a and b was one of the pioneering attempts to create a customized platform for cognitive processing and used a rule based processing system.

From this laboratory two main projects emerged: Also the fully articulated humanoid i-cub was recently created giving another platform to investigate AI Vernon et al. These projects mark some important landmarks in the development of intelligent robots capable of learning, as well as a higher degree of social interaction compared with previous solutions. These GPPs have low performance when real time is a requirement see Breazeal comments in Breazeal, ; Breazeal and Scassellati, Outlining the Steps for the Development of Smart Machines. The design cost of complex and customized chips is decreasing as new design tools and Hardware Description Languages like VHDL and Reconfigurable Technologies are developed.

High performance electronics are improving more rapidly than Moore's Law with the arrival of reconfigurable technologies, especially with the new developments on FPGA devices Xilinx. Reasoning with a set of sensor data considers the sensor fusion reasoning approach transversal reasoning. Case reasoning is based on transversal reasoning across the planar fields of auditory, visual and haptic experience. Each way of reasoning is suited for specific domain problems, e.

Figure 7 depicts the main three layers of the proposed approach. The following subsection presents a brief description of the three main components depicted in Figure 7. It is foreseen that a rather simple structure could enable a Cognitive Hardware Architecture that supports adequately Cognitive Information Processing. Animals respond to stimuli in their environment based on the assumption that these responses are the basic intrinsic mental activity.

A reactive layer is created to replicate this behavior within the proposed system. To achieve this, it is foreseen that a group of customized processors will be used to process vision, audio and haptic sensory signals. The representation and organization of the domain knowledge for setting up an "action-reaction" mechanism that is fundamental for the aim of replicating intelligence. The investigation of different knowledge representations based on the soft computing techniques could enable a more complete solution for replicating cognitive information processing.

In this proposal, reactions are categorized in two ways: The reactive layer is then subdivided in two sub layers. Each dedicated processor of the first sub-layer is intended to operate with particular transducer inputs, resulting in fast reactive feedback. The second sub-layer carrying out reasoning with all transducer inputs achieving case based reasoning in a transversal way. This second sub-layer has a larger and more intrinsic processing time than the first sub-layer.

The soft computing processors, therefore, must deal with different latencies, the first sub-layer requires being fast with real hard-deadlines, while the second sub-layer has softer deadlines, but still has real time response features. The achievement of more complex goals is carried out in a case based reasoning layer. This layer monitors and predicts behaviors. The reasoning layer rules, controls modifies and carries out a parallel reasoning that is based on the reactive layer's outcomes and converts some of these outcomes into motor actions via the specialized processor of the Reactive Layer as necessary.

This layer establishes a "Quasi-Consciousness" approach by remembering a previous similar situation to solve the given processing requirements. The different solution options are evaluated in accordance of the Meta-Management Layer. Tasks such as categorization, evaluation, selection and elimination are the fundamental processing functions of the reasoning layer.

The Meta-Management Layer is in charge of assigning the high level models and modifying the machine beliefs that influence actions, memory-structure, learning and planning. By monitoring the activities of the two preceding layers, the Meta-management Layer is responsible for the knowledge of the domain's knowledge created from the previous reasoning and reactive layers.

For example, this layer is in charge of regulating the different problem solving paradigms soft-computing processors , the different knowledge representational schemes and various indexing techniques used throughout the architecture. The layer also governs the effective use of multiple reasoning mechanisms for building the Transversal Case Based Reasoning paradigm.

We propose a new hardware architecture design that may meet the cognitive information processing needs found in intelligent robotics and cognitive sciences fields in the best way. Our proposal focuses on using transversal case-based reasoning on a group of dedicated processors and hardware accelerators. The proposed three layer architecture defines an innovative cognitive architecture that operates in HMC environments. This approach represents a shift from traditional processing paradigms into what we call cognitive information processing hardware. Such a platform must provide new mechanisms for concurrent retrieval, indexing and learning.

We suggest further integrating the advances in soft computing and case based reasoning to meet more effectively the cognitive information processing needs. By using the main features of re-configurable hardware design, our proposal allows for a long term research direction and capitalizes the following advantages over traditional approaches. The Life cycle is extended because obsolescence of the solution project system is delayed throughout use of reconfigurable technologies.

New features, needs and emerging constraints are more easily addressed by adapting previously designed units, and reconfiguring them on demand for new needs, even at actual run time. The set of cognitive-processors can be easily adapted due to their "soft-cores" intellectual property IPs features. For example, extending the ISAs and creating new customized arithmetic units for new needs. Reconfigurable units are in essence IP units; thus they are easily adaptable to new circumstances and projects, which establishes a new technology niche.

Reconfigurable subunits of the Cognitive information processing platform i. In summary, the research, design and development of the proposed set of processors able to cope with the needs of cognitive throughout transversal case based reasoning requires a multidisciplinary team.

The resulting product would benefit researchers in the fields of computer science, computer engineering, mechatronics, cognitive sciences and even psychology. We see it as an exciting opportunity to set up networks of research in this emerging field. Multimedia includes a combination of text, audio, still images, animation, video and interactivity content forms. A difference from the general-purpose computer approach, such as a personal computer, an embedded system performs one or a few pre-defined tasks, usually using customized hardware not usually found in a general-purpose computer.

The sequentiality inherent in GPP is accelerated with high concurrent hardware units that process several data usually using the ILP; e. This efficient way of encoding Boolean logic functions uses this memory arrays that receive bits as input and produce usually one or two outputs that are congruent with the logic table. The reconfiguration time is reduced in one order of magnitude as can be seen in Noguera, , nevertheless, it remains huge for some applications and reconfiguration latency is still a major shortcoming of the current FPGAs.

Toward Relationship with People. International Conference on Humanoid Robots, Bridging the Physical and Digital in Pervasive Gaming. Communications of the ACM, A Survey of design techniques for system-level dynamic power management. Digital Media Systems Laboratory. The 21st Century Multimedia Framework. Breazeal, Cynthia and Brian Scassellati. Building a Humanoid Robot. Brown, Stephen and Zvonko Vranesic. Limited bandwidth to affect processor design. Quantitative evaluation of three reconfiguration strategies on FPGAs: Castelino and Robert O.

All the contents of this journal, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License. Abstract This article is the first of three essays where the achievements in the natural sciences area is analyzed and compared with those accumulated over the whole human history. Abstract This article intends to point out some of the circumstances that would help understand what happened in the world the last fifty years. Abstract With the assembling of a state of the question of Bolivian cinema in the past 50 years, this paper aims to articulate a reading that addresses the analysis of tradition through the comparison of particular pieces.

El cine de Jorge Ruiz.

• Memorable College Party
• Ding!
• PCOS and Endometriosis - Our Families Journey
• Financial Inclusion of the Marginalised: Street Vendors in the Urban Economy (India Studies in Business and Economics)
• Monday and the Murdered Man (Fifth World Book 1)
• Heart Trouble
• Wedding Day Blues