One Year Together - Lavorare da casa: pro e contro (Italian Edition)

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A work in progress is converting the main routes to highway standards, with the elimination of all intersections. The secondary inland and mountain roads are generally narrow with many hairpin turns , so the speed limits are very low. Public transport buses reach every town and village at least once a day; however, due to the low density of population, the smallest territories are reachable only by car.

Networks of city buses serve the main towns. In Sardinia 1,, vehicles circulate, equal to per 1, inhabitants. The Sardinian railway system was developed starting from the 19th century by the Welsh engineer Benjamin Piercy. Vintage railcars and steam locomotives run through the wildest parts of the island. They allow the traveller to have scenic views impossible to see from the main roads. In the recent past the population distribution was anomalous compared to that of other Italian regions lying on the sea.

In fact, contrary to the general trend, most urban settlement, with the exception of the fortified cities of Cagliari , Alghero , Castelsardo and few others, has not taken place primarily along the coast but in the subcoastal areas and towards the centre of the island.

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Historical reasons for this include the repeated Saracen raids during the Middle Ages and then Barbary raids until the early 19th century making the coast unsafe , widespread pastoral activities inland, and the swampy nature of the coastal plains reclaimed definitively only in the 20th century. The situation has been reversed with the expansion of seaside tourism; today all Sardinia's major urban centres are located near the coasts, while the island's interior is very sparsely populated. It is the region with the lowest total fertility rate [] 1. Romania , Africa and Asia. Average life expectancy is slightly over 82 years 85 for women and Sardinia's most populated cities are Cagliari and Sassari.

Eurostat has identified in Sardinia two Functional Urban Areas: Its particular statute, which in itself is a constitutional law , gives the region a limited degree of autonomy, entailing the right to carry out the administrative functions of the local body and to create its own laws in a strictly defined number of domains. Since , Sardinia is divided into four provinces [] Nuoro , Oristano , Sassari , South Sardinia and the metropolitan city of Cagliari.

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Until , the US navy had also a nuclear submarine base in the Maddalena Archipelago. Sardinia is the only autonomous region in Italy where its special Statute uses the term popolo distinct people to refer to its inhabitants. While this formula is also used by Veneto , which unlike Sardinia is an ordinary region , the Sardinian Statute is adopted with a constitutional law. In both cases, such term is not meant to imply any legal difference between Sardinians and any other citizen of the country. Of the prehistoric architecture in Sardinia there are numerous testimonies such as the domus de janas hypogeic tombs , the Giants' grave , the megalithic circles, the menhirs , the dolmens and the well temples ; [] however, the element that more than any other characterizes the Sardinian prehistoric landscape are the nuraghe ; [] the remains of thousands of these Bronze Age buildings of various types simple and complex are still visible today.

There are also numerous traces left by the Phoenicians and Punics who introduced new urban forms on the coasts. The Romans gave a new administrative structure to the whole island through the restructuring of several cities, the creation of new centers and the construction of many infrastructures of which the ruins remain, such as the palace of Re Barbaro in Porto Torres or the Roman Amphitheatre of Cagliari. Even from the early Christian and Byzantine epoch there are several testimonies throughout the territory both on the coasts and inside, especially linked to buildings of worship.

A particular development had Romanesque architecture during the Giudicati period. Starting from the Sardinian judges judikes , through substantial donations, had favored the arrival to the island of monks of different orders from various regions of Italy and France. These circumstances favored in turn the arrival to the island of workers from Pisa , Lombardy , Provence and Muslim Spain , giving rise to unprecedented artistic manifestations, marked by the fusion of these experiences.

The cornerstone in the evolution of Romanesque architectural forms was the basilica of San Gavino in Porto Torres. As for military architecture, numerous castles to defend the territory were built during this period. At the beginning of the 14th century date the fortifications and towers of Cagliari, designed by Giovanni Capula.

After their arrival in , the Aragonese concentrated the first realizations in Cagliari ; the oldest Catalan Gothic church in Sardinia is the shrine of Our Lady of Bonaria. In the first half of the fifteenth century a real Gothic jewel was built, the complex of San Domenico, which included the church and the convent, almost completely destroyed during the air raids of , and of which only the cloister remains.

Other works were the churches of San Francesco of Stampace of which only a part of the cloister remains , Sant'Eulalia and San Giacomo. In Alghero in the second half of the fifteenth century the construction of the church of San Francesco and in the sixteenth century of the cathedral began. Renaissance architecture , although poorly represented, includes notable examples such as the installation of the cathedral of San Nicola di Sassari late Gothic but with a strong Renaissance influence , the church of Sant'Agostino di Cagliari designed by Palearo Fratino , the church of Santa Caterina in Sassari designed by Bernardoni, a pupil of Vignola.

On the contrary, the Baroque architecture has found wide prominence, [] interesting examples are the Collegiata di Sant'Anna in Cagliari, the facade of the Cathedral of San Nicola in Sassari, the church of San Michele in Cagliari, as well as the cathedral of Cagliari , Ales and Oristano , rebuilt or modified between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Starting from the nineteenth century, new architectural forms of neoclassical inspiration spread throughout the island. Among the most important figures of this architectural and urban phase is that of the architect from Cagliari Gaetano Cima , whose works are scattered throughout the Sardinian territory.

In the second half of the nineteenth century in Sassari was built the neo Gothic palace Giordano which is one of the earliest examples of revivalism in the island. An interesting realization of eclectic style , derived from the union between revivalist and Art Nouveau models, appears to be the City hall of Cagliari, completed in the early twentieth century.

The advent of fascism has strongly influenced architecture in Sardinia in the twenties and thirties: Numerous findings of the typical statues of the Mother Goddess and pottery engraved with geometric designs testify the artistic expressions of the Pre-Nuragic peoples. Subsequently, the Nuragic civilization produced hundreds of bronze statuettes and the enigmatic stone statuary of the Giants of Mont'e Prama. The union between the nuragic populations and the merchants coming from every part of the Mediterranean led to a refined production of gold artifacts, rings , earrings and jewelery of all kinds, but also votive steles and wall decorations.

In addition to architecture linked to public works, the Romans introduced the mosaics and decorated the rich villas of the patricians with sculptures and paintings. In the Middle Ages , during the Giudicati period, the architecture of the churches were enriched with capitals , sarcophagi , frescoes , marble altars and later embellished with retables , paintings by important artists such as the Master of Castelsardo , Pietro Cavaro , Andrea Lusso, and the school of the so-called Master of Ozieri who was headed by Giovanni del Giglio and Pietro Giovanni Calvano, of Senese origin.

In the nineteenth century and in early twentieth century originated the myths of an uncontaminated and timeless island. Recounted by the many travelers who visited Sardinia in that period, like D. In their works they highlighted the autochthonous values of the agro-pastoral world, not yet homologated to the modernity that was pressing from the outside. Megalithic building structures called nuraghes are scattered in great numbers throughout Sardinia. Italian , which is the official language throughout Italy , is the most widely spoken language today, followed by the island's historical language, Sardinian su sardu.

Sardinian is a distinct branch of the Romance language family: In the regional administration has approved the use of a standardised writing system, the so-called Limba Sarda Comuna , [] in official acts. As a literary language, Sardinian is gaining importance, despite heated debate about the lack of a commonly acknowledged standard orthography and controversial proposed solutions to this problem. The two most widely spoken forms of the language are the Southern dialects, known as Campidanese su sardu campidanesu , and the Northern dialects known as Logudorese su sardu logudoresu , extending almost to the suburbs of Sassari.

The Sardinian language is quite different from the other Romance languages and is homogeneous in terms of morphology , syntax and lexicon , but it also shows a spectrum of variation in terms of phonetics between the Northern and the Southern dialects. Sassarese lu sassaresu and Gallurese lu gadduresu are classified as Corso-Sardinian languages , therefore more akin to the Italo-Dalmatian branch than to the Sardinian one, and are spoken in the north.

In Sardinia there are examples of language islands: Due to the Italian assimilation policies carried out since [] and the ongoing absorption into the Italian culture, over the course of time the once prevalent indigenous languages have been increasingly losing ground to Italian and the process of ongoing language shift has led to their extreme endangerment.

Following the recent growth of the foreign-born population, the presence of other languages, principally Romanian , Arabic , Wolof and Chinese , is expanding in some urban areas. Colourful and of various and original forms, the Sardinian traditional clothes are a clear symbol of belonging to specific collective identities.

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Although the basic model is homogeneous and common throughout the island, each town or village has its own traditional clothing which differentiates it from the others. Sardinia is home to one of the oldest forms of vocal polyphony , generally known as cantu a tenore. In , Unesco classed the cantu a tenore among intangible world heritage. The latter travelled to the town of Bitti in the central mountainous region and recorded the now world-famous Tenores di Bitti CD on his Real World label. The guttural sounds produced in this form make a remarkable sound, similar to Tuvan throat singing.

Another polyphonic style of singing, more like the Corsican paghjella and liturgic in nature, is found in Sardinia and is known as cantu a cuncordu. Another unique instrument is the launeddas. Three reed-canes two of them glued together with beeswax produce distinctive harmonies, which have their roots many thousands of years ago, as demonstrated by the bronze statuettes from Ittiri , of a man playing the three reed canes, dated to BC.

Beyond this, the tradition of cantu a chiterra guitar songs has its origins in town squares, when artists would compete against one another. The most famous singer of this genre are Maria Carta and Elena Ledda. Sardinian culture is alive and well, and young people are actively involved in their own music and dancing.

His programme can be heard on BBC Radio 3. Suckling pig porcheddu and wild boar sirbone are roasted on the spit or boiled in stews of beans and vegetables, thickened with bread. Herbs such as mint and myrtle are used. Much Sardinian bread is made dry, which keeps longer than high-moisture breads. Those are baked as well, including civraxiu , coccoi pintau , a highly decorative bread and pistoccu made with flour and water only, originally meant for herders, but often served at home with tomatoes, basil, oregano, garlic and a strong cheese.

One of the most famous of foods is pane carasau , the flat bread of Sardinia, famous for its thin crunchiness. This flat bread is always made by hand as it gives a different flavor the more you work the dough. After working the dough it will be rolled out in very thin circles and placed in an extremely hot stone oven where the dough will blow up into a ball shape. Once the dough achieves that state it is then removed from the oven where it is then cut into two thin sheets and stacked to go back into the oven.

Alcoholic beverages include many peculiar wines such as Cannonau , Malvasia , Vernaccia , Vermentino , various liquors like Abbardente , Filu Ferru and Mirto. Beer is the most drunk alcoholic beverage, Sardinia boasts the highest consumption per capita of beer in Italy twice higher than national average. Cagliari is home to Cagliari Calcio , which was founded in and play in the Serie A , the Italian first division; it won the Italian Championship in the —70 Serie A season, becoming the first club in Southern Italy to achieve such a result.

Today, home matches are played at the Sardegna Arena. Sassari is home to Dinamo Basket Sassari , the only Sardinian professional basketball club playing in the Lega Basket Serie A , the highest level club competition in Italian professional basketball. It was founded in , and is also known as Dinamo Banco di Sardegna thanks to a long sponsorship deal with the Sardinian bank. Since its promotion in Lega A in , it has been enjoying the support of fans from Sassari and all over Sardinia with full-house matches on every game played at home.

Dinamo Sassari achieved the highest titles in the Italian basketball in , winning the Coppa Italia , the Supercoppa and the Italian basketball championship. Cagliari hosted a Formula race in and on a 2. The rally is held on narrow, twisty, sandy and bumpy mountainous roads in the north of the island.

On the island of Caprera is located the Centro Velico Caprera , that is considered one of the largest school of sailing in the Mediterranean Sea , founded in Part of the Louis Vuitton Trophy was held in the Maddalena archipelago in Vento di Sardegna en: Wind of Sardinia was a sailboat sponsored by the Autonomous Region of Sardinia. Porto Pollo , north of Palau , is a bay well known by windsurfers and Kitesurfers. There is also a restricted area for kitesurf. Many freestyle windsurfers gwent to Porto Pollo for training and saw the finale of the freestyle pro kids Europe contest.

Because of the Venturi effect between Sardinia and Corsica , western wind accelerates between the islands and creates the wind that makes Porto Pollo popular among windsurfing enthusiasts. In view of the 36th America's Cup, scheduled to take place in New Zealand in , Luna Rossa Challenge has chose Cagliari as place for its preparation. Four ski resorts are located on the Gennargentu Range at Separadorgiu, Monte Spada, S'Arena and Bruncu Spina, they are equipped with ski schools, skilifts and ski equipment hire.

Istrumpa's wrestlers participate annually at the championships for Celtic wrestling stiles. In those days, the darts were carved from beech fagus wood and the flights were feathers drawn from the indigenous pollo sultano 'sultana bird' , famed for its spectacular violet-blue plumage. Following an enormous reforestation plan Sardinia has become the Italian region with the largest forest extension. Sardinia is the Italian region most affected by forest fires during the summer. The Regional Landscape Plan prohibits new building activities on the coast except in urban centers , next to forests, lakes or other environmental or cultural sites and the Coastal conservation agency ensures the protection of natural areas on the Sardinian coast.

Renewable energies have increased noticeably in recent years, [] mainly wind power , favoured by the windy climate, but also solar power Carlo Rubbia , Nobelist in physics, is creating an experimental solar thermal energy central and biofuel , based on jatropha oil and colza oil. Sardinia is home to a wide variety of rare or uncommon animals, such as several species of mammals , many of them belonging to an endemic subspecies: Rare amphibians, found only on the island, are the Sardinian brook salamander , brown cave salamander , imperial cave salamander , Monte Albo cave salamander , Supramonte cave salamander and Sarrabus cave salamander Speleomantes sarrabusensis ; the Sardinian tree frog is also found in Corsica and in the Tuscan Archipelago.

Among reptiles worthy of note are Bedriaga's rock lizard , the Tyrrhenian wall lizard and Fitzinger's algyroides , endemic species of Sardinia and Corsica.

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The island is inhabited by terrestrial tortoises and sea turtles like Hermann's tortoise , the spur-thighed tortoise , marginated tortoise Testudo marginata sarda , Nabeul tortoise, loggerhead sea turtle and green sea turtle. A new arachnid species, endemic to the island, has been recently found: Sardinia has four endemic subspecies of birds found nowhere else in the world: It also shares a further 10 endemic subspecies of bird with Corsica.

In some cases Sardinia is a delimited part of the species range. For example, the subspecies of hooded crow , Corvus cornix ssp cornix occurs in Sardinia and Corsica, but no further south. Some birds of prey found here are the griffon vulture , common buzzard , golden eagle , long-eared owl , western marsh harrier , peregrine falcon , European honey buzzard , Sardinian goshawk Accipiter gentilis arrigonii , Bonelli's eagle and Eleonora's falcon , whose name comes from Eleonor of Arborea , national heroine of Sardinia, expert in falconry.

Conversely, Sardinia lacks many species common on the European continent, such as the viper , wolf , bear and marmot. The island has also long been used for grazing flocks of indigenous Sardinian sheep. The Sardinian Anglo-Arab is a horse breed that was established in Sardinia, where it has been selectively bred for more than one hundred years. Three different breeds of dogs are peculiar to Sardinia: In Sardinia there are more than beaches. The geology of the island provides a variety of beaches, for example beaches made of fine sand or of quartz grain.

Along the west coast there are steep cliffs and gentle sandy beaches. The northern east coast near Olbia has a lot of large sandy beaches. The middle of the east coast near Cala Gonone consists of cliffs and caves. And in the south-east coast Villasimius, Arbatax and other villages there are rocky beaches as well as sandy beaches. The island has three national parks: There are 60 wildlife reserves, 5 W. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the region of Italy. For other uses, see Sardinia disambiguation. Location of Sardinia in Europe green and dark grey and Italy green.

The island of Sardinia as seen from the International Space Station.

Catalan Gallurese Ligurian Sassarese. Antiochus of Sulcis Our Lady of Bonaria. History of mining in Sardinia. Some of these are already predictable. How will Italy accommodate the millions of drivers whose skills become obsolete when vehicles are self-driving? Other changes are difficult to anticipate: While it is impossible to prove, we expect that the pressure for Italy to adjust will be somewhat greater inside the monetary union.

This will come both from requirements imposed by European Union members and from Italy's participation in the euro area's integrated capital market. The latter brings benefits, including diversification for both domestic and foreign investors. And the risk premia that it imposes also will impose greater discipline than Italy would experience if it were to cut its financial markets off from the rest of the world. Economic and financial integration of the economies in the monetary union is a clear benefit to all involved.

There is more trade in goods and services, and there is more cross-border lending, borrowing and investing. Aside from enhanced long-run growth prospects, there are other benefits from staying in the euro area. The most important is price stability. From to , the average exceeded 15 percent. Surely, no Italian wants to return to the days of high and very volatile inflation. Now, we realize that the common monetary policy, the easing and tightening of financial conditions by the Governing Council of the ECB, is aimed at stabilizing the entirety of the euro area.

To the extent that future Italian business cycles are not synchronized with those elsewhere, an independent Banca d'Italia with its own currency could, in theory, do a better job of stabilizing Italian growth even if didn't do so before the euro was introduced. But at what long-run cost? Outside the euro area, pressure for structural and fiscal reform would likely be lower.

Since the beginning the electorate of the party has been very diverse on a left-right scale. At the general election , for instance, It is quite difficult to define it in the left-right spectrum because it is variously conservative, centrist and left-wing with regard to different issues. For example, the party supports both liberal ideas such as deregulation and social democratic positions such as the defense of workers' wages and pensions. This is because Lega Nord, as a "people's party" representing the North as a whole, includes both liberal-conservative and social democratic factions.

Generally speaking, the party supports the social market economy and other typical issues of Christian democratic parties [27] and has been described as a "neo- labour party " by some commentators [] and also by some of its members. The party is also libertarian populist in its promotion of small ownership, small and medium-sized enterprise, small government as opposed to governmental bureaucracy , waste of public funds, pork barrel spending and corruption.

According to many observers, under Matteo Salvini the party has lurched to the right, but both Salvini, a former communist; and Luca Zaia insist the party is "neither right nor left" [] [] while Roberto Maroni , another former leftist, stated that "we are a big political movement which has in its platform issues and people of right and left".

The party usually takes a socially conservative stance on social issues, such as abortion, euthanasia , medical embryonic stem cell research, artificial insemination , same-sex marriage although there is an association called Los Padania , where "Los" stands for "free sexual orientation", linked to the party and Lega Nord was once in favour of same-sex marriage [] and drug use although it did once support the legalization of marijuana along with Marco Pannella 's Radicals.

Despite this, the party has been home to some social liberals , namely Giancarlo Pagliarini , Rossana Boldi , Giovanna Bianchi Clerici [] and to some extent Roberto Castelli. In its political programme, the party is committed to the environment , supporting public green areas, the establishment of natural parks, recycling and the end or regulation of the construction of sheds in country areas, especially in Veneto.

In foreign policy, the League has never had a particularly pro-United States stance, although it admires the American federal political system. Through the Associazione Umanitaria Padana , Lega Nord participates in humanitarian projects which are intended to respect local cultures, traditions and identities. The campaigns are carried out in poor countries or in those that have suffered from war or natural catastrophes. The exact program of Lega Nord was not clear in the early years as some opponents claimed it wanted secession of Padania while at other times it appeared to be requesting only autonomy for Northern regions.

The League eventually settled on federalism , which rapidly became a buzzword and a popular issue in most Italian political parties. By , the party switched to open separatism , calling for the independence of Padania. The party's constitution was reformed accordingly and still proclaims at article 1 that the LN's fundamental goal is "the achievement of the independence of Padania, through democratic means, and its international recognition as independent and sovereign federal republic".

In September in Venice, the party unilaterally proclaimed the independence of Padania at which time while reading the Padanian Declaration of Independence Bossi announced:. We the peoples of Padania solemnly declare that Padania is an independent and sovereign federal republic. We mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honour.

The renewed alliance with Berlusconi in forced the party to tone down its separatism and Padania became the name of a proposed "macro-region", based on the ideas of Miglio: This evolution caused some criticism within party ranks and led to the formation of some minor breakaway groups. Lega Nord often criticises the European Union it was the only party in the Italian Parliament, along with the Communist Refoundation Party , to vote against the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe , but it voted in favour of the Treaty of Lisbon [] and opposes what it calls the " European superstate ", favoring instead a "Europe of the Regions".

However, according to Roberto Maroni the party is not Eurosceptic and stands for a "new Europeanism". In a public speech in , he said to party activists: The party takes a tough stance on crime, illegal immigration , [] especially from Muslim countries; and terrorism. It supports the promotion of immigration from non-Muslim countries in order to protect the "Christian identity" of Italy and Europe, which according to party officials should be based on "Judeo-Christian heritage". In , the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance ECRI first denounced the party, saying that "members of Lega Nord made a particularly intense use of racist and xenophobic propaganda, although it should be noted that even members of other parties used a xenophobic or otherwise intolerant political talk".

While noting that those expressing themselvers this way "were mostly local representatives of this party, also some important political leaders of the party at the national level issued racist and xenophobic statements. These talks continued to target mainly non-EU immigrants, but also other members of minority groups such as Roma and Sinti ". The ECRI also recalled that "in December , the court of first instance of Verona found six local representatives of Lega Nord guilty of incitement to racial hatred , in connection with a campaign aimed at ousting a group of Sinti from a temporary camp in the local territory".

Although several LN members speak strongly against illegal immigrants Bossi suggested in opening fire on the boats of illegal immigrants from Africa, whom he described as bingo-bongos ; [] and Giancarlo Gentilini labeled foreigners as "immigrant slackers", saying that "we should dress them up like hares and bang-bang-bang" , [] the party's official line is more moderate.

In a interview after some riots in Milan between South American and North African immigrants, Maroni, then Minister of the Interior, stated that "the police state is not the solution" to integration problems and calling for a "new model of integration" maintained that "we should think that, other than a permit of stay, a job and a house, there are further conditions that today are missing for integration to succeed". Lega Nord rejects all charges of xenophobia, instead claiming that the North is the victim of discrimination and racism.

In an interview with The Independent , Cane said that the League does not include racist or xenophobic members. Although there are almost no official factions within the party, it is possible to distinguish several tendencies or wings. The wing from the province of Varese and more broadly the bulk of the original Lega Lombarda including Umberto Bossi , Roberto Maroni and Marco Formentini has tended to be the left-wing of the party while that from the province of Bergamo notably Roberto Calderoli has tended to be more conservative.

In fact, both Bossi and Maroni hailed from the far-left of the political spectrum, having been active in the Italian Communist Party , il manifesto movement, the Party of Proletarian Unity , Proletarian Democracy and the Greens before starting Lega Lombarda; [] [] and conceived Lega Nord as a centre-left and to some extent social-democratic political force. Since its foundation, Liga Veneta was instead characterised as a liberal, centrist and economically libertarian outfit due to the political upbringing of its early leaders and a more conservative electoral base.

In the early s, the League stole votes especially from the Communists and the Socialists in western and central Lombardy while the party electorally replaced Christian Democracy in eastern Lombardy and Veneto. In Emilia-Romagna , a left-wing heartland, the party has many former Communists in its ranks and many others have Communist upbringings. The League is home also to some issue-oriented groups. First, there is a group of Christian democrats , most of whom are affiliated to the Padanian Catholics, founded by late Roberto Ronchi and currently led by Giuseppe Leoni.

Another leading Catholic is Massimo Polledri. There is a right-wing which is represented mainly by Mario Borghezio , a former Monarchist who is the leader of Christian Padania, which is a key advocate of social conservatism within party ranks and has some links with the traditionalist Society of St.

Third and fourth, the party has always included also a group of libertarians , whose leading members Leonardo Facco , Gilberto Oneto and Giancarlo Pagliarini have since left the party; and an Independentist Unit. Oneto, father of Padanian nationalism ; and Pagliarini were also close to this group. Finally, the party is home to an agricultural wing, which is particularly strong in southern Lombardy , Emilia-Romagna and Veneto and is represented by the Cobas del latte , a farmers' trade union; the Land Movement, whose leader was Giovanni Robusti ; [] and politicians such as Luca Zaia , a former Minister of Agriculture, Fabio Rainieri , one of the leader of Lega Nord Emilia ; and Erminio Boso , a historic and now marginal figure from Trentino.

In October , Lega Nord organised what it called "the first elections to the Padanian Parliament". This is a short resume of the affiliations of leading party members: During the years in government in Rome — , in the party there were different viewpoints on coalitions: This idea was ascribed to the fact that without any support from the left it seemed even more difficult to win the constitutional referendum which would have turned Italy into a federal state.

Similar differences emerged during and within Berlusconi's fourth government — While Calderoli was again a keen supporter of the arrangement, Maroni was far less warm on Berlusconi and at times evoked an alliance with the centre-left Democratic Party. Since , besides the traditional regional divides, the party was increasingly divided among three groups. The first was the so-called "magic circle", that was to say Bossi's inner circle, notably including Marco Reguzzoni , Rosi Mauro and Federico Bricolo. The second was formed around Roberto Calderoli , who was the powerful coordinator of Lega Nord's national secretariats and had among his closest supporters Giacomo Stucchi and Davide Boni.

2018 Italian general election

The third one was led by Roberto Maroni , who tended to be more independent from Bossi and was somewhat critical of the centre-right affiliation of the party; and it included Giancarlo Giorgetti , Attilio Fontana , Matteo Salvini and Flavio Tosi. Roberto Cota , leader of Lega Nord Piemont , the third largest "national" section of Lega Nord, was very close to Bossi and was part of the magic circle, but since his election as President of Piedmont became more independent.

By , maroniani clearly became the strongest faction within the party and Maroni, who was acclaimed at the traditional rally in Pontida in June, became Bossi's obvious successor. After earning resounding victories in the provincial congresses of Verona , Belluno and eastern Veneto during the first half of , maroniani with the support of calderoliani prevailed also in Brescia and Val Camonica , defeating the candidates of the magic circle by landslides.

In the event, Bossi was openly contested by many delegates at the congress and there had been an open vote, maroniani would have won. Since Salvini's rise to leadership in , the party sported the usual regional and ideological divides and especially that between Salvini and Tosi as the former displayed a more populist attitude, strongly opposed the Euro and nominally supported separatism while the latter presented himself as a more centrist figure, supported European integration, was soft on independence and unveiled a liberal program [] for his intended run in a putative " centre-right prime-ministerial primary election ".

Curiously enough, those Venetists did not oppose Salvini's "Italian nationalist" turn. Since , Salvini started to build a network of supporters in central - southern Italy and the Isles with the creation of Us with Salvini , a sister party to Lega Nord. This was broadly accepted by Venetians, but it was increasingly opposed by key Lombard figures, including Bossi, Maroni and Paolo Grimoldi leader of Lega Lombarda , who criticised the LN's right-wing turn and its focus on the South while reclaiming the federalist and autonomist identity of the LN. Fava, who was anti- prohibition of drugs , pro- civil unions for same-sex couples , pro- United States , pro- NATO and anti-National Front "[it] is one of the most centralist and conservative blocs in Europe, what has it to do with us?

For us there are the Lombards, not those of right or left". Finally, reminding Salvini's left-wing roots, he remarked that "those are the origins" and that also Salvini would eventually share his views. The tensions between Salvini and Maroni culminated in latter's decision not to run for a second term as President of Lombardy in On that occasion, Maroni was very critical of Salvini in an interview with Il Foglio.

Support for Lega Nord is diverse even within Padania and has varied over time, reaching an early maximum of That year, the League scored The party got 59 deputies and 27 senators 39 and 19, respectively, in single-seat constituencies , helping the centre-left to win due to its victories in some Northern constituencies characterised by three-way races.

The League won barely all the seats in the provinces of the so-called Pedemontana , the area at the feet of the Prealps , from Udine to Cuneo , encompassing Friuli, Veneto, Trentino, Lombardy and Piedmont. At the general election , Lega Nord scored 8. At the European Parliament election , Lega Nord won At the regional elections , the party gained The general election was not a good moment for the party, which gained meagre results, e.

Five years later, the party obtained its best results ever in the general election: The electoral results of Lega Nord and its predecessors in northern and north- central regions are shown in the table below. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Politics of Italy Political parties Elections. Padanian nationalism and Padanian Declaration of Independence. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. Storie e luoghi delle camicie verdi , il Mulino. The Re-invention of the European Radical Right: Populism, Regionalism, and the Italian Lega Nord.

July , "Di lotta e di governo: Political Institutions in Italy. Retrieved 16 July Territorial politics, populism and 'post-fascism' , Routledge, p. Inside the Radical Right: Il rombo dei connoni? Immigration and the centre-right in Italy. Immigration and Integration Policy in Europe: Why Politics—and the Centre-Right—Matter. Spatial Regression for Electoral Studies: The Case of the Italian Lega Nord. The Re-invention of the European Radical Right. Euroscepticism in Southern Europe: The Case of Italy". In Andrew Linklater; Michael Waller. Political Loyalty and the Nation-State. Identity, Interest, and Strategy.

Retrieved 2 March Archived from the original on 24 September Il libro che la Lega Nord non-ti farebbe mai leggere. Archived from the original PDF on 8 August Retrieved 6 August Il Manifesto di Marine Le Pen". Partiti politici in Italia. L'Italia del tempo presente.

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