Leaders of the Sioux: The Lives and Legacies of Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse and Red Cloud

The Heart of Everything That Is: Chief Red Cloud’s Untold Story, Revealed

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After greeting me in Sioux, he promptly produced his credentials, which consisted of well-worn papers that had been given him by various high military officers, from General William Selby Harney to General George Crook, and were dated to The old man wanted nothing so much as an audience, and the tales of his exploits served to pass the evening.

Army Indian Scouts, and also one of the first to cross the ocean with Buffalo Bill. Burbank while he was visiting the Pine Ridge Agency. Burbank painted more than portraits of Native Americans from tribes. At the time, Blue Horse was eighty years of age and rode each day on his horse to pose for Burbank, who he called "Son of the Shadow-Maker.

He would sit down and smoke a little, short, strong pipe and gossip with the other Indians present; all the time he was talking he would be fanning himself with the wing of a turkey. His face usually was painted red, and he wore all the Indian clothes he had, with a single feather on his head. He was a thorough Indian, and extremely kind-hearted. His principal object in life was to try to make others happy around him. Blue Horse insisted that Burbank paint four portraits of him. Burbank found the girl lying on a pile of blankets dying of consumption and did what he could to comfort her and proposed getting a doctor the next day.

But in the morning Blue Horse rode in and said that his daughter had died during the night. As soon as the body was buried, Blue Horse had the house torn down. Blue Horse told Burbank that he would go to a place one hundred miles distant to visit with some other Indians and forget his troubles. Blue Horse asked Burbank to lend him seven dollars to buy calico for one of his daughter's good friends.

Burbank told him that he was too poor to buy calico for other people. If you will lend me the money I will pay you by posing for you. Blue Horse said his heart was sick and that he wanted to go to Rosebud , about a hundred miles away, where he could see a different country and new faces that would help him to forget as much as possible his grief. Blue Horse pointed to the position of the sun at nine o'clock in the morning.

Blue Horse returned exactly when he said he would and found Burbank painting the portrait of another subject. The old man pointed his finger at Burbank accusingly. Burbank asked him why. This satisfied Blue Horse, and Burbank painted three more portraits of him. Blue Horse invariably dined with Burbank at noon and always had a good appetite. One day, after dinner, Burbank said to Blue Horse: Is it because you cannot eat any more or drink any more coffee.

O, yes, he replied, I could eat more, but I thought the twenty-five cents you paid for my dinner was for just what was placed before me. No, I said, the twenty-five cents pays for all you can eat. Hereafter, if one plate is not enough, ask for more, and drink all the coffee you want. All right, he replied, I will. I also told him to tell his friends this, and suggested that if any white men sitting at his table left anything to eat on their plates before them, that it would be all right for him to gather it up and take it home for his wife and children.

It is needless to say that all the Sioux Indians who patronized that hotel afterward got all that was coming to them. Blue Horse had no money, so he took off his old moccasins and gave them to the Indian trader in exchange for what the little girl craved and he walked home barefooted.

Blue Horse came to Burbank's studio one hot day, fanning himself with a big turkey wing. To pull it loose, he grabbed the other end of the flypaper with his other hand, and soon he was tangled up gloriously. Before I could come to his rescue, he had managed to stick the flypaper on his little dog's back. In no time at all, the pup had dashed around the room, attaching himself to first one object, then another.

The situation was funny to everybody but Blue Horse. Blue Horse was known for assisting white men in distress and swore in the presence of the Great Spirit " Wakan Tanka " that his brown hand had never risen to kill a white man. Blue Horse's friend E. He said that a good many years before a band of Sioux had captured twelve of his comrades and planned to burn them at the stake.

Blue Horse, who lived forty miles distant, heard of their intentions and immediately mounted his horse and rode as fast as he could to where the Indians held the whites captive. The trader said he never saw an Indian or a white man work harder than Blue Horse did that day to save the lives of those twelve men, which he was able to accomplish, and from that time on, he said whenever he met Blue Horse he always gave him money and tobacco in recognition of his aid to white men in distress.

I hope to meet you again, and I raise my pipe above my head and say, Great Spirit, I pray be good to my friend, the Son of the Shadow-Maker. Toward the pine trees, north, cold winds, treat him kindly toward the rising sun, east, great sun shine on his lodge early every morning toward the place where the Shadow-Maker lives, south, bless your son toward the land of the setting sun, west, waft on the breezes our friend this way. Lowering my pipe of peace, I say, Kind Mother Earth, when you receive my friend into thy maternal bosom, hold him kindly let the howl of the coyote, the roaring of the bears and mountain lions, the cold blasts of winds swaying the tops of the pine trees be a sweet lullaby to him, that shaketh the hand of your friend.

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I became very much attached to him. When I left he held my hand in both his and shook it warmly. His heart was too full of emotion to speak a word. He realized that the chances were we would never see each other again. He died several years ago. It made the Indians like one family. Bad Indians could not become Hunka. It was not the white man's way of teaching. Sometimes many Indians camped together to perform the ceremony. Then there were good times.

Samenvatting

This was usually in the summer time. The winter was not a good time for the ceremony, because food was not plenty during the winter. When many Indians gathered together for the ceremony, the old men counseled and the young men played games. The women provided plenty to eat. The children were happy and were never hungry. The young people made lover. Many sought a vision, and talked with the spirits. The good spirits attended such gatherings.

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The bad spirits also come. The Lakotas here practiced this ceremony for many years. It was not always the same. The shamans first learned how to perform it right. These shamans became Oglalas. The other Lakota learned how to perform it from the Oglalas. Other Indians are Hunkas, but they are not full Hunkas like the Oglalas.

The young people do not become Hunka now. It is of no use to them. The old people do not pay attention to the Hunka now. The Hunka are not what they were in old times. Some old Indians could perform the ceremony right. An old Indian who wears the gee string and leggings could perform it. He might be afraid to talk like the Indians did before they lived on a reservation. It would not be right to teach the young Indians what was taught to the Hunka in old times. There are some secret things taught to a Hunka.

These secrets are not good now. They are not about the spirits. The spirits will not come now. These are the spirits of the skies of the Earth, of the clouds, of the Thunder, of the land of pines, of the coming light of the sunset of the south, of the winds, of the waters, of flying things, of the beasts, of the insects, and of the spider.

There are bad spirits also. There are ghosts and the man from the land of the pines. One spirit is stronger than another. One spirit is chief, and can influence all other spirits. These spirits come no more to the Indians of the reservation. It involved things that would not be allowed now. The Oglala did not think these things were wrong, but the white people do.

For example a Hunka was taught how to steal horses and steal women from other Indians than Lakota. We Indians have our White Cow traditions and brave deeds. Let us wait, my friend, and see who gets there first. Blue Horse was one of the major leaders of Colonel Fred T.

Wilson, the health officer for the exposition, reported an incident involving Blue Horse and his wife, Council Fire Woman. The squaw of Blue Horse tumbled over in a faint one afternoon and she was carried into her tepee. The Indians said she was dead. I applied restoratives and in a little while she was alright. Now Blue Horse is a big civil chief in the Sioux Nation, and his wife is of some consequence in Sioux society. So when the Indians saw her come back to life after apparent death, they gave me credit for having worked a miracle. Blue Horse himself believed it and circulated the story.

Wilson was conferred an honorary degree of medicine man and given the name of "He-Wakes-Them-Up" in a great ceremony at the council house. McKinley died eight days later. On Sunday morning, September 15, , President McKinley's casket was closed and the honor guard placed the casket into a hearse. The procession moved through a vast throng to the Buffalo City Hall where the body, lying in state, was viewed by one hundred and fifty thousand people. Toward the end of the afternoon, Indians from the exposition, in their blankets and feathers, followed by their squaws filed by.

A few hours before they had sent a wreath of purple astors accompanied by the inscription: The martyred Great White Chief will stand in memory next to the Savior of mankind. We loved him living, we love him still. The Louisiana Purchase Exposition , informally known as the "St. They considered it their sacred territory—where they came from. Tribal leaders have been descendants of Red Cloud, the leader of the Oglala Sioux, who was considered their leader until he died in His son, Lyman, was supposed to take over as leader, but died two weeks later. I have heard there is now a vacuum in terms of their spiritual figurehead.

Quite a few still do. Though some also attend school outside of the reservation and marry outside, there are still grandchildren and great-great- grandchildren living there. Well, there were so many things that surprised me. For example, we have the Alamo, the Battle of Big Horn and the Fetterman fight, which somehow had gotten lost in the mists of time.

Another was old Jim Bridger, the self-taught trapper and explorer. He and Red Cloud lived almost parallel lives on this vast continent. During this period mapmakers described the vast interior of the country as the great American desert. But during their lifetimes we annexed Texas, fixed the Canadian boundary, defeated Santa Ana and took over many of the western and northwestern states. All of a sudden we were becoming a nation, and at the same time Red Cloud was in charge of what whites considered a nation.

So it was inevitable that these two nations were going to clash. And this was witnessed by Jim Bridger and Crazy Horse, among others of the period. I wonder to this day why he is not up there in the pantheon of Western pioneers. It still continues in the courts today, because we broke so many treaties. So why did two white guys think they could write about the history of American Indians?

What drew you to the story of Red Cloud? Do they still live on the Pine Ridge reservation?

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What surprised you the most in your research? Peanut Has Indigenous Roots. The Sioux retreated further, but faced a United States army again in The survivors were forced to move to a small reservation on the Missouri river in central South Dakota. There, on the Crow Creek Reservation their descendants still live today.

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The Colorado War began in and was primarily fought by American militia while the United States Army played a minor role. Under orders to take no prisoners the militia killed an estimated men, women, and children, mutilating the dead and taking scalps and other grisly trophies of battle. Government that they would be safe in the territory they were occupying, but anti-Indian sentiments by white settlers were running high.

Later congressional investigations resulted in short-lived U.

Following the massacre the survivors joined the camps of the Northern Cheyenne on the Smokey Hill and Republican rivers. There the war pipe was smoked and passed from camp to camp among the Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho camped in the area and an attack on the stage station and fort, Camp Rankin at that time, at Julesburg on the South Platte River was planned and carried out in January, Following the first raid on January 7, troops under the command of General Robert B. They found the camp on the Republican River occupied by the tribes only after they had left.

The bulk of the natives then moved north into Nebraska on their way to the Black Hills and the Powder River but paused to burn the telegraph station on Lodgepole Creek then attacked the station at Mud Springs on the Jules cutoff. There were 9 soldiers stationed there, the telegraph operator and a few other civilians. The Indians began the attack by running the stock off from the station's corral along with a herd of cattle.

Alerted by telegraph, the Army dispatched men from Fort Mitchell and Fort Laramie on February 4, about men in all. Arriving on February 5 the first party of reinforcements of 36 men found themselves facing superior forces, estimated to number warriors and with two men wounded were forced to retreat into the station. The second party of troops under the command of Colonel William Collins , commandant of Fort Laramie, arrived on the 6th and found themselves facing to 1, warriors. Armed with Spencer repeating rifles the soldiers were able to hold their own and a standoff resulted.

After about 4 hours of fighting the war party left and moved their village to the head of Brown's Creek on the north side of the North Platte. Collins' forces were soon reinforced by 50 more men from Fort Laramie who had towed a mountain howitzer with them.

With a force of about men Collins followed the trail of the Indians to their abandoned camp at Rock Creek Spring, then followed their plain trail to the south bank of the North Platte at Rush Creek where they encountered a force of approximately 2, warriors on the north side of the river. An inconclusive fight followed and the decision was made to abandon pursuit of the war party. In his report Colonel Collins correctly predicted that the party was en route to the Power River Country and would continue to raid along the North Platte.

His estimate of Indian casualties during the two engagements was to , many more than reported by George Bent a participant in the war party. In the spring of , raids continued along the Oregon trail in Nebraska. January 27, while a brisk northwest wind was blowing the army fired the prairie from Fort McPherson to Denver.

In Major General Grenville M. Dodge ordered a punitive expedition against the Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes that lived in the Black Hills region. Connor was placed in command with hundreds of regular and volunteer soldiers at his disposal. Connor divided his force into three columns, the first was under Colonel Nelson Cole and was assigned to operate along the Loup River of Nebraska. Kidd , would march up the Powder River. Only minor skirmishing occurred until August 29, when Connor's column of about men encountered about Arapahos of Chief Black Bear in the Battle of the Tongue River.

That morning Connor's men charged and captured a village and routed the defenders who counterattacked unsuccessfully. A few days later a small party of soldiers and civilian surveyors was attacked by the Arapaho in what became known as the Sawyers Fight , three Americans were killed and it marked the last skirmish of the Powder River War.

Due to increasing demand of safe travel along the Bozeman Trail to the Montana gold fields, the US government tried to negotiate new treaties with the Lakota Indians who were legally entitled to the Powder River country, through which the trail led, by the Treaty of Fort Laramie. Because the military sent simultaneously two battalions of the 18th Infantry under the command of Colonel Henry B. Carrington to establish new forts to watch over the Bozeman Road, the Indians refused to sign any treaty and left Fort Laramie determined to defend their land.

Smith in the summer of His strategy, based on his orders from higher headquarters, was to secure the road, rather than fight the Indians. At the same time Red Cloud and the other chiefs soon became aware that they were unable to defeat a fully defended fort, so they kept to raiding every wagon train and traveling party they could find along the road. Young eager warriors from the Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes formed war parties who would attack woodcutting parties near the forts as well as freight trains to cut their supplies.

Crazy Horse from the Oglala, Gall from the Hunkpapas and Hump from the Miniconjous were the best known ones among them.

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