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This became known as the "talking cure. After this new line of study, Freud returned to his hometown in and opened a practice that specialized in nervous and brain disorders.
He found that hypnosis didn't work as well as he had hoped. He instead developed a new way to get people to talk freely. He would have patients lie back on a couch so that they were comfortable and then he would tell them to talk about whatever popped into their head. Freud would write down whatever the person would say, and analyze what they had said.
This method of treatment is called free association. In , Freud coined the term psychoanalysis. This is the treatment of mental disorders, emphasizing on the unconscious mental processes.
It is also called "depth psychology. Freud also developed what he thought of as the three agencies of the human personality, called the id, ego and superego. The id is the primitive instincts, such as sex and aggression. The ego is the "self" part of the personality that interacts with the world in which the person lives.
The superego is the part of the personality that is ethical and creates the moral standards for the ego. In , Freud broke ground in psychology by publishing his book " The Interpretation of Dreams. If it wasn't released physically, the mind's energy would be discharged through dreams. The book explained Freud's belief that dreams were simply wish fulfillment and that the analysis of dreams could lead to treatment for neurosis.
He concluded that there were two parts to a dream. The "manifest content" was the obvious sight and sounds in the dream and the "latent content" was the dream's hidden meaning. In , he published " The Psychopathology of Everyday Life ," which gave life to the saying "Freudian slip. They are caused by the "dynamic unconscious" and reveal something meaningful about the person.
In , Freud became a professor at the University of Vienna. Soon, he gained followers and formed what was called the Psychoanalytic Society. Groups like this one formed in other cities, as well. He also developed the theory of the "Oedipus complex. Another of Freud's controversial sexual theories was talked about in his lecture titled "Femininity. Freud is often joked about for his propensity to assign everything with sexual meaning.
A likely apocryphal story is that, when someone suggested that the cigars he smoked were phallic symbols, Freud reportedly said, "Sometimes a cigar is just a cigar. Elms in a paper published in in the Annual of Psychoanalysis. He delivered lectures on his newly-formulated theories to small audiences at the lecture hall at the university and his works generated considerable amount of interest among a small group of Viennese physicians.
The International Psychoanalytical Congress.
He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate by Clark University in Massachusetts, which attracted widespread media attention and the interest of one prominent personality, James Jackson Putnam, a renowned American psychiatrist. After a couple of discussions with Freud, Putnam was convinced that his work represented a significant breakthrough in the world of psychology in the United States. By then a dozen of institutes were established by his followers around the world in Russia, Germany, France, America, Canada, Switzerland and Poland etc. After the end of World War I, he spent less time in clinical research and focused on the application of his models in the fields of history, literature and anthropology.
His departure however, was a long and painful process, mired by the Nazis. His passport was confiscated, but with the support of his followers, he escaped the talons of Nazi brutality and left Vienna for London, with his wife and his daughter, Anna.
After a couple of discussions with Freud, Putnam was convinced that his work represented a significant breakthrough in the world of psychology in the United States. Breuer would hypnotize her, and she was able to talk about things she could not remember in a conscious state. Within a month, however, her depression had turned into mania and insomnia. Anna, one of his daughters, went on to become one of his greatest supporters who helped him carry out his research in his later years. Marc marked it as to-read Apr 21, For most of his life, he was raised in Vienna, and he was married there in to Martha Bernays.
Early in his career, he became greatly influenced by the works of his Viennese friend, Josef Breuer, with whose assistance he discovered that when a hysterical patient was asked to talk uninhibitedly about a certain trauma or pain, the symptoms of hysteria would eventually abate. It also revealed that behavior of patients could not be elucidated without reference to ideas or thoughts of which they had no cognizance.
His perspectives on women stirred unexpected controversy during his lifetime and continue to evoke considerable debate even today.
He was also criticized for his views on describing women as inferior to men. Although the initial print runs for the book was very low, it later went on to become one of the most widely read books and seven more editions of the same were published later. The original text, written in German, was later translated to English and re-published in The book went on to become one of the greatest scientific classics of the 20th century and was published in English, in To date, the publication is considered one of his greatest works and is often referred to by modern-day psychoanalysts.
This three-way account of the human mind furthered the development of psychoanalysis and was published on April 24, He was awarded the Goethe Prize in for his contributions to psychology and German literary culture. He married Martha Bernays in and the couple had six children. Anna, one of his daughters, went on to become one of his greatest supporters who helped him carry out his research in his later years.
He had to endure 33 painful surgeries in an attempt to remove the cancer. He was an early user of cocaine and believed that it abated mental and physical problems. He frequently suffered from bouts of depression, migraine and nasal inflammation which he combatted by consuming cocaine. He passed away in London, after being administered doses of morphine thus putting an end to his pain and suffering. This was given to him as a result of the overgrowth of the cancer in his mouth, which was declared inoperable after 33 surgeries.
Three days after his death, his body was cremated.