Bilingual Book in English and Turkish: Mouse - Fare (Learn Turkish for kids 4)
Contents:
Regarding the locative events, the bilingual is supposed to express the any locative relationship without any difficulty in both languages. Regarding the level of competency, the bilingual is supposed to complete certain degree of education and be able to pursue social contact to the both languages. The names and the cities of the bilingual schools are given as follows: In all four schools the medium of instruction is Danish but the students also have compulsory Turkish language courses in every year for three hours a week.
The bilingual informants have been selected from the 6th grade and above, which means that students are 13 years or above see Table 1. The reason for choosing from this specific grade is that the bilinguals should have completed certain degree of Turkish so that they are able to read, write and understand the instructions.
As for their Danish proficiency, the bilingual in the 6th grade and above simply implies that the language proficiency level as being at the same level at the monolinguals. Table 2 summarizes some key data about the bilingual informants. Table 3gives a survey on the use of both languages by the bilinguals. Language choice in bilingual informants Always: As can be seen from Table 3, the daily use of Danish is more frequent than Turkish, which is understandable as they attend to a school where the medium of instruction is Danish and as they live in Denmark where Danish language and culture is omnipresent.
Therefore, the use of Turkish is relatively larger than Danish at home. See Table 4 for the language use by bilingual informants. Language use of bilingual informants Both Danish Turkish In which language do you express yourself best? In order to see the differences between monolinguals and bilinguals, monolingual native informants were asked to participate in the same questionnaire. Unfortunately the average age is quite high in native Danish speakers in comparison to bilingual informants and native Turkish informants2.
The age range of native Danish informants spans between 21 to 60 years. However, as long as the native speakers are concerned, the number is more important than the age since nativeness is the top priority. Data collection Data for the linguistic background is gathered via a questionnaire form. The Questionnaire form developed for eliciting data on the language use, personal information and the engagement of language activities in daily basis and in general.
The questionnaire form also notified the informants on the confidentiality of information and the instruction about the procedure of the next step. However, the version used here is reduced to 32 pictures. The need for a shorter questionnaire derives from the need to collect data from bilinguals in two languages; pictures would have been too much for the bilingual target group, it consumed too much time. The teachers in Danish schools were put in lockout, which indirectly affected the participation of the students in native Danish students from the volunteering primary schools to take the questionnaire.
All of the sessions previously arranged for data ellicitation were unfortunately cancelled. The elicitation for the bilinguals took place in the schools during the Danish and Turkish lessons as a part of course task. The informants were first shown the pictures via the use of projector. During the elicitation the language teacher and me, as the researcher were present. Voluntariness from the students is requested by the teacher and involuntary students were asked to do some other reading activities while the elicitation took place.
The informants were informed about the confidentiality both in the questionnaire form and by the teacher. The elicitation from bilinguals took place in one session with two parts; in the first part the bilinguals answered the picture questionnaire in Danish and in the second part they were asked to answer it once more in Turkish with the same sequence of display.
Read The trespasser PDF. This study aims to contribute to this less studied second group with a comparative analysis of two languages, namely Turkish and Danish, which play the two ends of the dichotomy mentioned in motion event typology as Turkish is the verb-framed language and Danish is the satellite-framed language. Our chatty little plants Basil, Rosemary and the sisters think they know some stuff, but when it comes to animals they know nothing. Bilinguals cannot at the same time use similar structures in both languages they speak and remain congruent in their languages use to the norms of monolingual or predominantly monolingual speaker populations of the two languages. Learn Greek Series Price: Europe's Nuclear Power Experiment:
It took 20 to 25 minutes on average for each part and minutes for the whole session. The native informants answered an online version of the same picture questionnaire which has instructions in three languages, namely as Turkish, English and Danish. Write in one or two, if necessary FULL sentence. The questionnaire included 16 pairs of scenes which makes 32 pictures with different positions and location.
Via the changing positions and locations, primary and secondary locative states are also differentiated so that motion for static locative events can be observed as well. Data analysis Once the data is collected, each and every sentence was typed into Excel so that each component of the sentences can be tagged and statistically analyzed. All of the components of the scene descriptions such as locative adpositions, locative object, adverbials, converbs, and resultatives are tagged.
Each informant is coded and assigned to one of the three groups; bilingual, native Danish and native Turkish. Throughout the whole research, statistical frequency analysis and qualitative analysis of exemplary scene descriptions are carried out. Since the number of verbs to describe static locative relationships is limited in a language, the diversity of locative verbs can be easily calculated once the total number of possible matches are collected and counted.
Once measured, the value for each group in a dataset ranges between 0 and 1. The closer the value is toward 1 the less diverse it is and if it is more closer to 0, then it means that the dataset is rather diverse. Location Events Traditional grammar tackles sentence basically as two main items. One is subject and the other is the predicate.
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The role of the predicate is to modify the subject. From a cognitive semantic point of view, the sentence or the main clause requires two main items, namely as the Figure and the Ground. Throughout the study, the two terms will be written with a capital to mark their role in the data. These two terms are defined by Talmy a: For this study, the Figure is basically the inanimate static object that is aimed to be modified with such a predicate that expresses its locative relation to the Ground.
Therefore in this section, the locative predicate will be analyzed with all of its components under three major units as: Lastly the Adpositions will be analyzed as the two languages, Danish and Turkish, uses different adpositions to express the spatial information about the locational relation between the Figure and the Ground. Danish makes use of prepositions while Turkish makes use of postpositions to express the spatial information. A diversity index is a quantitative measure that reflects how many different types such as species there are in a dataset.
At the same time, it also takes measures the evenness of the basic entities as well as their distribution among the similar types. For a given number of types, the value of a diversity index is maximized when all types are equally abundant. Table 6 displays the frequency analysis of the questionnaire data with diversity index.
The grater the X value is the higher Y,the number of types increases. As can be seen in Table 6, the native Danish is more diverse than native Turkish, which is quite understandable as Danish is a satellite framed language and Turkish is a verb-framed language. However, bilinguals of the both languages seem to vary dramatically as compared to their native counterparts. Though the number of the types of verbs is greater than the native Danish speakers, bilingual speakers are less diverse to in the use of static locative verbs in Danish, while they are more diverse in their use of static locative verbs in Turkish.
It suggested in this study that this is because of an inter-lingua state, which confluences the static locative verbs in both languages. The bilingual speaker opts for conflating manner with verb in Turkish, while detaching it in Danish.
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The analysis will unfold in two sections as Danish locative verbs and Turkish locative verbs. In each section first the native use of the locative verbs are presented and then the bilingual use is analyzed regarding the differences between them and the native informants. Danish static locative verbs Like Dutch Lemmens , Danish has a small set of verbs for basic locative construction. And they express a subjective resultative state, which is a result of the previous event, in the finite verb according to Nedjalkov and Jaxontov The copular BE can also be used interchangeably, but it lacks the manner and it sets a direct link between the Figure and the Ground.
Some other verbs are used by the native speakers of Danish in the questionnaire data, but they possess lower frequency in usage see Figure 1. The following examples 5 , 6 , 7 and 8 illustrate the most frequent locative verbs in Danish by the native informants for questionnaire data: Figure 1 illustrates the frequency of the verbs used in the picture questionnaire by the native Danish use.
And Table 7 displays the most frequent locative verbs the native speakers use for each given scene and displays the difference between the native and bilingual choice of locative verbs in Danish. The use of copular BE is quite high with a number of 51 out of , scoring Resultatives in the locative predicate.
Allan et al Therefore, it is highly normal for native use to have higher use of ligge. Table 7 illustrates the distribution of locative verbs across the scenes in the picture questionnaire with a comparison of their bilingual counterparts. The distribution of pictures across Danish Locative verbs and the bilingual use locative verbs picture bilingual locative verbs 1. In the following example in 9 is the native response to the Picture 1 and the bilingual responses in the examples 10 and DEF The key is in the keyhole.
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DEF The key is lying in the doorlock. As can be seen from the examples above and the Table 7 and Figure 2, bilinguals prefer a neutral default verb, copular BE, which lacks manner and does not provide any locational information regarding the relationship between the Figure and the Ground. It bridges a direct locative relation between the Figure and the next eminent constituent of the locative predicate, like the prepositional phrase, the resultative or the adverbial which becomes more salient in the locative predicate for further discussion and examples, see the Locative resultatives and locative prepositions, following.
More interestingly, that the bilingual informants responded with some locative verbs which require an animate agent in the subject role for the Figure or a voice change from active to passive for the inanimate subject, see the examples 12 and 13 for bilingual use and 14 for its native use: PTC up on Wall. The past participle form of kliste differentiates between the arguments and modifies the verb with objective resultative, in which the Figure entity is the patient rather than the agent. The copular marking with the marker —DIr5 is optional. The use of the —DIr form of the copula has a generalizing effect.
And when used solely for expressing copula, it is generally omitted see Lewis Though asked for a direct description of a particular static subject and state action, the native speakers generally used zero marked copula as in example The copular marking for third person singular and plural is optional. The absence of a person marker hence expresses the 3rd person singular in Turkish predicates. Therefore, all of the Turkish predicates in the picture questionnaire data do not mark any person marking as third person singular and plural is not marked.
And only the use of generalizing copula marker —DIR is used to marked third person singular however it is omissible, that is to say it is optional to use it especially with the locative case — DA, which in a way functions as a copula in static locative expressions.. The Figure entity does not need to touch the path on the larger or longer surface.
Compare the two examples 19 for Picture 2 and 20 for Picture 3. CONT The computer mouse is standing in a hanging form. Table 9 illustrates the range of the positions that are most frequently expressed by the locative verb dur- and copular locative case —DA with their bilingual counterparts. The bilingual informants for questionnaire data prefer not using a posture verb to indicate the action of the static objects in the picture as can be seen in Figure 5. Therefore, even though the question Ne yapiyor? Generally, when the Ground is marked with a case, especially the locative case —DA, it ends up as the predicate in bilingual use.
Therefore, it is mostly used as copula in bilingual Turkish. However, bilingual use of dur- has a more postural static meaning. Examples in 24 and 25 illustrate the postural use of dur- by bilinguals.
CONT The mop is sitting on the floor. Nedjalkov and Jaxontov classifies these types of states as the subjective resultatives as they are intransitive and in progressive form. In the native use, the calques are not expressed in the finite verb but mainly in the non-finite verb see 4.
Moreover, the bilinguals seem to render the voice modifications in the finite verb with the progressive aspect. They finite verb is modified with intransitivizing suffix — I l, whereas the same type of voice modification is rendered in the non-finite verb by the native Turkish informants. Examples in the 29 , 30 and 31 illustrate the voice modifications bilinguals carried out in the finite verb with a progressive aspect, and 32 expresses the native rendering of the voice modification.
CONT The key is swinging in the keyhole. CONT The pillows are leaning against each other on the armchair. CONT The blanket is standing hanged on the chair. Such configuration of intransitived action verb in progressive form does not express a state in native Turkish as it is not a durative verb but a terminative one.
Besides it requires the direct observation of the agent which is required to be animate as the Figure entity is the patient of the verb in progressive and passive form. On the other hand, in the example 32 , the intransitivizing suffix — I l is attached to non-finite verb, of which the agent of the main verb dur- is the patient. In general, the main difference between the bilingual and the native use is that the bilinguals express the state as a subjective resultative verb whereas the natives use the objective resultative.
Lastly, as a marker of the subjective resultative, Figure 6 shows the frequency of subjective resultative finite verbs in bilingual and native Turkish: The frequency of subjective resultative finite verbs in bilingual and native Turkish As can be seen in Figure 6, the native speakers express resultative state in the non-finite verbs but not in the finite verb. The resultatives in in the non-finite verbs as in 28 describes the manner of the locative verb.
However, bilinguals express the manner in the finite verb just like many other verb framed languages like Danish and Swedish. As our picture questionnaire data consists of double pictures of the same entities with changing postures, it provides relevant data to express the previous event and its impact on the state of the action.
It returned with important data on the interference of the previous event and the actual static event. As Nedjalkov and Jaxontov And in the previous section in Locative verbs, it has been shown that Danish is quite diverse in this type of resultative states, which are called subjective resultatives by Nedjalkov and Jaxontov According to Allan et.
In the Table 10, the frequency of objective resultative constructions for static location by native Danish is illustrated.
Bilingual Book in English and Turkish: Mouse - Fare (Learn Turkish for kids 4) - Kindle edition by Colin Hann, Pedro Páramo, Selen Bozkurt Demiray. Download . Bilingual Book in English and Turkish: Mouse - Fare (Learn Turkish for kids 4) eBook: Colin Hann, Pedro Páramo, Selen Bozkurt Demiray: www.farmersmarketmusic.com
The participles in the examples 33 , 34 and 35 are the three most frequent resultatives used for the scene descriptions in picture questionnaire. In other words, the direct object becomes the subject on the syntactic surface level while the relationship between the agent and the patient is back-grounded as the source of information is not explicitly known.
Bilingual Book in English and Turkish: Mouse - Fare by Colin Hann
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