The Makers of Scotland: Picts, Romans, Gaels and Vikings

Scotland & the Scottish Diaspora

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Early Medieval Govan

This is a history of the North Britons from Roman times to the Norman period. For more information about this book click here. The Makers of Scotland: A history of Scotland in the first millennium AD, from the eve of the Roman invasion to the age of Macbeth. Home About this site My books.

Heart of the Kingdom Early Medieval Govan. My book on the kingdom of Strathclyde. My book on the North Britons. My book about the Picts. My book about early medieval Scotland. Their heads were much broader and round. They were relatively tall, pale skinned and some had red hair. It is thought by many scholars that a union between these two peoples resulted in the creation of the pre-Celtic stock eventually loosely called "Picti" by the Romans and "Cruithne" by the Celts.

The Orkney Islands became a stone fortress with its many stone settlements, which gave their name to this culture. By the time Rome became a world empire, the Orcadians were recognized by Rome as a sea power. Excavations have determined these people were a slim, swarthy Caucasian race, with long, narrow heads. The link these early inhabitants to their Iberian ancestors can be found in the many spiral pattern grooves cut into the rocks and boulders of this northern land and which can also be seen in Spain. Farming arrived in Scotland about 4, BC and replaced the nomadic way of life.

The Greeks sailed out in to the Atlantic and hugged the European coast. They discovered new lands and peoples. They sailed around Britain and called the people in the north " Albiones. The first historical reference to the Picts was in AD, when they were mentioned as enemies of Rome. Many historians assumed that the Picts were simply another Celtic tribe. Although it is quite probable there was considerable Celtic stock in some of the southern tribes in the loose federation of tribes which eventually made up the Pictish Empire, it is the opinion of many historians that the Picts north of the Firth of Forth were made up mostly from the earlier, pre-Celtic people of northern Britain.

However, when a Roman fleet drove deep into the "Caledonian" homeland in AD, they encountered "Orcadian s" who voluntarily allied themselves with Rome against the Caledonii. The Picts had a tradition that they were descended from Scythians who fled before the Sarmatian onslaught which brought about their destruction as an Empire.

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The Picts and Scythians had many similarities, so there must have been considerable contact, if not intermingling, between their societies. The Picts were of short stature and dark complexion. They were a fierce disciplined race with formidable military skills. No one knows when the Picts arrived in Scotland, or whether they were there all the time. It is acknowledged that the Celts flourished in what is now Austria while the Scythians were still forming their Empire on the eastern Steppes, and were greatly influenced by their eastern neighbours. History records that St.

They left ornate symbol stones and advanced practices of art and culture as well as a formidable military.

Vikings in Galloway

Unfortunately, their form of the Gaelic language was much different from that of the Scots, Irish, or Welsh, and with no written history, little else is known. The Saxons in northern England at first kept clear of them, but as they began to drift northwards, the Saxons encountered these northern people and were defeated by them in a major battle in AD.

Some Scottish Highland clans claim direct descendency from the Picts. The Gregor clan is universally recognized as the senior member of this group. The term 'Celt' is a generic term encompassing many 'sub races' i. The Celts, the word is derived from the Greek word "Keltoi" the name given to these people by the Greeks, were dominant in northern and western Europe during the rise of the Roman Empire.

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They were the first race to use the long sword and small shield in Europe. In Scotland, they developed a language with two distinct variants, in the north and in the south, with the firth of Lorne dividing the two. A nomadic people whose culture spread from Eastern Europe to Iberia Spain. As a warrior culture, it was a Celtic army which nearly destroyed Rome in her early days and thus forever made themselves an unforgivable enemy of Rome.

There were also a race of Celts in Ireland who the Romans called Hibernii. The Romans never invaded "Hibernia" or "Ireland" as they considered the risk of fighting off these ferocious Celts was not worth it. Therefore, they were free to develop and raid Roman provinces in southern Britain. The various Celtic tribes were bound together by common speech, customs, and religion, rather than by any well defined central governments.

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The absence of political unity contributed substantially to the extinction of their way of life, making them vulnerable to their enemies. They were being pressured in the east by the Teutonic races who were themselves being pressured by others. Their economy was pastoral and agricultural, and they had no real urban way of life. Each tribe was headed by a King, and was divided into classes: Hundreds of years before Christ, the Celts built hill forts all over Britain as tribal warfare became a way of life. They also built artificial islands called Crannogs for shelter against wild animals and invaders.

These were small circular huts, built on wood pilings over a pond or other body of water for protection.

The Makers of Scotland: Picts, Romans, Gaels and Vikings - T. J. Clarkson - Google Книги

To better protect themselves, the Celts built fortified towers called Brochs. These 'Gaels' originally came from Spain, and were ambitious, quarrelsome, and cunning, even more so than the Picts. They crossed the narrow channels into Britain, at first in raiding parties known to the Romans as 'Scotti'. Scots entered Scotland in large numbers via Ireland about AD.

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These Gaels gave Scotland its Gaelic language, and many of its older clans claim pure Gaelic descent from the original clan O'Neil. Some Scottish Highland clans claim descent from the original O'Neil rulers of Dalriada, and the servants of Saint Columba, among them, the powerful Clan Chattan confederacy. The Scots were ambitious, quarrelsome, and fierce fighters. Their association with the Picts was a love-hate relationship; at times they would cooperate to beat off common enemies, at other times they would be at each others' throats.

Kenneth united the domains of the two rival races, although he managed to effectively replaced Pictic with Irish Gaelic.

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