La familia del Sol: 0 (Literatura) (Spanish Edition)

Miguel de Cervantes

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During the last nine years of his life, Cervantes solidified his reputation as a writer, publishing Novelas ejemplares Exemplary Novels in , Viaje del Parnaso Journey to Parnassus in , and Ocho comedias y ocho entremeses and the second part of Don Quixote in The probable date of his birth was determined from records in the church register, given the tradition of naming a child after the feast day of his birth.

The register of baptisms records the following:. His paternal grandfather, Juan de Cervantes, was an influential lawyer who held several administrative positions. His uncle was mayor of Cabra for many years.

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His mother, Leonor de Cortinas, was a native of Arganda del Rey and the third daughter of a nobleman, who lost his fortune and had to sell his daughter into matrimony in This led to a very awkward marriage and several affairs by Rodrigo. Little is known of Cervantes' early years. It seems he spent much of his childhood moving from town to town with his family, eventually enrolling in The Imperial School , a Jesuit educational establishment for boys in Madrid.

While it has been speculated that he studied at the University of Salamanca , there is no evidence supporting it.

Based on the high praise of the Jesuits in the Dialogue of the Dogs , there has been speculation that Cervantes also studied with them, but again there is no evidence. The reasons that forced Cervantes to leave Spain remain uncertain.

Possible reasons include that he was a "student" of the same name, a "sword-wielding fugitive from justice", or fleeing from a royal warrant of arrest, for having wounded a certain Antonio de Sigura in a duel. In Rome, he focused his attention on Renaissance art, architecture, and poetry — knowledge of Italian literature is discernible in his work. He found "a powerful impetus to revive the contemporary world in light of its accomplishments". He was there for about a year before he saw active service. In September , Cervantes sailed on board the Marquesa , part of the galley fleet of the Holy League that, under the command of John of Austria , the illegitimate half brother of Spain's Phillip II , defeated the Ottoman fleet on 7 October , in the Battle of Lepanto.

Though taken down with fever, Cervantes refused to stay below; he demanded to take part in the battle, saying he would rather die for his God and king than keep under cover. He fought and received three gunshot wounds—two in the chest and one which rendered his left arm useless.

In Journey to Parnassus he was to say that he "had lost the movement of the left hand for the glory of the right" referring to the success of his writing Don Quixote. Cervantes recounted his conduct in the battle with pride: After the Battle of Lepanto, Cervantes remained in hospital in Messina , Italy, for about six months, before his wounds healed enough to allow his joining the colours again. On 6 or 7 September , Cervantes set sail on the galley Sol from Naples to Barcelona , with letters of commendation to the king from the Duke of Sessa.

Cervantes led a middle-class life after his return to Spain. Like almost all authors of his day, he was unable to support himself through his writings. This led to his imprisonment for a few months in Seville after a banker with whom he had deposited Crown funds went bankrupt.

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Since Cervantes says that Don Quixote was "engendered" in a prison, that is presumably a reference to this episode. He also worked as a tax collector, travelling from town to town collecting back taxes due the crown. He applied unsuccessfully for "one of four vacant positions in the New World", one of them as an accountant for the port of Cartagena. At the time he was living in Valladolid, then briefly the capital — , and finishing Don Quixote Part One, he was presumably working in the banking industry, or a related occupation where his accounting skills could be put to use.

He was turned down for a position as secretary to the Count of Lemos , although he did receive some type of pension from him, which permitted him to write full-time during his final years about to His last known written words — the dedication to Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda — were written, he tells us, after having received Extreme Unction.

He died in of type II diabetes. He suffered bankruptcy and was imprisoned at least twice and for irregularities in his accounts. In , Cervantes settled in Madrid, where he remained for the rest of his life. Cervantes next turned his attention to drama, hoping to derive an income from that source, but his plays failed. Cervantes himself realized that he was deficient in poetic talent. If a remark which Cervantes himself makes in the prologue of Don Quixote is to be taken literally, the idea of the work though hardly the writing of its First Part, as some have maintained occurred to him while in jail.

The intrusion of everyday speech into a literary context was acclaimed by the reading public. The author stayed poor until January , when the first part of Don Quixote appeared. Don Quixote has been regarded chiefly as a novel of purpose. Don Quixote certainly reveals much narrative power, considerable humour, a mastery of dialogue, and a forceful style. In , he published a collection of tales, [28] the Exemplary Novels , [13] some of which had been written earlier.

La Familia del Sol

The picaroon strain, already made familiar in Spain through the Picaresque novels of Lazarillo de Tormes and his successors, appears in one or another of them, especially in the Rinconete y Cortadillo. At the same time, [13] Cervantes continued working on Los Trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda , a novel of adventurous travel , completed just before his death, [28] and appearing posthumously in January Cervantes died in Madrid on 22 April [31] and was buried the next day, 23 April.

This is the best explanation for the intense thirst he complained of. The cirrhosis was not caused by alcoholism; Cervantes was too productive, especially in his final years, to have been an alcoholic. In accordance with Cervantes' will, he was buried in the neighbouring Convent of the Barefoot Trinitarians , in central Madrid. A project promoted and led by Fernando de Prado began in to rediscover his remains. In January , it was reported that researchers searching for Cervantes' remains had found part of a casket bearing his initials, MC, at the convent.

Francisco Etxeberria, the forensic anthropologist leading the search, said: The team had identified 33 alcoves where bones could be stored. On 17 March , it was reported that Cervantes' remains had been discovered, along with those of his wife and others, at the Convent of the Barefoot Trinitarians. Clues from Cervantes' life, such as the loss of the use of his left hand at age 24 and the fact that he had taken at least one bullet to the chest, were hoped to help in the identification. Historian Fernando de Prado had spent more than four years trying to find funding before Madrid City Council had agreed to pay.

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DNA testing would now be carried out in an attempt to confirm the findings. On 11 June , the remains of Cervantes were given a formal burial at a Madrid convent, containing a monument holding bone fragments that were believed to have been the author's. The city mayor Ana Botella and military attended the event.

Don Quixote spelled "Quijote" in modern Spanish is two separate volumes, now nearly always published as one, that cover the adventures of Don Quixote de la Mancha, a hero who carries his enthusiasm and self-deception to unintentional and comic ends. On one level, Don Quixote works as a satire of the romances of chivalry , which, though still popular in Cervantes' time, had become an object of ridicule among more demanding critics.

The choice of a madman as hero also served a critical purpose, for it was "the impression of ill-being or 'in-sanity,' rather than a finding of dementia or psychosis in clinical terms, that defined the madman for Cervantes and his contemporaries. Because the novel, particularly the first part, was written in individually published sections, the composition includes several incongruities.

Cervantes pointed out some of these errors in the preface to the second part; but he disdained to correct them, because he conceived that they had been too severely condemned by his critics. Cervantes felt a passion for the vivid painting of character. Don Quixote is noble-minded, an enthusiastic admirer of everything good and great, yet having all these fine qualities accidentally blended with a relative kind of madness.

He is paired with a character of opposite qualities, Sancho Panza , a man of low self-esteem, who is a compound of grossness and simplicity. Don Quixote is cited as the first classic model of the modern romance or novel, and it has served as the prototype of the comic novel. The humorous situations are mostly burlesque, and it includes satire. Cervantes intended his novels should be to Spanish nearly what the novellas of Boccaccio were to Italians.

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