Goverment versus The People

Government Versus The People

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Related topics Sovereignty Theories of political behavior Political psychology Biology and political orientation Political organisations Foreign electoral intervention. A unitary state is a state governed as a single power in which the central government is ultimately supreme and any administrative divisions sub-national units exercise only the powers that the central government chooses to delegate. The majority of states in the world have a unitary system of government.

Of the UN member states , are governed as unitary states. A federation also known as a federal state is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing states or regions under a central federal government.

In a federation, the self-governing status of the component states, as well as the division of power between them and the central government, is typically constitutionally entrenched and may not be altered by a unilateral decision of either party, the states or the federal political body. Alternatively, federation is a form of government in which sovereign power is formally divided between a central authority and a number of constituent regions so that each region retains some degree of control over its internal affairs.

A confederation also known as a confederacy or league is a union of sovereign states, united for purposes of common action often in relation to other states. Usually created by a treaty , confederations of states tend to be established for dealing with critical issues, such as defense, foreign relations, internal trade or currency, with the general government being required to provide support for all its members.

A society without a publicly enforced government or political authority.

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Anarchy is a situation where there is no state. When used in this sense, anarchy may [3] or may not [4] This can be a natural, temporary result of civil war in a country, when an established state has been destroyed and the region is in a transitional period without definitive leadership. Democracy, meaning "rule of the people", is a system of government in which the citizens exercise power directly or elect representatives from among themselves to form a governing body, such as a parliament.

Democracy is sometimes referred to as "rule of the majority". Democracy is a system of processing conflicts in which outcomes depend on what participants do, but no single force controls what occurs and its outcomes. Oligarchy, meaning "rule of the few", is a form of power structure in which power rests with a small number of people. These people might be distinguished by nobility , wealth , family ties , education or corporate , religious or military control.

Such states are often controlled by families who typically pass their influence from one generation to the next, but inheritance is not a necessary condition for the application of this term. Variant of democracy; government in which the people represent themselves and vote directly for new laws and public policy. Variant of democracy; wherein the people or citizens of a country elect representatives to create and implement public policy in place of active participation by the people.

Variant of democracy; a form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of liberalism. It is characterised by fair, free, and competitive elections between multiple distinct political parties , a separation of powers into different branches of government , the rule of law in everyday life as part of an open society , and the protection of human rights and civil liberties for all persons. To define the system in practice, liberal democracies often draw upon a constitution , either formally written or uncodified , to delineate the powers of government and enshrine the social contract.

After a period of sustained expansion throughout the 20th century, liberal democracy became the predominant political system in the world. A liberal democracy may take various constitutional forms: It claims that fostering a progressive evolution of capitalism will gradually result in the evolution of capitalist economy into socialist economy. Social democracy argues that all citizens should be legally entitled to certain social rights.

These are made up of universal access to public services such as: Social democracy is connected with the trade union labour movement and supports collective bargaining rights for workers. Contemporary social democracy advocates freedom from discrimination based on differences of: Variant of democracy; refers to a system of government in which lawfully elected representatives maintain the integrity of a nation state whose citizens, while granted the right to vote, have little or no participation in the decision-making process of the government. Variant of democracy; where citizens are able to vote for their government but cannot participate directly in governmental decision making and where the government does not share any power.

Variant of democracy; government in which the state is governed by randomly selected decision makers who have been selected by sortition lot from a broadly inclusive pool of eligible citizens. These groups, sometimes termed "policy juries", "citizens' juries", or "consensus conferences", deliberately make decisions about public policies in much the same way that juries decide criminal cases.

Demarchy, in theory, could overcome some of the functional problems of conventional representative democracy , which is widely subject to manipulation by special interests and a division between professional policymakers politicians and lobbyists vs.

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According to Australian philosopher John Burnheim , random selection of policymakers would make it easier for everyday citizens to meaningfully participate, and harder for special interests to corrupt the process. Rule by the nobility; a system of governance where political power is in the hands of a small class of privileged individuals who claim a higher birth than the rest of society. Rule by the wealthy; a system wherein governance is indebted to, dependent upon or heavily influenced by the desires of the rich.

Plutocratic influence can alter any form of government. For instance, in a republic, if a significant number of elected representative positions are dependent upon financial support from wealthy sources, it is a plutocratic republic. Rule by the strong; a system of governance where those who are strong enough to seize power through physical force, social maneuvering or political cunning. Rule by military service; a system of governance composed of military government in which the state and the military are traditionally or constitutionally the same entity. Citizens with mandatory or voluntary active military service or who have been honorably discharged have the right to govern.

Therefore, stratocracy is not to be confused with " military junta " or " military dictatorship ". The Spartan city-state is a historical example; its social system and constitution were completely focused on military training and excellence. Stratocratic ideology often attaches to the honor-oriented timocracy.

Rule by the honourable ; a system of governance ruled by honorable citizens and property owners. Socrates defines a timocracy as a government ruled by people who love honour and are selected according to the degree of honour they hold in society. This form of timocracy is very similar to meritocracy , in the sense that individuals of outstanding character or faculty are placed in the seat of power. Rule by the meritorious; a system of governance where groups are selected on the basis of people's ability, knowledge in a given area, and contributions to society.

Rule by the educated or technical experts; a system of governance where people who are skilled or proficient govern in their respective areas of expertise in technology would be in control of all decision making.

Doctors, engineers, scientists, professionals and technologists who have knowledge, expertise, or skills would compose the governing body instead of politicians, businessmen and economists. Rule by the intelligent; a system of governance where creativity, innovation, intelligence and wisdom are required for those who wish to govern. Rule by the wise; a system of governance in which decision making is in the hands of philosophers.

Rule by a religious elite; a system of governance composed of religious institutions in which the state and the church are traditionally or constitutionally the same entity. Rule by various judges, the kritarchs ; a system of governance composed of law enforcement institutions in which the state and the legal systems are traditionally or constitutionally the same entity.

The kritarchs, magistrates and other adjudicators have the legal power to legislate and administer the enforcement of government laws in addition to the interposition of laws and the resolution of disputes. Not to be confused with " judiciary " or " judicial system ". Somalia , ruled by judges with the tradition of xeer , [10] as well as the Islamic Courts Union , is a historical example. Rule by a dominant political party or parties. Rule by the proletariat , the workers, or the working class. Examples of ergatocracy include communist revolutionaries and rebels which control most of society and create an alternative economy for people and workers.

See Dictatorship of the proletariat. Rule by social connections; a term invented by the editorial board of the American technology magazine Wired in the early s. A portmanteau of Internet and aristocracy, netocracy refers to a perceived global upper-class that bases its power on a technological advantage and networking skills, in comparison to what is portrayed as a bourgeoisie of a gradually diminishing importance.

The netocracy concept has been compared with Richard Florida 's concept of the creative class. A dictatorship where power resides in the hands of one single person or polity. That person may be, for example, an absolute monarch or a dictator , but can also be an elected president. The Roman Republic made dictators to lead during times of war; but the Roman dictators only held power for a small time. In modern times, an autocrat's rule is one that not stopped by any rules of law, constitutions , or other social and political institutions.

Examples of dictators include: A dictatorship primarily enforced by the military. Military dictators are different from civilian dictators for a number of reasons: Military leaders often rule as a junta, selecting one of them as the head. A politically unstable and kleptocratic government that economically depends upon the exports of a limited resource fruits, minerals , and usually features a society composed of stratified social classes , such as a great, impoverished ergatocracy and a ruling plutocracy, composed of the aristocracy of business, politics, and the military.

Henry in Cabbages and Kings , a book of thematically related short stories derived from his — residence in Honduras , where he was hiding from U. Rule by banks; [15] a system of governance with excessive power or influence of banks and other financial authorities on public policy-making. It can also refer to a form of government where financial institutions rule society. Rule by corporations; a system of governance where an economic and political system is controlled by corporations or corporate interests. Examples include company rule in India and business voters for the City of London Corporation.

Rule by nephews; favouritism granted to relatives regardless of merit ; a system of governance in which importance is given to the relatives of those already in power, like a nephew where the word comes from. In such governments even if the relatives aren't qualified they are given positions of authority just because they know someone who already has authority. Pope Alexander VI Borgia was accused of this.

Rule by the stupid; a system of governance where the worst or least-qualified citizens govern or dictate policies. Due to human nature being inherently flawed, it has been suggested that every government which has ever existed has been a prime example of kakistocracy. Rule by thieves; a system of governance where its officials and the ruling class in general pursue personal wealth and political power at the expense of the wider population.

In strict terms kleptocracy is not a form of government but a characteristic of a government engaged in such behavior. Examples include Mexico as being considered a "narcokleptocracy", narco-state since its democratic government is perceived to be corrupted by those who profit from trade in illegal drugs smuggled into the United States. Rule by the crowd; a system of governance where mob rule is government by mob or a mass of people, or the intimidation of legitimate authorities. As a pejorative for majoritarianism , it is akin to the Latin phrase mobile vulgus meaning "the fickle crowd", from which the English term "mob" was originally derived in the s.

Ochlocratic governments are often a democracy spoiled by demagoguery , " tyranny of the majority " and the rule of passion over reason; such governments can be as oppressive as autocratic tyrants.

Public University vs. Private College

Ochlocracy is synonymous in meaning and usage to the modern, informal term "mobocracy". A regime type where power is not vested in public institutions as in a normal democracy but spread amongst elite groups who are constantly competing with each other for power. By the end of the s, only about a quarter of Americans felt that they could trust the government at least most of the time. Trust in government rebounded in the s before falling in the early to mids. But as the economy boomed in the late s, confidence in government increased.

Judges vs the people: Government ministers resigned to losing appeal against High Court ruling

But the rise in government trust was short-lived — by the summer of , the share saying they could trust the government had tumbled 22 percentage points. Amid the war in Iraq and economic uncertainty at home, trust in government continued to decline. Since Barack Obama took office in , higher shares of Democrats than Republicans have expressed trust in government. Since the s, trust in government has been consistently higher among members of the party that controls the White House than among the opposition party.

However, Republicans are much more reactive than Democrats to changes in political power. During the eight years of George W. Average trust among Democrats, by contrast, has remained more stable throughout the George W. Bush and Obama years. While the falloff in Republican trust in government between the Bush and Obama administrations has been striking, it continues a pattern that has persisted for decades. This near-doubling from the start of the year crossed party lines: But this spike in confidence was short-lived.

As Bush began his second term in , trust in government continued to be deeply divided along partisan lines. After Obama took office, Republican trust in government — already quite low — sank further. The bitter debate over the debt ceiling in eroded Democratic trust in government. Since then, trust in government has fluctuated, but the levels of government trust today are about the same as they were in fall Trust in government differs only modestly between demographic groups.

No more than about a quarter in any group trusts the federal government just about always or most of the time. Young people are somewhat more likely than older adults to say they can trust the federal government. S enior backbenchers and peers suggested that she could now be forced to call an early general election if she wants to proceed with her plans.

The Government immediately said it would appeal to the Supreme Court after the judges declared that Mrs May does not have the power to bypass MPs by relying on the Royal Prerogative to trigger Article 50 and begin the two-year period of separation negotiations with Brussels. They are now preparing an Act of Parliament, meaning that both the Commons and the Lords will be able to debate, amend and vote on Article 50 before it is triggered, potentially delaying the process for months. Government sources have told The Telegraph that the need for an Act of Parliament will delay Brexit by as much as a year, meaning Britain will not now leave the bloc in Lord Justice Sales is a close friend of Tony Blair, the former prime minister who campaigned for Remain and wants a second vote on Britain's EU membership.

Lord Thomas co-founded a Europhile legal group. Mr Duncan Smith said:

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