Al lugar donde fuéredes (Spanish Edition)

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Ther is also another difference twixt the articles The and A, viz. Proper names are incapable of these articles. But from this general rule few are excepted, as goood better best, bad worse worst, little lesser least. Adjectifs which end in ous admit of Comparatifs and Superlatifs onely by the [Page 48] Words m [ Others terminat in n, as Man men, Woman women, Oxe Oxen, hose hosen: We com now to the Pronouns, so called because they stand somtimes for Nouns; we will take them in their degrees, and begin with the Persons, I, tho [ Thine also stands for a Possessif of it self to a question, as Whose land is that?

Thine; cuya a tierra es aquella? The Plural of thy thine is you yours, which are also Possessifs. But the Spanish nor the Italian and French hath not this distinguishing feminin Possessif, but useth su and suyo for both. What and Whose are Interrogative [Page 54] Pronoun, and so are the foresaid which and wh [ VErb is one of the most principal and necessary parts of Speech: A Verb in English as in Spanish and all other languages hath 3. Tenses or distinctions of times the Present-tence, as I pray or do pray; the time past, as I prayed or did pray; the Future or time to come, as I shall or will pray.

Ther are in English, as in other languages, fower cadences and Conjugations of Verbs: Som in ink, as to d [ Among which Verbs it is to be noted, that the Monosyllable Verbs come from the Dutch, the other from the French. Therfore being so useful 'tis requisit they shold be here declin'd at large; and first of I have, because it is also auxiliary to I am. I shall or will have, thou shalt or wilt have, he shall or will have: Oh that I had, oh that thou hadst, oh that he had: If or in case that I have, if or in case thou hast, if or in case he had: God grant I be, God grant thou be, God grant he be: God grant we be, God grant ye be, God grant they be.

Wold God I were, wold God thou werst, wold God he were: Seeing that I am, seeing that thou art, seeing that he is: Although I be, although thou be, although he be: But in Spanish estoy serves to make a Paffif as often as soy, as shall be noted in the Spanish Grammar. We have hitherto treted of the principal parts of Speech, we will now proceed to the rest, and first of.

Adverbs are either of quantity as much much [ Interjections are either of mirth, as ha ha ha; or of grief, as Ah, alas, woe is me, hay ay de mignay de mi; or of rejection, as fie, fy-fy, ba; or of scorn, as tu [ Conjunctions are call'd so because [ Som are severing as but [ The period is the entire whole sentence, and is Note [ Ther is also a Parenthesis which is two hal [ Ther is likewise a Circumflect which is us'd whe [ And lastly, ther is an Apostrophe when a [ GRamatica es el Arte de Letras, como la palabra Griega [ Los Vocales son 5.

E la segunda letra Vocal, se pronuncia en Ingel [ Quando e precede d por concluyr una diction ella pierde a vezes el sonido con un Apostrofo, como tyred cansado, se pronun [ I se puede llamar una letra amfibola, porque annque sea voc. Mas en la postrera sylaba delante de n ella pierde su sonido, como en devotion, compassion, person: Delante de doble [ Prisciano dize que ciertos lugares en Italia no tenian o mas u en sulugar, y en otros lugares no tenian u, sino o en su [ Agora passaremos a los Dipthongos Ingleses, y por ser compuestos de los Vocales es bien razon que precedan a los cons [ En Griego tambien [ F tiene la honra de hazer uno de los mas altos tonos en la Musica, y que es mas, de ser la primera letra de la mas alta virt [ Leemos que el Frigio Infante, del qual el Rey Tolomeo se servia por sober qual lengua era la mas natural al genero umano, produzia primero Bec, que significa Pan en aquel lenguaje: Mas los antiguos Bretones en Ingalatierra tienen que m es la primera letra que haze juntar los labios, porque [ S aunque sea llamada la letra serpentina a causa de su chifladura, y tambien por su figura; toda via ella chifla mansamente contra las enzias: Aviendo tradado de los Elementos de Hablat, [ Sylaba es parte de palabra la qual rende un sonido [ El Polacco tiene a vezes diez Consonantes s [ Vocablos tambien terminantes en able sean de 3.

Los Nombres propios son incapazes destos articulos. Agora de las partes cada una de por si.

Llegamos ahora alos Pronombres, llamados assi porque suplen algunas v [ Los Plurales de my y mine son our ours, los quales son tambien possessivos. Thine tambien es possessivo de si mesmo a una pregunta, como whose land is that? Los Plurales de thy thine son your yours, que son Possessivos de si mesmos. EL verbo, es una de las mas principales y necessarias partes de una lengua: Otros en ace, com [ Cuyos Participios terminan en ing y orne, como bearing, shearing, tearing, borne, shorne, torne.

Tambien se ha de notar que los Participios del Tiempo presente terminan en ing, y del Tiempo preterito end, por lo mas, en todos verbos Ingleses, ec [ Si yo oviesse, si tu oviesses, si el oviesse: Como yo fuere, como tu fueres, como el fuere: Aunque yo sea, aunque tu seas, aunque el sea: Adverbio es palabra sin nombre que se junta con [ Mas los Adverbios por la mayor [ Las Preposiciones inseparables no exprimen nad a sin [ Conjunciones se llaman assi porque ata [ Otras son Disjunctivas, como nor, neither ni; ni yo ni vos, nor I nor you: La lengua Inglesa [ Ay tambien l [ HE may be siad to do his Mother Toung a good office, who makes her the more docible and easy to be learnt by Forreners: Now, ther is not any thing which tends more to the easy attaining of a Language, and to allure a stranger to the study therof, as when the writing and pronunciation of words do both agree.

The French finding lately this inconvenience, have garbled their Toung of such letters; and under favor as we imitat the French in all things els it may well becom the English to follow him in this; to which purpose these few rules may serve. That in such words as end in eare the e shold be omitted, as Beare bear, feare fear, deare dea [ In those words which end in tt, the late [ As also most words ending [ Ther is a Maxim in Logic, that Frustra fit per plura, qucd fieri potest per pauciora, More is too much when fewer will serve: They say abroad, that none write better Latin then the English, and none pronounce it worse; This proceeds principally from the odd prolation of i, which all other Nations pronounce like ee, as Nisi neesee, tibi teebee; which the English doth not iu many words, and hee shold not do amisse to frame his mouth in pronouncing Latin after that sound.

An affirmatif being held more noble then the negatif. The Warre which beganne in Bohemia, foretolde by that fatall Comete in the yeare, The War which began in Bohemia, foretold by that fatal Comet in the yeer, In this short Exampel ther are above Now, as ther was a hint given before, He doth his native Toung a good office, who finds a way to spread her abroad, and make her better known to the world. With a Discours containing the Perambulation of Spain and Portugal; which may serve for Directions how to travel throuh both Cuntres.

She bears the name of the first in one of her Appellations, for somtimes she calls her self Romance, as habla vm Romance, do you speak Spanish? So the Cantabrians or Biscayners are of Spain; in so much that when any of that Countrey is to be made Knight of any of the three habits, ther is no scrutiny made of his Gentility, or whether he be cleer of Morisco bloud, as is us'd before others are dubb'd. The first is b which often degenerats into v, as Barba remojada medio rapada, A Beard wetted is half shav'd: The fift is ll, which is pronounc'd as in French like ll in fille, the second l turning into i, as En casae llena presto se guisa la cena, In a full house Supper is soon dress'd; where llena is pronounc'd as if it were liena: The seventh is u, which often degenerats into a Consonant in Spanish, as in all other Languages and then she hath a different clos'd caracter, as v: And I have observed, that a guttural pronunciation is the mar [ This Article el becomes somtimes le at the end of a word, and so is ranvers'd: The Spaniards have a peculiar mode of speking to one in the second person, using this Article el and le insteed of vos you; for they hold vos you, to be a mean manner of speking, and use it towards their Inferiors, and is little better esteem'd then tu thou; as Si el hardesto, if you will do this: Insomuch that the Spaniard herein is higher in complement then the French or Italian, who commonly use you; in lieu wherof the Spaniard useth frequently the third person hee and him, shee and her.

But el is often o [ In other cases except the Nominatif le is us'd, as Yo le digo, I tell you, wheras the tru sense is, I tell him.

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I drink to you: I writ to you lately. It comes also very often before and after Verbs, and then somtimes it is a Relatif, somtimes Demonstratif, as lo digo a VM. Tengo de hazer lo de buena gana, I will do it willingly. THer are in Spanish, Nouns masculins, and Nouns feminins: Som end in Vowels, viz. But most Noun Substantifs in Spanish end in one of these Consonants d, l, n, r, s, x, y, z: Som terminat in l, and they also have the accent in the last syllable, and the Plural in es, as animal animales, a living creture; b [ And for the most part Sub [ Som Substantifs end in y, and they also have their Plurals in es, as ley the law, leyes; rey a King, reyes; buey an ox, bueyes.

Herby it appeers that the Plural of all Spanish Substantifs end in s, and som Singulars end so, but they are very few. The Spanish Adjectifs have two terminations, one masculin in o, which changeth into a feminin, as virtuoso virtuosa: This abridgment holds also in tanto and quanto, before Adjectifs and Adverbs, and somtimes before Substantifs, as tan rico so rich, tan glorioso so glo [ The Spaniards have a peculiar Idiom, to use que tanto for quanto in Inter [ Possessif Neuters are made of the Pronouns, lo mio, lo tuyo, lo suyo, lo nu [ Lo poco que le pago, The little which I pay him.

Harto enough, is somtimes an Adverb, as Ay harto, si no ay demasiado, Ther is enough, if ther be not too much. THe Spanish is more copious for Diminutifs then other Languages: Observe that this word ciento a hundred, being to be put before a word it loseth the last syllable to, as cien millones a hundred millions, cien soldados a hundred Soldiers, not ciento soldados: Vos us'd in Spanish in speking to a person is held as mean as thou: The Pronoun de si himself, hath no Nominatif nor Plural, and is delcin'd thus:.

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What will become of mee? Mismo or mesmo my self, is us'd after all the three persons through all the cases, adding s to the Plural. Ella she, and ellas they, are declin'd after the same manner.

Mio Mine, tuyo thine, suyo his, nuestro ours, vuestro yours, with their feminins in a, are call'd Pronouns Possessifs; but before a Substantif they turn to mi, tu, su, as mi capa my cloke, tu guante thy glove, su libro his book. Lo, being put before mio, tuyo or suyo, make them a kind of Substantifs, as mi cuydado es de guardar lo mio, my care is to keep mine own: Cuyo and cuya whose, are Pronouns possessifs, but the Italian and French have none such, and [Page ] commonly they are put before Interrogatifs, as cuya ropilla es esta, whose coat is this?

Cuyo and cuya are also us'd as Relatifs in the middle of sentences, as guay aquel hijo cuyo padre va al Parayso, Wo be to that son whose father goes to heven: Ther are Demonstratif Pronouns, as este or esta this, esse or essa that same, aquel or aquella hee, shee or that: The Pronouns este and esse are joyn'd often to otro, and then the e is lost, yet they never use the note of Apostrophe, as estotro hombre this other man, estotra muger this other woman: Ther are two Pronouns which have no singular number, viz. Ther are three other Pronouns Relatifs, viz.

Que hath no Plural, as quien and qual have, as quien es aquel hidalgo, who is that Gentleman? Qual hath los or las before it in the Plural, as Las donzellas las quales yo saludava, the maids which I saluted: Me and te serve Ve [ Se comes also before or after Verbs, as el se va, hee goes away: Deve algo para pascua, y hazerte se ha la quaresma corta, Borrow mony to be paid at Easter, and Lent will seem short unto thee.

Ther is also another mixture 'twixt se, me and te, and le and lo doth associat often with them, as quien eres que tu te me vendes por tan discreto, who art thou that makest thy self so wise? WEE are com now to the Verbs, which may be calld the ligaments or great arteries which tie words and sentences together: Ther are in Spanish three Conjugations of Verbs, the first in ar, the second ending in er, and the third in ir: But yo estoy relates most properly to som local posture, or the being in som place, as yo estoy a pie, I am a-foot; yo estava entonces en Lisbona, I was then in Lisbon.

Estar is much us'd in salutation, and in reference to health, as como esta mi padre, how doth my father? Observe that tengo serving for auxiliary, makes the Participle and the thing to agree in nomber, as Los donayres que yo tengo contados son graciosos, The jests that I have related are plesant: Spanish Verbs have their tern inations in ar, er or ir: They in ar are of the first Conjugation, they in er of the second, and they in ir of the third; wh [ The Verb entiendo is properly to understand, as Dios me de contienda con quien me entienda, God send mee to have to do with him who understands mee: According to Entender all other regular Verbs of the second Conjugation may be form'd.

This Verb Servir to serve, doth properly signifie to serve or obey, as Servir a la mesa, to serve at the table. Somtimes to avail, as de que sirve todo esso, [Page ] what purpose serves all this? The Spanish Toung is full of Irregular Verbs, wherof I shall instance here in the most principal, by giving the chiefest and radical Tenses of them: For their inflections at length, I refer the Lerner to larger Grammars, the design of this being Brevity. Yr is taken in divers senses, as como le va, how goes it with you?

And oftentimes the Article coms between the Pronoun and the Verb, as Embiarte la he, making as it were but one word I shall or must send her unto thee; in lieu of te la embiare. The Spaniards have but one Gerund terminating alwayes in do. In the first Conjugation it is formed of the Infinitif Moo [ Som other Verbs change i before the Infinitif r into n, as morir to dye, muriendo dying; dormir to sleep, durmiendo sleeping. Cerca nere, de of, antes before, acerca touching, [ Observe that tanto quanto com alwayes before Verbs or Substantifs, tan quan before Adjectifs or Adverbs; as no tengo tanto seso como vos, I [Page ] have not so much brain as you: These three Adverbs mas, muy, mucho serve to make Comparatifs of Positif Adjectifs, as rico rich, masrico more rich, muy rico very rich: No no not, ni neither, aun no no not yet, tampoco [ Ea, vaya well then, ther then; ea pues, ora pues, or a sus, sus, arasus, well well, let it pass, let us on: Primeramente in the first place, principalmente chiefly, Imprimis; de nuevo again, al fin, finalmente, al cabo lastly; item item, de tras behind, a la postre late or lag behind, adelante, delante before; entre tanto in the mean while, mientras while.

Para que why, to what end? Iuntos, iuntamente together; en uno, a la par, a las parejas equally, in one; entrambos, ambos, ambos ad [ Por and para do both signifie For, but the first relates commonly to the efficient and final cause, and para relates to the profit or damage of a person, as por amor de Dios, for Gods love; yo muero por ti, I dye for thee; para quien es esta casa, for whom is this house?

Araada sobre el Duero para mi la quiero, Aranda upon the Duero I'le have her for my self: Therfore ther is a Spanicism that para comigo signifies in my behalf, para consigo in his behalf: The Preposition cabe near, comes alwayes before the Accusatif case, as sientese VM. Ther are also Rational Prepositions, as assi que so that, es a saber, conviene a saber, viz. INterjections are certain words which express the motions or alterations of the mind, according to the accidents that happen, signifying either joy or grief, fear, anger or wonder, as o bueno, hala, gala, o good, o brave; ay, hay de mi alas; guay, guay de mi wo is mee; amargo de mi, desdichado de mi, wretched, unfortunat that I am: Iesus, vala me Dios, Jesus, God deliver mee: The third is the local Adverb [Ay] and that hath an accent over the [y] and is pronounc'd as two syllables, as quien esta ay, who is there?

Ay esta mi padre, my father is ther. Hulano es muy hombre de bien, such a one is very honest. En cuero hath the like sense: This word cabo an end, is us'd diversly, as Estoy al cabo del negocio. I understand the busines; rico por el cabo, extremely rich; al cabo estoy, no me diga mas, I know your meaning speak no more. I cannot remember who you are: This Verb dar to give, is us'd diversly, as dar el para bien to congratulat: The Verb estar to bee or stand, is variously us'd, as Estoy en ello, I understood the busines: The Verb hazer to do, is us'd diversly, as haze frio 'tis cold, haze calor 'tis hot, haze sol 'tis cleer.

Ninguno joyns with Adjectifs, as obra de una es obra de ninguno, the work of one is the work of none: Recado or recaudo is as general a word as any that's us'd in the whole Spanish toung, somtimes it signifies a Message, yo voy con un recaudo, I go with a message: Llueve a cantaros, it rains by whole buckets: Granada in Roman and Gothic times had been the seat of a bishopric, the memory of which had been preserved in the fifteenth century by a series of titular bishops.

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Isabella had the felicitous idea of reviving it in the shape of an archbishopric and bestow- ing it on Talavera. He consented, but, desiring to avoid all appearance of cupidity, insisted that the revenues assigned to it should be moderate, and they were fixed at 2,, maravedis considerably less than those of Avila.

He speedily gained the hearts of his flock, devoting his labor and his revenue to the relief of suffering and the practical exemplification of the gospel precepts. The true Christianity which he so faithfully represented won the affectionate veneration of the Moslem and rendered abundantly successful the work of conversion which was the object of his life. Many came spontaneously to ask for baptism ; the alfaquies themselves listened willingly to him as he ex- pounded Christian doctrine ; he had houses in which he preached and taught to all who sought instruction and he not only caused his missionaries to learn Arabic but he himself in his old age acquired it sufficiently for his purposes and composed an elementary grammar and 1 Ibid.

Avila was one of the poorer Spanish sees, with an income of about ducats. The revenue assigned to Granada was a little over , but by it had increased to 10, Marinsei Siculi de Rebus Hispan. We hear of the Moors of Caspe, an important town in Aragon, turning Christians in ; in the dis- trict of Teruel and Albarracin, which subsequently was noted as the most defiantly obstinate of the Moorish re- gions, in a mosque was converted into the church of the Trinity and in the whole population became Christian, at least for the time.

Already, in , a letter of Ferdinand, January 28th, to the in- quisitor-general, shows that in Valencia the Inquisition was arrogating to itself jurisdiction over the Moors and 1 Marmol Carvajal, p. Mufioz, Diario Turo- lense, ano Boletfn, , p. It was therefore a flagrant abuse of authority when the tribunal of Valencia undertook to prevent the wearing of Moorish garments and sent officials to Serra to arrest some women for disobedience.

They were not recognized by the people and were maltreated while the women were conveyed away, whereupon the tribunal adopted the arbitrary measure of seizing all the inhabitants of Serra who chanced to t come to Valencia, so that the place was threatened with depopulation an excess of zeal which the king reprimanded, ordering greater moderation to be observed in future. The ringleaders in the resist- ance to the officials, after three years' incarceration, were condemned to confiscation and banishment, leading to considerable correspondence in , in which Ferdi- nand showed a commendable desire to mitigate the harsh- ness of the inquisitors.

He manifested the same dispo- sition towards the Moorish aljama of Fraga, which was concerned in the confiscation of a certain Galceran de Abella, and also towards the Moors of Saragossa who became involved with the Inquisition there by reason of harboring a female slave who had escaped from Borja. We have no records as to his proceedings in Granada against the Moors, baptized or unbaptized, but his perse- cution of the Archbishop Talavera and his family, on the most absurd and extravagant charges of being engaged in a plot to convert Spain to Judaism by the arts of witch- craft, shows how little mercy was to be expected by those of lesser degree who might provoke his cupidity or enmity.

Unfor- tunately Ferdinand and Isabella, who were in Granada from July until the middle of November, , were not content with the progress of the work and desiring to expedite it they summoned to Talavera's assistance the Archbishop of Toledo, Francisco Ximenes de Cisneros, who was busy at Alcala laying the foundations for his university. Much as Spain owes to this extraordinary man, his services were far overbalanced by the irrep- 1 Archive de Simancas, loc.

Of his disinterestedness there could be no question as well as of his zeal for religion as he understood it, but he was peremptory, inflexible and unforgiving, and even his admiring biographer admits that his temper was so imperious that he deemed force to be the only way of ensuring obedience and that in his atrabilious moods it was dangerous to approach him so that he sometimes acted through fury rather than pru- dence, as was seen in the conversion of the Granadan Moors and the attempt to conquer Africa.

For awhile they worked successfully together and when the sovereigns left Granada for Seville it was with the injunction to proceed with gentleness and not provoke a revolt. Ximenes threw himself into the work with his customary ardor. He borrowed considerable sums which he lavished on the principal Moors whom he desired to win over, giving them silken vestments and crimson caps, of which we are told they were inor- dinately proud. In conjunction with Talavera he held conferences with the alfaquies and morabitos the priests and teachers explaining to them the Christian doctrines, and leading many of them to instruct their flocks in the true faith with such effect that applications for baptism became numerous and in a single day, December 18, , 1 Gomecii de Rebus Gestis a Francisco Ximenio Lib.

How much his zeal overran his discretion as a statesman is visible in his attempt, in , to unite Fer- dinand, Henry VII. He promptly had them imprisoned in chains and treated witli great harshness. Him Ximenes confided to one of his priests named Pedro Leon with instructions to break his spirit, which was duly accomplished by starvation until the Zegri begged to be taken before the Christian alfaqui.

In squalor and chained hand and foot he was brought into the presence of Ximenes, when he asked to be relieved of his fetters in order that he might speak freely. When this was done he explained that the previous night Allah had appeared to him and commanded him to embrace the Christian faith, which he was ready to do. The Moorish population of the city at the time was estimated at 40, Having once given way to his imperious temper it would seem that Ximenes could no longer control it.

Impatient of the slow process of persuasion he imagined that he could end the matter at a blow and he refused to listen to those who urged moderation and gentleness. All this foreshadowed still more forcible proceedings. There appears to have been many of these, who, with their children were known as elchcx.

To a rigid churchman it was insupportable that one who had once, by baptism, been subjected to ecclesiastical jurisdiction, or his children who ought to have been bap- tized, should be exempted from it. Such cases came clearly within the cognizance of the Inquisition, which was not to be defrauded by any human compact, and Ximenes procured from Inquisitor-general Deza delega- tion of power to deal with them.

As they were dragging her through the plaza of Bib-el-Bonut the principal one in the Albaycin she cried out that she was to be forcibly baptized in contravention of the capitulations ; a crowd collected and commenced to insult the alguazil, who was hated by reason of his activity in making arrests ; he answered disdainfully, passions were heated and in the tumult he was killed with a paving-stone while Sacedo would have shared his fate had not a Moorish woman rescued him and hidden him under a bed until midnight, trouble spread, the Moors flew to arms, skirmished with the Christians and, regarding Ximenes as the vio- lator of the compact, they besieged him in his house.

For ten days the two archbishops and Tendilla parleyed with the Moors, point- ing out the penalties they would suffer if they did not sub- mit before forces should come from Andalusia, to which they replied that they had not risen against the sover- eigns but in defence of the royal faith, that it was the officials who had caused disturbance by violating the capitulations and that everything would be pacified if these were observed.

At length Talavera boldly went w the plaza Bib-el-Bonut with a chaplain and a few Unarmed servants ; the sight of his calm and benevolent features wrought a revulsion and the Moors kissed the hem of his gown as they had been wont to do. Tendilla followed with his halberdiers, but tossed into the crowd his crimson cap and rode bareheaded as a sign of peace ; it was picked up, kissed and returned to him.

To show his confidence Tendilla brought his wife and boys and placed them in a house next to the principal mosque and the city became quiet. The cadi Cidi Ceibona prom- ised to surrender to justice those who had slain the algua- zil, which was accordingly done ; the corregidor hanged four and let the rest go for the sake of peace ; the Moors laid down their arms and returned to work.

To drive a population such as this to rebellion and despair required exceptional perversity and wrongheaded- ness, but these were not lacking. Tendilla and Talavera had counted without Ximenes, but the latter soon made himself felt. During the interval rumors had reached Seville that Granada had revolted because Ximenes had attempted to Christianize it at a stroke, and Ferdinand, who had never forgiven Isabella for promoting her con- fessor Ximenes in to the primatial see of Toledo, which he wanted for his son Alfonso of Saragossa, now took the opportunity to reproach her bitterly with the result, and she wrote to Ximenes blaming him severely.

The court anxiously awaited tidings. On the third day of the outbreak Ximenes had dispatched letters by a slave who had the reputation of making twenty leagues a day, but at the first tavern on the road he got drunk and took five days for the journey in place of two. On receiving Isabella's reproof Ximeues sent his faithful retainer Fran- cisco Ruiz and promised to follow as soon as the disturb- ances should cease. He pointed out that, as the Moors by rebellion had forfeited their lives and property, any pardon should be conditional on their embracing Christianity or leaving the land.

The sovereigns listened and yielded to his reasoning ; Ten- dilla's promises were ignored ; the opportunity of annul- ling the capitulations was not to be lost, the Moors were to be taught how vain was any reliance on Christian faith and although the issuing of the edict was postponed for eight months, an impassable gulf was opened between the races which all subsequent action only made wider and deeper.

If he could enforce outward conformity he evidently cared little for intelligent faith ; he was by nature an inquisitor and not a missionary. We are not surprised therefore to learn that Talavera was obliged to baptize them without instruction or catechization, for the multitude was so great and the time was so short that 36 XIMENES. Nor need we wonder that such profanation of the sacra- ment left the neophytes as much Moslem in heart as before, with undying hatred, to be transmitted to their children, towards the religion to which they had been forced outwardly to profess conformity and towards the oppressors who had shown disregard so cynical of their solemn engagements.

Nor was that hatred likely to diminish as the Inquisition, which had thus obtained jurisdiction over them, harried them ceaselessly for a century with its spies, its confiscations, and its autos de fe. They had made one vain effort to avert their fate by sending to the Soldan of Egypt to represent that they were to be converted by force and asked him to threaten reprisals on the Christians within his dominions. Peter Martyr performed his mission successfully and nothing further was heard from Egypt. The number of Christians thus brought into the fold, in- cluding those of the Vega, was estimated at from 50, to 70, Peter Martyr probably only repeats the stories promulgated at the court when he writes, March 1, , that the Moors of the Albaycin rose in rebellion, overcame the city guard and slew its captain.

Then they summoned aid from the country, where the Moors rose and for some days killed all the Christians whom they met. Those of the lower part of the city were in serious peril, but Tendilla garrisoned the wall which separated the city from the Albaycin and Talavera, who was universally beloved, threw himself among the rebels and won over the leaders partly by hope, partly by fear, so that they begged for par- don.

Some of the earlier writers do not hesitate to criticise the inconsider- ate zeal of Ximenes, although exercised in so pious a cause. This excites the ire of Fray Bleda who exclaims that such is always the reward of those who seek the conversion of this apostate race, no matter how holy is their ardor and how conformable to the rules of the Church, for it was perfectly lawful to compel the elches to conversion with tor- ture and fire, for their parents were baptized renegades and the children consequently belonged to the Church.

Bleda, Cronica de los Moros, p. This, at all events, is honest. Not so much can be said of Hefele's justification of the great Cardinal, which is a model of the suppressio veri and suggestio falsi. It is worthy of remark that this is issued in the sole name of Ferdi- nand, without Isabella's participation, although Granada was annexed to the crown of Castile. In the hope of checking this movement Ferdinand wrote to the leading Moors, January 27th, assuring them that all reports that they were to be forcibly converted were false and pledging the royal faith that not a single one should "be compelled to baptism.

He had not trusted to it himself and with all speed he raised an army as large as if the conquest was to be repeated, with which he advanced on March 1st and soon crushed resistance, the rebels consenting to baptism, and to pay a fine of 50, ducats ; but in so rugged a land, when a rising was sup- pressed in one place it would break out in another, and Ferdinand was occupied until the end of the year in superintending this military mission work, which was supplemented by preachers and friars sent through the mountains to instruct the neophytes a duty not without danger for although they had guards of soldiers some of them were martyrized.

The means adopted to spread the faith of Christ were not the most gentle. At Andarax the principal mosque, in which the women and children had taken refuge, was blown up with gunpowder. At the capture of Belfique all the men were put to the sword 1 Clemencin, Elogia de la Reiua Isabel, p. They rose and committed reprisals and it was necessary to summon the levies of all Andalu- sia. Ferdinand issued a proclamation that all who would not be converted must leave the kingdom within ten days, and care was enjoined that converts should be well treated and that emigrants should be protected from harm.

The rebels of the Sierra Bermeja, however, refused to surrender and on February 23d the army left Ronda under Alonso de Aguilar, elder brother of Gonzalo de Cordova and one of the most distinguished captains of Spain. The Moors had fortified themselves in an almost inaccessible position at Calalui ; on March 1 6th, the undisciplined troops, eager for pillage, straggled to the attack without orders ; they were beaten back, and were followed by the Moors till Aguilar advanced and drove them back, when the sol- diers again fell to plundering.

The catas- trophe made an immense sensation throughout Spain. While thus the Christians paused irresolute and uncertain, the Moors opened negotiations, asking to be allowed to expatriate themselves. Guards were furnished to accompany to the port of Estrepona those who desired to embark ; on these terms, by the middle of April, the insurgents of the Sierra de Ronda surrendered ; those of the Sierra Bermeja and other places waited to learn whether the first emigrants were safely landed in Barbary and on being assured of this they too came in.

The converses of the lowlands who had taken to the sierras were allowed to return home, surrendering their arms, and forfeiting their property, while their persons were to be at the mercy of the king, their lives being spared. Thus this dangerous rebellion, caused by the intemperate zeal of Ximeues, was finally quelled. September 1, , an edict forbade them to bear or possess arms, publicly or secretly, under penalty for a first offence of confiscation 1 Zurita Marmol Carvajal, ubi sup. The children of those who were slain or captured at Lanjaron and Andarax were further promised the prop- erty, real and personal, of their slain or captive parents as a reward for conversion.

To Isabella is generally assigned the credit of the next step toward securing unity of faith under her Castilian crown. Such arguments could be power- fully urged by the religious advisers who surrounded Isa- bella and it is not likely that Ximenes, who enjoyed her fullest confidence, would hesitate to complete the work which he had so auspiciously commenced in Granada. Strong, indeed, must have been the influences which could blind her to the infamy of her course.

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The enforced con- version of Granada had been, so to speak, accidental in its inception and a war measure in its development among those who were still restless and turbulent, chafing under 1 Nueva Eecopilacion, Lib. Yet Isabella, in her misguided zeal, was capable of the wrong and the folly. A preliminary pragrnatica of July 20, , forbidding all Moors to enter the kingdom of Granada, in order to preserve the new converts from the infection of intercourse with the unconverted, shows the line of reasoning which had been adopted to work upon her conscience.

It was impossible of enforcement, for the business of transportation was in the hands of the Mud6- jares and the needs of Granada for supplies of wheat from its neighbors were imperative, to say nothing of the multifarious necessities of commerce. A more radical measure was requisite and, after due deliberation, on February 12, , was issued the pragmatica which had such far-reaching results, beyond the possible conceptions of the short-sighted bigotry which dictated it.

Moors all should be Christians under the crown of Cas- tile, save slaves who could not be meddled with and they should be known by the perpetual wearing of fetters. Allusion was made to the scandal of allowing infidels to remain elsewhere when Granada had been purified, to the gratitude due to God which could be rightly shown by expelling his enemies, and to the necessity of protecting the neophytes from contamination by the infidel, where- fore all Moors were ordered to quit the kingdoms of Castile and Leon by the end of April that is, all males over the age of fourteen and females over twelve, the children being retained apparently to separate them from their parents amj rear them as Christians.

The exiles were allowed to carry with them their property, except gold and silver and other prohibited articles. The sentence of expatriation however was purely illusory, for it was coupled with conditions rendering it impossible. They were to sail only from ports of Biscay, under pain of death and confiscation ; they were not to be transported to Navarre or to the kingdoms of the crown of Aragon, and as there was war with the Turks and the Moors of Africa they were not to seek refuge with either but were told that they could go to the Soldan of Egypt or to any other land they chose.

They were never to return nor were Moors ever to be admitted to the Castilian king- doms, even temporarily, under pain of death and confis- cation without trial or sentence and anyone harboring them after April was threatened with confiscation. Evidently criticism on the enforced conversion of Granada and doubts expressed whether baptism under such circumstances was valid, had made an impression and the new edict cunningly offered no alternative. That expulsion could be escaped by conversion was left to be inferred, so that the conversion could be assumed to be voluntary and spontaneous.

The hypocrisy of this is evident when we learn on good authority that in reality the alternative of exile was not granted but that when the term expired those who wanted to go were not per- mitted to depart but all were obliged to submit to bap- tism. A letter of April 24th, from Avila to the sovereigns announced that the two thousand souls of the aljama there will all convert themselves and none will go away. Zurita however Hist, del Eey Hernando, Lib. It was disappointing therefore that Heaven afflicted the land with visitations, for the har- vests were deficient from to and this was fol- lowed in with a pestilence which fell with peculiar severity on the clergy.

Bernaldez tells us that in Alcala de Guadayra out of thirteen mass-priests twelve died ; in Utrera four died and all the sacristans and the re- mainder were sick but recovered. In his own parish, out of souls he buried It was the same throughout Andalusia and Castile and was the worst pestilence since that of the year when half the population of Spain perished. The prohibition of travel by sea was evidently to prevent emigration to Africa which was doubtless adopted by many.

Fray Bleda assures us Cronica, pp. While sufficiently zealous for the faith he did not allow bigotry wholly to supersede policy and he recognized that contented subjects were more de- sirable than discontented ones. In Deza was forced to resign the position of in- quisitor-general and Ximenes succeeded to the coveted office.

One of his earliest acts in this capacity was to issue to all the churches in Spain public letters specifying how the New Christians and their children should deport themselves in religious matters, how they should regularly attend divine service and how they were to be instructed in the rudiments of the, faith ; also, what they should avoid, such as Judaic and Mahometan ceremonies, sorcery, magic, incantations and other superstitions introduced by demons.

It had been more active as to its material interests, for, when the royal fisc seized the revenues of the mosques which had been closed, it interposed, claim- ing that the property had been given, however mistakenly, for the service of God and therefore could not be con- verted to secular uses. Thus already began the complaints which we shall find continue to the last, that the Church ignored its respon- sibility and did nothing to win over and instruct those whom the Inquisition was persecuting for their ignorance.

As this was the first of a series of measures constantly occurring in the dealings with recalcitrant Moriscos, it may be as well to premise that inquisitors had faculties of proclaiming 1 Pet. Reconciliation of itself was a grievous penalty, for a subsequent lapse into error was regarded as re- lapse, for which, according to the canons, the irrevocable punishment was relaxation to the secular arm, that is, death by fire.

Moreover it inflicted serious disabilities, not only the culprit but on his descendants for two generations by the male line and for one by the female inability to hold office of honor or profit, and to obtain ecclesiastical preferment, besides which, under the Spanish law, he was forbidden to bear arms, to ride on horse- back and to wear silk or jewels or gold and silver orna- ments and to follow certain occupations, such as those of physicians, surgeons, druggists, etc.

The Church, it will be seen, was not merciful to its erring children, even when repentant, and the term of grace was but indifferently attractive. As the Inquisition had no power to mitigate these pro- visions of the canon law and as Ferdinand was desirous to adopt milder measures which could only be authorized by the Holy See, he applied to Julius representing that since there had been converted in Spain numerous persons of Jewish and Moorish race who in consequence of deficient instruction in the faith had not observed their obligations and had committed heretical crimes.

To give them fuller opportunity for this, and that they might more willingly confess their sins and perform penance, he asked that faculties should be granted to the inquisitors to receive to reconciliation those who should come within thirty days, confess their sins and accept penance salutary to their souls, without inflicting confiscation and the other pains and penances which the law enjoins and without requiring public abjuration, for otherwise if they should again fall into the same errors there would be no possibility of saving them.

Thus any one coming forward under an Edict of Grace was obliged to denounce all his accomplices in heresy that is, all his family and friends 1 Archive de Simancas, Inquisicion, Libro 3, fol. Thus we happen 1 The utility of confession in discovering accomplices is exemplified by the case of Francisco Zafar y Elbera, a Valencian Morisco who, in , was miraculously converted and made a pilgrimage to Monserrat where he confessed to a priest who sent him to the inquisitors of Bar- celona for absolution from the censures incurred by heresy.

They re- quired him to reveal the names of all whom he knew to be Moslems and on finding them to be Valencians they sent him thither, where he denounced no less than four thousand persons by their names. He had been a travelling tailor and had a large acquaintance among the Alja- mas. Guadalajara y Xavierr tells us Expulsion de los Moriscos, fol. As there was no church in Aguilar where the neophytes could be taught, and as one had been commenced, King Charles generously made over half of the confiscations to assist in its construction and endowment.

The next year on learning that persecuted Moriscos had commenced to remove to Granada in the hope of passing to Africa or remaining concealed, he graciously waived his right to the confiscations in favor of those who should come in under a term of grace to be designated. A similar measure, in , with the term of one year, checked the operations of the inquisitors of Cartagena who were persecuting the Moriscos of the Val de Ricote in Murcia ; in October, , this was extended for another year; then, December 24, , Cardinal Adrian writes to the inquisitors that the Moriscos have appealed to him for a further extension, alleging that in consequence of the disturbances they have been prevented from coming forward and confessing as to themselves and others ; he therefore grants a further term of six months from January 1, , during which time those who confess are not to suffer confiscation, but are to be treated mercifully as regards penance and are not to be con- 1 Archive de Simancas, Inquisicion, Lib.

Still, there were the canons, the machinery for their enforcement and the obligation of vindicating the faith on the apostates who were legally members of the Catholic Church. A situa- tion had been created from which there was no escape and every attempt to find an exit only aggravated the difficulties until despair of a reasonable remedy brought about the final catastrophe.

Meanwhile thus far the dispo- sition was to temporize and postpone energetic proceedings. The sanbenito, a sort of yellow tunic with a red oblique band, to be constantly worn in public, was one of the penalties attaching to recon- ciliation and was a very severe infliction as it was an indelible mark of disgrace. It was heightened by the fact that a counterpart, with an in- scription of the name and date and offence, was hung up in the parish church in perpetual evidence of the crime and its punishment.

It should be borne in mind that mere arrest by the Inquisition was in itself a very serious punishment. This recites the conversion of the M6riscos by Ferdinand and Isabella, who promised them graces and liberties, in pursuance of which Cardinal Adrian issued many provisions in their favor, ordering inquisitors not to prosecute them for trifling causes, and if any were so arrested they were to be discharged and their property be returned to them.

Notwithstanding this inquisitors arrest them on trivial charges and on the evidence of single witnesses. As they are ignorant per- sons who caJnot easily prove their innocence and have never been instructed in the faith, these arrests have greatly scandalized them and they have petitioned that they may not be worse treated, wherefore the Suprema instructs all inquisitors not to arrest any of them without evidence of their having committed some offence directly conclusive of heresy ; if there is doubt on this point the testimony is first to be submitted to the Suprema.

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All persons held for matters not plainly heretical are to have speedy justice tempered with such clemency as conscience may permit. The expenses of his maintenance in prison were paid out of his seques- trated estate which was apt to be consumed in the process. Whether their power was well or Ul employed they at least secured outward conformity. This brought the Mudejares there under the operation of the edict of , giving them the alternative of emigration or of baptism. It cost them comparatively little to transfer themselves to the French portion of the dissevered kingdom and it would seem that, as a rule, they preferred this to baptism and subjection to the Inquisition, which Ferdinand had lost no time in introducing in his new dominions.

The properties thus abandoned were confiscated, for in a letter of the Suprema required the titles of all lands of the expelled Moors to be submitted to the inquisitors there. When the crown passed to the House of Capet, Louis Hutin confirmed all the fueros and franchises of the Mudejares in , and in Charles le Mauvais granted to those of Tudela a remission of half their taxes for three years as a reward for their assistance in his wars, especially in fortification and engineering.

THUS far we have been dealing with the kingdoms of the crown of Castile, of which the policy with regard to the Moors was determined during the joint reign of Ferdi- nand and Isabella. Outside of these lay the kingdoms of the crown of Aragon Aragon, Valencia and the prin- cipality of Catalonia which were ruled by Ferdinand alone. They had preserved much more of their ancient liberties than had their sister states ; they were jealous of their fueros or laws and privileges and their cortes still were bodies with which their princes had to reckon, for their petitions of grievances had precedence over the votes of supplies long after the cortes of Castile were forced to invert the order of procedure.

The ruling classes set a high value on their Moorish vassals who cultivated the land and paid heavy imposts, while loans to their aljamas were a favorite investment for prelates and ecclesiastical foundations. This conservatism did not fail to manifest itself as soon as the alarm was given by the occurrences in Granada and Castile indeed, it was somewhat premature for, as early as , the cortesof Tortosa obtained from Ferdinand a fuero that' he would never expel or consent to the expulsion of the Moors of Catalonia.

After the edict of in Cas- tile it was currently reported that Ferdinand would follow the example, leading the cortes of Barcelona in to exact from him a pledge to the same effect, and in at the cortes T f Monzon he repeated this with the addition that he would make no attempt to convert them by force nor throw any impediment on their free intercourse with Christians to all of which he solemnly swore an oath the repetition of which was exacted of Charles V.

Fernandez y Gon- zalez, p. The Latin version of this fuero, as given by Bleda Defensio Fidei, p. As it is further said that some have fled in fear of forcible con- version or imprisonment, steps must be taken to bring them home with full assurance against future violence. This indicates that a slow process of conversion was going on, and the same is seen in the case of a Catalan alfaqui named Jacob Tellez, who had sought baptism and had brought over several al jamas ; Ferdinand, to aid him in his missionary work, issued to him a licence to travel everywhere and to have entrance into all al jamas where the Moors were required to assemble and to listen to him.

See Ap- pendix No. The neo- phytes were not always firm in the faith but the policy adopted in Aragon as in Castile was not to handle them too roughly. We have seen how, in , the Moors of Teruel and Albarracin had sought baptism in a body ; such wholesale conversions were apt to furnish back- sliders, and when the Inquisition took action against them Charles V.

The little town of Manices partido of Moncada must have been converted almost in mass, for we chance to have a sentence passed in bulk, by the inquisitors of Valencia, April 8, , in the church there, on Moriscos, then present, who had come in under an Edict of Grace, confessing and abjuring their errors, and who were received to recon- ciliation. Apparently there was no confiscation and the penances inflicted were purely spiritual, but they were 1 Archive de Simancas, Inquisicion, Libro 14, fol.

At the same time the Moors were not allowed to establish new mosques and the Inquisition was active in preventing it. In the Suprema ordered Inquisitor Calvo of Valencia to tear down the one recently erected so that not a trace of it should be left and in it thanked the inquisitors for ordering the destruction of one recently built at Ayora. From the materials at my disposal it is impossible to compile abso- lutely accurate statistics as to the activity of the Valencian Inquisition at this time, but it can be approximated, premising that as yet there were a certain number of Judaizing converses mingled with the Moriscos.

There is a list ubi sup. Starting with , after two or three previous years of comparative inactivity, we find the numbers to be as follows: The whole number of trials for heresy in those years was I can- not ascertain positively the number of burnings, but it was compara- tively small. I have a record of them from to , but it is imperfect, ending with the letter N. From other extensive lists I find that this portion of the alphabet comprises just four-fifths of the whole, so that if we add 25 per cent, to the fol- lowing we shall have a substantially correct statement of the number of burnings those in effigy being persons who were dead or fugitives.

The aggregate of these is , or, with the addition of 25 per cent. While thus the efforts to preserve the purity of the faith were preventing its propagation, the whole face of affairs was suddenly changed by the revolt known as the Germania or Brotherhood, which broke out in Excesses on both sides led to open civil war, in which the Moors were faithful to their lords. They formed a considerable por- tion of the forces with which the Duke of Segorbe won the victories of Oropesa and Almenara, early in July, , and they constituted a third of the infantry under the Viceroy Mendoza in the disastrous rout of Gandia, July 25th.

This revived the race hatred which had been slowly dying out and led the chiefs of the Germania to conceive the idea of baptizing them by force, not as a measure of religious zeal but as an act of hostility to the 68 a quite sufficient evidence of the pitiless character of the persecu- tion. With regard to the total number of cases of all kinds it must be borne in mind that the greater portion of the business of the Inquisi- tion consisted in the suppression of blasphemy, sorcery and the utter- ance of careless words, classed as "proposiciones," for all of which scourging was a frequent punishment.

None of these cases would be included in the above lists which are exclusively of trials for heresy.

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