Poiesis em verso e prosa (Portuguese Edition)

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This subjectivity would increasingly come to function within the telos of the market, for an important objective of the culture industry is to shape consumers' wants and desires. Below, I will describe how the market has greatly compromised the modern teleology of progress in Latin America. Postmodern, late capitalist, or neoliberal-market telos—for which fulfillment the project of globalization has been putting all its mighty resources at work—could very well be called the neoimperialist telos. Harvard UP, It is pertinent to transcribe a long section by Jameson: Such theories have the obvious ideological mission of demonstrating, to their own relief, that the new social formation in question no longer obeys the laws of classical capitalism, namely the primacy of industrial production and the omnipresence of class struggle.

The Marxist tradition has therefore resisted them with vehemence, with the signal exception of the economist Ernest Mandel, whose book Late Capitalism sets out not merely to anatomize the historic originality of this new society which he sees as a third stage or moment in the evolution of capital , but also to demonstrate that it is, if anything, a purer stage of capitalism than any of the moments that preceded it… [E]very position on postmodernism in culture— whether apologia or stigmatization— is also at one and the same time, and necessarily, and implicitly or explicitly political stance on the nature of multinational capitalism today.

Blackwell, , Another question is how, and if, the neoliberal market can ever balance the means, disposition, and desires and number of consumers with the market's need to allocate output. Neoliberal society's main cultural construct would be that which I will call neoindividualism as defined by the postmodern subjectivity. This neoindividualist subjectivity would mark a radical departure from the traditional capitalist understanding of subjectivity whose archetype would be a [Blakean-like] emanation from the American ethics of individualism, as identified by some of its early social observers —Alexis de Tocqueville for instance.

Within the construct of neoindividualism, some heads of the contemporary cultural Hydra—the postmodern culture industry—are therefore mimics of, and indistinguishable in their purpose from, advertising and propaganda. All translations from Portuguese or Spanish to English that appear in this paper are mine. The TV set and the radio receiver. They are constitutive media for the ideological and cultural formation of the consumer. There is a wide theoretical agreement on the erosion of agency and responsibility of the subject over choices and actions as a result of the uncontrollable forces generated by the culture industry.

It is hence possible to postulate the existence of a subterfuge in the market's sophisticated mechanism of desire creation. I am not being redundant: But the market's supply provides an inexhaustible number of options that quickly obsolesce and are continuously replaced by others, amongst which the consumer must choose. It is interesting to note the 22 According to Levinson's view, for instance, "Within the neoliberal market, which strives to recreate the citizen or noncitizen as consumer and, via that consumer, to establish the market and privatization as right, as necessity, and as ground of the good, transition plays a far more conservative role.

Indeed, it is precisely via transition that the market recruits the citizen-consumer for the consensus el consenso neoliberal … This market presents the commodity, first, as essential, as a "must have," to seduce the purchase; but second, as transitory, contingent, as 'not the latest,' requiring replacement. The acquisition of the commodity, through constant transformation and transitions, informs the construction of the need for a new acquisition, for the commodity itself.

This endless activity by the consumer creates a world of appearances in which freedom, therefore, would have been kidnapped by the market. Consumerism intends to grant and define identities by introducing the consumer into a hermetically self-contained space-time bubble. Historical timely landmarks are replaced by successive fashion collections. Vico saw history as an endless ricorso. Con estas paradojas se construye el poder de los objetos: Intelectuales, arte y videocultura en la Argentina Buenos Aires: The market always appears on the verge of exhausting both its marketing techniques and its potential consumers, so neoliberal capitalism constantly searches for new 26 "En el shopping puede descubrirse un 'proyecto premonitorio del futuro: Society's death work, in other words, is no longer channeled and directed exclusively toward ideology and the counterhegemonic threat of social transformation which is not to say, of course, that such a dead work is not itself ideological.

This constant need for market-expansion is, first of all, a consequence of overproduction. Nevertheless, it also suggests that while an increasing number of individuals are becoming unable to partake in the bounty of the market, others, although financially able to participate, abandon—or have chosen never to join—the game of the market. Contrary to the suppositions expressed further above, people do become aware of the intrinsic meaninglessness of industrial cultural commodities. I will mention a few resistant-consumer strategies to give some support to this last statement: Even the developed world has been witnessing the development of some diverse anti- marketing, and marketing-control strategies by which the consumer is alters her or his relationship with the market.

There is a boundless cyberspace to counter Beatriz Sarlo's space capsule. Furthermore, in virtual space it is possible to find almost everything secondhand at very low prices. Computer capabilities are also used for anti-marketing purposes: There is a rich anti-marketing movement in real space also. An increasing amount of younger individuals are joining the counter-culture industry, developing a new aesthetics that outright contradict the dictates of the mainstream culture industry, and represent a redirection of desires the culture industry desperately struggles to co-opt and incorporate those aesthetics.

These alternative consumers that are not few are recycling exhausted, disposable or expired commodities. Rescued from backyards and junkyards numerous restored aquatic and land vehicles are sailing and rolling about they are obviously dwarfed and made invisible by the profusion of conspicuous- consumption giant vehicles. Even recycled junk-art and trash-art have been granted cult status. In the area of health, there is an emerging alternative market of generic drugs that defy the powerful drug industry: Buenos Aires— After four years of chronic recession, few Argentine companies can boast a clean bill of financial health.

It not only changed consumer patterns but also forced bigger drug companies to lower their prices, redraw their marketing strategies and ever look overseas to make up for shrinking markets at home. Lastly, the not-yet well explained upsurge of religiosity could be a reflection of the colossal spiritual psychical [Gk psychikos, of the soul] dissatisfaction of multitudes who are looking for a metaphysical escape from the neoliberal pull or an ethereal compensation to the impossibility of minimal and necessary participation in the market i.

This latter refers not only to the excluded from the benefits of the model: This evangelism, though, is also part of the neoliberal project, one that intends to channel both desire and suffering for its own purposes. II Argentina, a Study Case: Although official neoliberal political discourse pays continuous lip-service to ethical values; in an obtuse new formulation of ethical conceptualization it tries to define the good as the winner in the agonistic game of the market. The upkeep of the neoliberal state has often led to distinctly unethical political and economic practices, and it requires stronger enforcement still to remain in place.

The main custodial function of the neoliberal state is the security of capital. Basic, , "… [p]roviding the seeds for a new revival of libertarian political theory, [Robert] Nozick… questioned the primacy of one of John Rawls's two basic principles of justice-- that of arranging social inequalities so that they are to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged. In fact, some have interpreted Nozick as challenging the first, or equality principle as well, given that a Nozick seems to favor a utilitarian strategy for maximizing freedom, despite who may hold more freedom, and b Nozick strongly favors rights which establish a floor of equality, thus eliminating the necessity of a ceiling to limit the individual or collective enterprise.

This conception is specifically opposed to state intervention in the lives of people at the level of daily life in favor of redistributivist re-engineering, an opposition that Nozick considers to be common sensical. In general, Nozick favors the so-called 'night watchman' state, which is "limited to the functions of protecting all its citizens against violence, theft, and fraud, and to the enforcement of contracts, and so on Neoliberal states that by legal and juridical slight of hands are rapidly eliminating redistribution are evidence of a socioeconomic experiment that to sustain itself is under a constant strain, chronically in a state of emergency.

The neoliberal system of production generates an excessive volume of commodities that flood markets where the purchasing body is continually shrinking. The excess of meaningless commodities defeats the importance of production. In each country where the economy 31 "If, as writers such as Francis Fukuyama have argued, the market is essential--and not merely dominant within the historical epoch in which we currently dwell, thus temporal or temporary--then any other politics can only be understood as a contingency that must be overcome in order to reach that essence, that ground for emancipation.

The fact that the post neoliberal Latin American state has not yet generated the positive results la transition promised, and that postdictatorship has led to disastrous situations for many Latin Americans, is thereby--for the neoliberalist advocate--inconsequential. This has occurred not because Latin America is too given to the neoliberal market but because it is not yet neoliberal enough, not yet sufficiently 'de-stated' and privatized.

The Latin American neoliberal state has not attained its true potential, its truth via the magical disappearance of the magical state, which el consenso liberal will one day produce and seal. Thus neoliberalism must continuously expand towards globalization by the conscription of new members, creating trans- and post-national individuals and states.

I have already pointed out that Mandel's intervention in the postindustrial involves the proposition that late or multinational or consumer capitalism, far from being inconsistent with Marx's great nineteenth-century analysis, constitutes on the contrary the purest form of capital yet to have emerged, a prodigious expansion of capital into hitherto uncommodified areas.

The harshest aspects of socio-economic deterioration only emerge once neoliberal policies have already caved into privatization, monetary control, downsizing, elimination of social programs, and the ascendancy of international corporations and banks. The damage done to Argentina by neoliberal policies might very well be an indication that like its predecessor, developmentalism, neoliberalism has a transient character.

The eighties' neoliberal crisis that started with the Mexican crash of 82, caused the hardening of the corrective mechanisms. It is vox populi that shortly after a period of apparent economic bliss, with the country committed to the neoliberal program the national neoliberal officials obediently following the lending institutions' advice about its monetary policies its economy and its social structure collapsed. The collapse provoked a massive unofficial, unacknowledged, probably illegal exodus of corporate, bank, and elite private capital mostly in dollars, of course from the country.

That meant that the deposits fell to about half of their value, yet they remained blocked. This time, though, the lending institutions severed their relationship with the national financial negotiators, essentially abandoning Argentina to its fate. In December 2, the corralito blockade was officially deactivated. Nevertheless, the government kept its freeze on 4.

The government responded by declaring state of siege. During all of , the gross domestic product diminished by a percentage of negative Latin Focus Consensus Forecast: The Gestation of the Postmodern Posthegemonic Heterotopy A teleological modification implies a narrative change that indefectibly will produce a semantic, an ethical, and an identity crisis. The Latin American low-middle and low classes lived their lives according to a narrative of progress: The neoliberal crisis brought this narrative to an abrupt end and was replaced by a tragic narrative of retrocession narrativa de retroceso.

For the low-middle and the low classes, any sense of futurity was lost. Amidst a semantic vacuum the concern of the lower classes for basic necessities was replaced by an existential dilemma: It would seem that a tentative response could be found by the observation of the pragmatic emergence of spaces of action, fitting what I called above the formation of a posthegemonic heterotopy that escapes the control, or ignore the absence, of the state.

I will mention some illustrative cases: These spontaneous or organized, pragmatic, solidaristic, communitarian measures, constitute the core of a tentative development of posthegemonic spaces that, hopefully, would entail the emergence of a posthegemonic narrative. Are there sociopsychological responses resistant to the neoliberal market's attempt to homogenize intellectual and creative worldviews? The accounts or representations of the neoliberal present in Latin America by most Latin Americanists allow for the development of visions quite apocalyptic.

Indeed, the force of the investment toward the massive domination of the media by the market submerges the descriptions of alternative discourses. Nevertheless, the instability created by these postmodern industrial-cultural artifacts' hybridism leads one to consider them subject to a Hegelian dialectical process.

The indigenous, for lack of a better term cultural features that subsist within each hybrid industrial- cultural artifact are fissile motes capable of detaching themselves from it, carrying with them myriad transcultural specs. Transformed by synthesis, they are now self-sustaining posthegemonic [neo]cultural objects.

They are hybrids with a dense autochthonous or vernacular I am reluctant to write national core that magnetizes natural popular sensibilities. Although at one point Ortiz states that transculturation names the 'synthesis' of cultures…, the word properly designates the fermentation and turmoil that precedes synthesis.

Cambridge UP, Quoted by Williams, The McOndo manifesto—to be partially transcribed below constitutes a paradigmatic exhibit of a postmodern Latin American hybrid neocultural artifact. Latin Blues and Rescue Dogma: The custodial state as such has withdrawn from the public spaces and invests against their very existence through enclosure and privatization.

Public spaces are seen as areas of danger and delinquency, so the state exists there only as a surveillance entity. The old marketplace has turned ethereal—the internet—because the concrete agora, the open plaza, is kept under the absent!

Em prosa e verso

They stay away as much as possible from el centro of the cities. Rubem Fonseca's short-story "A arte de andar nas ruas do Rio de Janeiro," provides an excellent description of the night in postmodern Rio de Janeiro's downtown. Companhia Das Letras, The following quotation is also from Estorvo, Quoted by Otsuka, She uses the example of Argentina's crisis that is always equaled to images of the piqueteros, cartoneros, and the cumbia villera.

They are street-vendors, performers, service-providers of all kinds, and beggars, of course. This new plebeian, non-stylish, ant-like subaltern traffic represents a demographic shuffle and an informal and transient sort of re-population many stay through the night sleeping under awnings, in alleys and portals responsive to the flaws of the neoliberal state.

These spaces and this humanity can acquire the importance they have within the neoliberal process only if they gain semantic existence, which might be achieved through explanation. These places that the neoliberal state declares extinct, and these populations that supposedly don't exist, are part of a phenomenon that, paradoxically, could very well imply the establishment of a new sense of futurity. They have so far been denied existence because, as I wrote in the introduction, they are the subaltern space where the binary power-equations stop making sense. Is it within this space where the challenge to the neoliberal project would reside, and where—by contrast—the latter's worst contradictions become apparent.

Even after all legitimate reservations have been made, "literary definitions" perform "a theoretical office which they have both the right and the ability to discharge. Shaffner, sporadically quoting Charles E. Latin America is in a state of emergency that has been acknowledged as the neoliberal crisis. These tactics, places, and people become visible, come to life through the understanding of the new signs and languages they generate.

It can be said that Latin America is witnessing the emergence of a cultural system derived from the neoliberal emergency. To them its semantics are perfectly logical and knowable. Aira generously extends them to the reader. Through this disenchanted writer, who like a postmodern Virgil takes the reader's hand and walks her or him around the various infernal and celestial circles of the tropical city, Rubem Fonseca elaborates a detailed diurnal and nocturnal fictional chronicle that constitutes a topographical, architectural, and sociological chart of postmodern downtown Rio de Janeiro.

It might be grandiloquent, and perhaps impregnated with some hyperbolic symbolism, to attribute a re-foundational function to the posthegemonic sector of the literature of the neoliberal crisis. Departing as always from the apocalyptic hypothesis, I will next try to find and follow the path from the shattering of narratives by the neoliberal crisis to re-foundation.

V From Foundation to Re-Foundation: The Posthegemonic Literature of the Neoliberal Crisis Globalization means a blurring of the political-economic, philosophical, and cultural idea of the nation. Both Brett Levinson and Gareth Williams, who are disciples of Alberto Moreiras,47 coincide in the understanding that it is more coherent to see the period that extends itself from the end of the cycle of Latin American dictatorships to the present, as a process in which theories of the national have given way to the postnational.

The most brutal features of neoliberal economics have forced domestic and international migrations, generating a true Diaspora that cause the blurring of regional, national, and international conceptual frontiers. Displaced populations migrate from the countryside to the urban centers, from the hills to the plains, and from peripheral to central countries, originating hybridism, transculturation, and transnationalization.

According to the mentioned critics, the same phenomenon of erasure of singularities is simultaneously happening to the whole world's other dichotomous historical category. Brett Levinson, who seems to be particularly interested in the interrogation of the most eschatological postmodern prognoses, paraphrases Jameson Levinson's 47 Alberto Moreiras Ph. His books, Third Space: Moreiras' work in progress is on subalternity and imperial reason in Latin America. His teaching interests include Latin American fiction, cultural and subaltern studies, and literary theory and philosophy.

Jameson famously argues that within the globalized economy of late capitalism, peripheral cultures such as Latin America can no longer be set off from the First World as Same is to Other, capitalism is to underdevelopment, reason is to instinct, Western culture is to primitivism, and so forth. This of course, does not mean that the area we call Third World has disappeared, much less that its oppressive condition has been healed by the New World Order; it means that the Third World has exhausted itself as a viable historical category.

If Jameson is correct… then to speak from the Third World today is to speak from a place that no longer operates. The massive ownership of 48 Levinson, So, my question must be formulated as follows: The only 50 Broadcasting media-technology—according to William Gibson, the author of the cyborg novel Neuromancer and Pattern Recognition—is nowadays "the very definition of a technologically backward society… [D]riven by the acceleration of computing power and connectivity and the simultaneous development of surveillance systems and tracking technologies, we are approaching a theoretical state of absolute informational transparency.

Latin American countries are experimenting the rapid and intense spread of the newer technologies described by Gibson, but, overall, TV and radio are still the predominant media. For the reasons extensively stated above I will repeat it again , neoliberalism has brought Latin America and its literature to a critical state. There is a direct link between the characteristics of neoliberalism described above and the critical state in which Latin American literature finds itself in the '90s.

The gesture of appropriation of those spaces by subalternity could be understood as symbolizing the creative gesture that redefines regional identities from the shatters of the neoliberal quake. Re-signified spaces and objects are simultaneously the inspirers and the result of new imaginaries. The other symbol that I have utilized is the synthetic cultural object trans- formed from the fissile hybridized indigenous motes that detached from the transcultural industrial artifact.

That lugar and that objeto are the platform and the keystone of posthegemony, of the new that stands for synthesized continuity and that forecasts futurity. Lemebel objetos , sanction the flight from simulacrum and the arrival in the auspicious territory of true posthegemonic re-presentations.

The medium of that territory, is sought by found in? The literary works that form this corpus, inevitably, are themselves synthetic hybridized autochthonous cultural objects. There is Argentine literature, Venezuelan literature, Brazilian literature; there is a literature of Chile and a literature of Peru, a literature of Colombia and a literature of Uruguay.

Each of these literatures has evolved in its own way and with diverse fortunes. Northrop Frye says that an epic is designed to explain to a people their own traditions and beliefs, to tell them who they are. To me, works like those above are pages in the Great Latin American Epic. Bush, that is, in the midst of the phase of acceleration and deepening of the neoliberal project of globalization in Latin America. This new worldwide categorization affects geopolitical cultural and economic structures, but as Levinson pointedly remarked in paraphrasing Jameson, it maintains the hegemony of the First World.

Ediciones del Norte, The nation-founding imaginary atavistic memories must be forgotten, as well as the memory of concrete recent history. It is the emergence of neoliberal historical revisionism.

Amores ao Sol (lançamento)

According to Nelly Richard, that is the second symbolical function of the Antarctic ice block: Cuarto Propio, , , Editorial Sudamericana, The waning of the state appears to usher in neoliberalism and global capitalism as the new fields of domination, leading to the virtual elimination of public, therefore, political space. The death of literature, to the contrary, evidently signals the descent of high or bourgeois culture and the opening to new works, an emerging class of formerly suppressed creators or subjects, and authentically democratic pluralisms.

A Bridge over Troubled Water The Boom literature originated in a Latin America that was infatuated by the idea of developmentalist rebirth.

The Boom was the ultimate and integral narrative of Latin American intellectual identity, the Latin American coming of age. It oddly was also a product of the cold war, justifiably happening during the apex of Latin American populism and revolutionary consciousness. It is not easy to ascertain the characteristic features common among the writers of the seventies. For most, it was not a "concrete experience," but just a heard-of, waiting-to-happen reality. Literatura y mercado Buenos Aires: Folio, Quoted by Lecuna, On the other, hand, insightfully, Juan Armando Epple tries to identify some of the postboom writers' shared stylistics and philosophy: It is almost trivial to repeat the commonplace observation that Latin America was mercilessly pushed from pre-modernity to post-modernity.

The Postboom literature is partially a reaction to what was perceived as a literary factory of magic realism and raw instinct, the dwelling of fera- naturae Latin America. That shallow commonplace view provided comfort to the so-called First World: Citado por Lecuna, It depicts-- although postmodern—still a continent of "savage exoticism. These later, to reiterate, have frequently been cast as a challenge to the hegemonic impulses of the literary.

However the two transitions—from dictatorship to democracy and from literary to cultural studies—do not only coincide in time. They represent as well similar denunciations of the state. And its overturning, by extension, is a trope for the democratization of Latin America: IX The Latin American Literature of the Neoliberal Crisis Invaded and phagocytized by the culture industry, the Latin American literature of the neoliberal crisis mediates by heterogeneity.

The inevitable challenge of the literature of the nineties could consist of trying to find an answer to that question. With the neoliberal crisis in medias res it has emerged a literature that has thrown down the wall that used to separate fiction from nonfiction; it is no longer possible to affirm the fictiveness of fiction or the veracity of nonfiction, or the truthfulness of testimony.

Neoliberal-crisis literature elaborates locally with global tools… Neurotic literature: The Latin American literature of the neoliberal crisis —getting close to the hypothetical postmodern neoindividuality—very often is eminently metalinguistic. Or finds itself returning the other's gaze, looking at itself in the stranger's mirror. Nevertheless, heterogeneity, intertextuality, disruptions, discontinuities, fissures and sutures , fragmentation, inconclusiveness; private, mixed, meta-, and foreign languages; orality, sociolect, idolect, jargon, 73 Williams, 1.

I said above that the market proclaims the importance of ethical values while continuously ignoring them. This characteristic could be adjudicated to a partial reaction to the gains of women's literature during the 80s. Probably the largest portion of the neoliberal literary output is masculinist; homosocial, homosexual, homotextual,77 metrosexual. He received his Ph. He has published widely on gay and lesbian literature. Some of these writers—who could perhaps fulfill the profile of the market's neoindividualist—have adopted not only the language of the culture industry but also neoliberal globalization willingly, and explicitly they say it so.

Alberto Acereda

Just as a reference, and mainly to provide a foil to the posthegemonic writers, I will briefly comment on two literary movements that have promulgated manifestos that are readily available in the internet; they constitute enterprises that work in close association with the main Spanish-language publishing houses. Chilean star-writer Alberto Fuguet — —who has one of the most visually attractive and efficiently interactive self-promotional sites on the internet, www.

They selected and edited an anthology, McOndo80 —a compendium of works by writers from Latin America and Spain. Among the criteria items for the selection, was the requisite that they had to had been born between and , a period especially chosen for being the year of the Cuban Revolution, and , the introduction of television to Chile maybe it would be better to put it this way: The McOndo writers mainly Fuguet quickly became international literary phenomena, and a huge commercial success Chile claimed the ownership of the works associated with McOndo and Fuguet by calling them la nueva narrativa chilena.

Anti-intellectual, realistic, and pragmatic, the McOndo project acknowledges the culture industry as being a definitional element of today's Latino-Americanism. McOndo give a joyous welcome to neoliberal globalization. Although inserted within the culture industry, the movement is a prolific producer and identifier of posthegemonic vernacular hybrid cultural artifacts: Not only have the unacknowledged marginal sectors of Latin American subalternity required semantic validation.

Chile is the country that probably emerged from the dictatorship and entered 82 It is worth mentioning the coincidence in the images—that reinforce the North-South connection—the members of McOndo use to evoke Latin America, and the images the designers of the Chilean Pavilion to Sevilla 92 use to evoke the "new Chile: Mala Onda allowed the middle-class of the New Chile to recognize its own voice and its own face. The Mexican movimiento Crack presents a radically different approach to literature. The manifesto of this high- brow literary movement is permeated by a noticeable arrogance.

To bring to the forefront the literary politics of the Crack writers—who are for an hegemonic literature—I will transcribe several fragments taken at random from their five-part manifesto each member wrote a section. Una laguna de varios lustros empantana de ausentismo el entorno de las letras, ya sea con novelistas que no escriben o, peor aun: Son pocas, siendo francos, las excepciones y sus novelas no pasan de ser buenas, repito: La novela del Crack demanda pero ofrece. Returning to the Boom—to the Crack members—then, it must mean to recover for Latin American Literature by means of success the hegemonic role it held during the times of the Boom.

The Posthegemonic Hardcore I have, up to this point, tried to just make a short and superficial assessment on the transformation experienced by Latin America as a consequence of neoliberal policies, and a brief description of the literary shift from the Boom years to current times. I posited an argument for the posthegemonic existence of a heterotopian Latin America who stands on the other side of any differences, even linguistic.

I have given some space to two quite different literary movements whose members share a common agenda and view of literature with the other members of their respective momevement that is, each group has a particular view common to their members, but the two groups do not share each other's agendas. These movements created a literary buzz that is partly the result of the publishing houses' share of benefits from the contemporary apogee of the media business.

In recent years, Latin American large publishing houses have been marketing literature according to commercial agendas that strive for their publications to become hot commodities and their authors, celebrities. The ultimate intention is to recover the share of the bestseller international business that the Latin American market had during the Boom.

Best selling authors, as is the case with McOndo's Alberto Fuguet, are frequently interviewed in the entertainment media for promotional purposes. The following is a short paragraph about Alberto Fuguet from one of the many sites of his publisher, Alfaguara: Two currents would be active participators of the hegemonic game: Writers with projects that fit the McOndo current willingly work within, contribute to, and benefit from, the culture industry's hegemony.

The cover of reactionary ultraconservative Ann Coulter's "nonfiction" work, Treason: Liberal Treachery from the Cold War to the War on Terrorism, "launched" by Crown Forum on July 4, , flaunts her beautiful, sexy figure in a full-body photograph. Her website includes 25 pictures of Ms Coulter.

On July 20, her book was already in 2 nd place in the New York Times bestseller list. The latter thus could be identified as a supremacist current. It is both the space for, and the representation of, the posthegemonic heterotopy. Producciones de lo femenino en la escritura de las mujeres chilenas Santiago de Chile: Cuarto Propio, The posthegemonic literature of the neoliberal crisis is a mouthpiece of otherness, a voice of subalternity, a mark of marginality, a place of exceptionality. It works its politics by disruption of normativities.

This posthegemonic literature results from the writers' option to bring to light pariah subjects who have consistenty and permanently been excluded from the centers and positions of power that—under dictatorship or democracy, it does not matter—rule the social- public spaces. Cidade de Deus is paradigmatic as well of my theory on text-extratext strategies, and the use of the, literally, marginal areas of the book.

I refer to it all on Book III, below. Companhia das Letras, their titles will appear, of course, without quotation marks. Companhia das Letras, Although Rubem Fonseca, the oldest writer of the group, has extensively written and published during the '90s, I chose two of his short-stories from the '70s.

I have already stated above that these two works are ideal prototypes of posthegemonic literature. They help support my claim that the postboom writers of the seventies represent the embryo of the literature of the neoliberal crisis. It is not by mere coincidence that Rubem Fonseca has been the object of renewed attention by Brazilian critics in the nineties. This posthegemonic literature results from the writers' option to bring to light pariah subjects who have consistenty and permanently been excluded from the centers and positions of power that—under dictatorship or democracy, it does not matter—rule the social-public spaces.

Rubem Fonseca personally sued the federal government and later appealed through his lawyers before the Tribunal Federal de Recursos and won its release five years after the interdiction. The daily reality of the marginal population of Rio de Janeiro—the material from which Fonseca drew to construct these stories— has considerably worsened in the period that goes from the desenvolvimento to the years of the neoliberal process the historical line of intensification of subaltern violence is also one of the structural aspects of Paulo Lins' novel Cidade de Deus.

The distance between Fonseca's short stories and the novels by Piglia, Vallejo, and Lins is mostly a publication-time hiatus: The novel by Ricardo Piglia, for example—despite having been published during the nineties—draws from a real episode that starts on September 27, with the assault to a values-transport automobile in the San Isidro suburb of Buenos Aires, and ends on November 6 of , in Montevideo, Uruguay.

Paulo Lins developed the plot of his novel by an eight-year-long research. It received its first inhabitants, refugees from other slums who had lost their shelters after one of the worst floods in the history of Rio de Janeiro, in Although in the year it was estimated at 38,, the current population of Cidade de Deus is said to be around That was the opening chapter of la violencia, a civil war that took the dead toll to The last fifty-five years of Colombian life have been a relentless round of terror and death.

Today, the country harbors guerrilla, drug-trafficking, widespread corruption, parapolicial death-squads, and an oversupply of unemployed for-hire guns mostly teenagers , the sicarios. The common element among all these works is that the characters are armed insubordinate subalterns. They number and their weapon- power has considerably grown in recent years. Nevertheless, their violence is not new: He was ordered to lie face down on the floor, and shot twice in the back with a sawed-off shotgun. Hardcore posthegemony in Latin America is a sociological phenomenon that the state has grown increasingly unable to control.

Peripheral-world posthegemonic hardcore maybe they could also be called ungovernable subjects have developed their identities and lived their lives in the margins or right outside of society. Out of the compact, they have had their citizenship unacknowledged and have egressed to a Hobbesian state of nature, which the philosopher defined as a permanent state of war.

The unit has made 2, arrests this year, Mr. He estimates that there are 17, street gang members in New York City, compared with 40, in Chicago and 50, in Los Angeles. There is an available year historical-line between Rubem Fonseca's Feliz Ano Novo, and Paulo Lins' Cidade de Deus, to exemplify the expansion in gang membership, internal organization, and weapon-power within the city of Rio de Janeiro. The increase in fire power and the crescent organization of the hardcore population has nowadays practically outgunned Rio de Janeiro's local police, and more than once the armed forces are called to fulfill the former's role.

Rio's hillside slums are virtual fortresses for the heavily armed gangs that control the lucrative drug trade and frequently outnumber and outgun the police. Earlier this year, just before the city's world-famous carnival celebrations, drug gangs ran riot in the city, torching buses, attacking police stations and favorite tourist spots, prompting the government to call in army troops to keep the peace.

Rubem Fonseca Singula de nobis anni praedantur euntes. The years going by rob us of each thing, one by one. Horace, Epistles L'empereur si l'araisonna: Pour ce qu'on me voit escumer En une petiote fuste? Se comme toy me peusse armer, Comme toy empereur je feusse. De ma fortune, Contre que ne puis bonnement, Qui si faulcement me fortune, Me vient tout ce gouvernment. A Cruzada Nacional de D. Veja-se Maria Teresa Pinto Coelho, op. Armostrong, Nations before Nationalism, , e posteriormente por Anthony D.

Smith, Ethnic Origins of Nations, , pp. Ferrell, Literature and Film as Modern Mythology, , p. Eric Hobsbawm e Terence Ranger ed. The Invention of Tradition, , pp. Manfred Beller e Joep Leerssen eds. A Critical Survey, , p. Leerssen e os 23 vols. Bhabha, The Location of Culture, , p. One of the basic insights in image studies is that the mecha- nism of the representation of foreign nations can only be analysed properly if we take the attitude of the author into account. A representation of Britain by a Frenchman or by a Dutchman or by a German may differ because of the nationality of the respective authors.

For this reason the imagolo- gist distinguishes between auto-images and hetero-images: There is, in other words, always a degree of subjectivity auto-image involved in the representation of another culture. Waldemar Zacharasiewicz, Imagology Revisited, p. Walter Lippman, Public Opinion, , pp. Vejam-se os estudos de Kenneth E.

Knowledge in Life and Society, [], pp. Ou se o traria de Normandia o conde de Abranches? O Cavaleiro e o Seu Tempo, , p. Almeida Garrett, Obras Completas, vol. Verificaremos assim que o objectivo de T. Fritz Graf, Greek Mythology: An Introduction, , p. Vide Rachel Bowlby, Freudian Mythologies: Greek Tragedy and Modern Identities, Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays, , p. Imagologia e Mitos Nacionais 37 1. Os Doze de I nglaterra: A Critical Introduction, , entre outros. Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations, pp. Como recorda Ana Paula C. Idem, A Identidade Nacional, , p.

Hastings, The Construction of Nationhood, , pp. Sobre esse discurso nacionalista em geral, veja-se Anthony D. Bell, The Cult of the Nation in France: Inventing Nationalism, , e O. Zimmer, A Contested Nation: History, Memory and Nationalism in Switzerland, , O Medo de Existir, , p. Isso e nada mais. Almeida Faria, Cortes, , p. Barthes, Mythologies, , p. Schivelbusch, The Culture of Defeat: On National Trauma, Mourning and Recovery, , p. Arujun Appadurai, Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization, Stuart Hall, Representation, , p.

Smith, The Ethnic Origins of the Nation, , p. Vejam-se, por exemplo, Patrick J. Geary, The Myth of Nations, , P. History and Theory, e J. Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism, Oliver Zimmer, Nationalism in Europe, p. Joep Leerssen National Thought in Europe, pp. Smith, National Identity, Smith, Nationalism and Modernism, p.

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O leitor tem assim Gender, Politics, and National Identity, Study Platform on Interlocking Nationalisms http: Mike Crang, Cultural Geography, , p. Uma Identidade Nacional, , pp. Imagologia e Mitos Nacionais 45 2. Vide Manuel Soeiro, Anales de Flandes, vol. Vernant, Myth and Society in Ancient Greece, , p. Mircea Eliade, Myths, Dreams and Mysteries: Eliot, Selected Prose of T. Six Myths of Our Time, , p. Michel Tournier, Vent Paraclet, , p.

The New Politcs of Europe, , p. David Miller, On Nationalism, , pp. Mythe et Nation, , Anthony D. Hierarchy, Covenant, and Republic, , idem, Ethno- symbolism and Nationalism: A Cultural Approach, , F. Formes et Mythes, e S. Centrally, myth is about perceptions rather than historically validated truths [ It is the content of the myth that is important, not its accuracy as a historical account. Myth, therefore, is one of a number of crucial instruments in cultural reproduction.

It acts as a means of standardization and of storage of information. Although they may feel very alone during the quest, at its end their reward is a sense of community: Pearson, The Hero Within: Six Archetypes We Live By, , p. The labyrinth is thoroughly known. We have only to follow the thread of the hero path, and where we had thought to find an abomination, we shall find a god.

And where we had thought to slay another, we shall slay ourselves. Where we had thought to travel outward, we will come to the center of our own existence. And where we had thought to be alone, we will be with all the world. Ian Watt, Myths of Modern Individualism: Imagologia e Mitos Nacionais 51 nacional. Imagologia e Mitos Nacionais 53 2. A Demanda do Santo Graal, , p. Recentemente, a vila de Penedono, onde existem, por Costa da Silva, Estudantes de Coimbra: Duperron de Castera, vol. Comentados pelo Licenciado Manuel Correia, p. Jonathan William Wade, op. Sus Trofeos, Blasones y Conquistas Heroicas, , p.

Pedro de Meneses, , pp. Quer a viagem de D. Pedro e a sua estada no ducado da Borgonha, quer as tentativas de D. Fernando, filho segundo de D. Imagologia e Mitos Nacionais 57 se instalam na Flandres, tal como viria a acontecer em , quando Isabel de Portugal, filha de D. VV, Monumenta Henriciana, vol. Recueil de Documents Extraits des Archives Bourguignonnes, , pp. Si furent les armes acomplies si comme vous advez oy. Vide Carlos Riley, op. Faro, Receitas e Despesas da Fazenda Real de a , , doc. Pedro e pelo infante D. Na viagem de regresso de D.

Isabel, filha do conde de Urgel, que teria lugar em Agosto desse ano. Fernando se dirigem para esse destino de barco. Imagologia e Mitos Nacionais 61 tendo D. Pedro, e, no ano seguinte, D. Afonso V nomeia-o alcaide-mor do castelo da cidade, cargo que lhe vale alguns desentendimentos com os moradores da capital. Anselmo Braancamp Freire, op. Collins, The Order of the Garter, Chivalry and Politics in Late Medieval England, , pp.

Pedro entram em conflito, levando muito provavelmente ao regresso de Almada a Portugal, no final de Setembro, para defender D. Henrique, para o ducado de Coimbra, para se juntar a D. Vaz de Almada aconselha D. Afonso V, , p. Afonso Henriques e que se estabeleceram depois em Almada, de onde adviria o apelido. Mikhail Bakhtin, The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays, , pp. Julia Kristeva, Desire in Language, , p. Eco, Apostillas a El Nombre de la Rosa, , p. The Authority of Interpretive Communities, , p.

Where Non Fictions Come Together, Scott as Storyteller, , p. Filipa de Lencastre com D. Hayden White, Figural Realism: Studies in the Mimesis Effect, , pp. Canary e Henry Kozicki eds. Postmodernist Innovations of the Historical Novel, , p.

Sobre Filipa de Lencastre, consultem-se, entre outros, William J. Isabel — duquesa de Borgonha, filha de D. Vide Ana Paula J. Jacques Paviot, Portugal, pp. No such restriction applies to the […] agents in fictional worlds. O seu filho Vasco Fernandes Coutinho torna-se es- cudeiro de D. Oliveira, A Casa dos Coutinhos, pp. Maria Vitalina Leal de Matos, s. III, tomos , , pp. In this respect, the Portuguese comedias are often hybrid resistance plays in which dramatists convey their national identity in a foreign tongue. No canto terceiro de Mondegueida: Vejam-se, por exemplo, M. Historians as Nation Builders in Modern Europe, Conto Moral, , folha de rosto.

De acordo com Pierre Nora dir. Desculpai-o da valentia com que elle trata este assumpto. Antes de eu estudar a lingua portugueza, havia lido a Lusiada elegantemente trasladada em inglez por um nosso poeta de nome, chamado Mickle. Francisco Gomes de Amorim, Versos, , p. Ainda hoje decahidos como estamos do nosso antigo esplendor, somos o povo mais affavel, mais delicado, mais cortez e mais respeitoso para com as damas entre quantos eu tive a honra [ Apud Alberto Pimenta, op. A 8 de Junho de , o autor informa J.

Ibidem, I, , IV, e I, , respectivamente. Vereis em que me fundo. Que sentimentos Ao Poeta inspira um amoroso fogo! No seu final estava quase o Poema; Fatalidade que persegue a um morto! Imagologia e Mitos Nacionais 91 Nestas estrofes, T. Foram doze, portanto, os desafios. Vide Alberto Pimenta, op. Manifesto Writing and European Modernism University of Toronto Press. Reviewed in TLS, 28 May Italian Experimental Literature and Arts in the s.

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Dada in Paris, by Michel Sanouillet. University of Toronto Quarterly Massimo Bontempelli fra narrativa e metanarrativa, by Vita Giordano. Racconti pulp, orrori e arcane fantasie nelle riviste italiane , by Fabrizio Foni. Buzzi, Marinetti, Settimelli, by Roberto Salsano. Testo e Senso 8 Nationalism, Futurism, and Fascism, by Emilio Gentile. Scrittori a Verona, edited by Stefano Tani.

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