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His most recent works include these titles: An educator for more than 30 years, Dr. A member of the Pennsylvania, New York, and North xxiii. Nemeth has extensive experience in all aspects of criminal and civil practice. He is a much sought-after legal consultant for security companies on the trend of priva- tization, and he is a recognized scholar on issues involving law and morality and how ethics relates to the professions. To comprehend that war, by its very nature, its military tactics and strategies and governmental policies, relies on forms of terror to meet its goals.
To differentiate the motives of the international terrorist from the domestic terrorist and comprehend that although the methods may be the same, the motivations differ. To explain the unique motivations of the jihadist by exploring attacks against U. To evaluate specific international terror incidents against U. To identify specific domestic terror attacks, such as those perpetu- ated by Timothy McVeigh and Ted Kaczynski, in light of the effect these types of attacks have on national security policy.
In recent years, the country has focused on domestic security and preventing acts of terrorism. What is of greater utility in the discussion of security of the homeland will be how we arrived at our cur- rent position. Specifically, what did we do before the jihadist? What types of terror attacks did America experience? What motivated the terrorist? For example, the Ku Klux Klansman is hardly a jihadist, although his methods may be just as dastardly. How do we reconcile that difference? What of the military dictator, the tyrant, the leader who leads his country to ruin and grounds his enterprise on hate, such as the Third Reich.
This too is terror by any reasonable definition.
Terror is nothing new. The acts of the terror- ist have been with us since the dawn of recorded history. It is important to keep this in context in our interpretation of history. All of the examples covered illuminate how and why ter- rorists do what they do.
All of these illustrations, from the military machine that oppresses people and states, to the Weathermen that sabotage govern- ment installations, help to bring perspective to the discussion. Twentieth- Century Military Movements While much can be written about the nature of threat and violence throughout U. The Idea and Origin of Homeland Security 3 the concept of threats to the homeland was largely the result of country-to- country conquests, political disagreements, and imperial empire building. This is a very different kind of threat than that currently considered by the Department of Homeland Security.
Yet these wars and con- flicts serve as an appropriate backdrop for how any nation seeks to maintain its territorial integrity. The means and motivation are clearly different, though the net effect is not completely dissimilar. The Nazi onslaught of WWII was, in a sense, the largest whole-scale terror campaign ever inflicted on a continent Figure 1. Aside from this illegal and unjustified sweep of countries, Germany cul- minated its terror by implementing its Final Solution, its programs of exter- mination for Jews and all forms of resisters, for the mentally disabled, the old and infirmed, for Catholic priests and Lutheran ministers.
More than 6 million human beings perished under the crush of an evil state Figure 1. That the Nazi regime engaged in deliberate, intentional threats against whole races, ethnic types, and classification of citizens is a self-evident con- clusion when the historical record is scratched just a little. The systematic extermination program was the subject of endless meetings and confer- ences, though admittedly the Nazi leaders were quite effective in removing the paper trail. In , at what was billed as the Wannsee Conference, the leadership of the SS, the Nazi and other aligned government entities, met to discuss the efficacy and corresponding efficiencies of mass extermination.
The invasion caused Britain and France to declare war on Germany. National Archives, image SFF Courtesy of the U.
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Holocaust Museum, Washington, DC. Leading the charge calling for the physical extermination of millions was SS officer Reinhard Heydrich Figure 1. The bureaucratic apparatus was coupled by legions of resources, from transportation to the building of crematoria. The task of moving millions of people to their own deaths requires extraordinary efforts by the Captains of industry.
Consider the complexities of rail movement alone as portrayed in Figure 1. Similar arguments about Japanese imperialism can be posited, and for good cause. The Japanese intent was to dominate and rule the world using means far outside the mainstream of modern warfare. The notorious Unit on the Japanese mainland witnessed forced sterilization, castration, live burial, vivisection, mutilation, and mass experimentation Figure 1.
None of these atrocities can be adequately covered in a text on homeland security, although it is critical that the reader understands that war, by its. US Holocaust Memorial Museum at http: The Idea and Origin of Homeland Security 7 very nature, depends upon terror to some extent. Whether it is the summary execution of civilians and prisoners of war or the indiscriminate bombing of wholesale populations, terror is both an end and a by-product of war.
Much of what we witness in the terror battlefield today connects its heritage to the makings and doings of war. In this way, a look at twentieth-century conflicts can illuminate the rationale behind the tactics used by terrorists. As the victors of WWII set out to fashion a new Europe and continental framework, the Allies saw the world in distinct and sometimes incompatible ways. For sure, Britain and the United States shared the core values of freedom and democratic, republi- can principles.
The Russian mindset directly struck at the heart of free societies.
Courtesy of the Truman Library. Concession after concession was made to the Soviet demand, much to the distress of Winston Churchill. In response, Churchill ultimately sounded a clarion call for halting the expansion of the Soviet empire in one of his finest speeches. It is my duty, however, to place before you certain facts about the present position in Europe.
From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow. By , Churchill knew full well that a geopolitical shift was under- way.
The legacy of the sacrifice must amount to more than an iron wall between the totalitar- ian and the democratic. This is the stuff of the Cold War, and it esca- lated very quickly. The United States quickly recognized these expansionist motivations. Marshall for his prescient commentary on an upcoming Cold War at www. The Cold War is not an illusory war by any means, but one with significant military and political consequences. Ever the expansionist, the Soviet Union boldly expanded its sphere of influence into countries like Iran. In the wake of these actions, President Harry Truman discerned a mean- ingful and bona fide threat to free peoples.
As a result, he made plain that the United States would not sit idly by while Soviet aggression spread throughout the world. In , Truman enunciated what is now known as the Truman Doctrine. With the Truman Doctrine, President Truman established that the United States would provide political, military, and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritar- ian forces.
The Truman Doctrine effectively reoriented U. In light of the Soviet Union developing an atomic bomb in , the doctrine was never more important to fend off threats to our national security. Soviet Troops in Iran Efforts to Control Atomic Energy North Atlantic Treaty Organization Creation of the Two Germanys The Soviets also closed roads and forbade movement from one sector of the city of Berlin to the other. The Soviets were figuratively choking the peo- ple of Berlin. The planes flew in three major corridors toward the city Figure 1.
When the Soviet Union entered into a treaty with China, the geopolitical framework of the world stood on its historic head. Throughout the s the problems associated with the Cold War simply worsened. The major events of the Cold War during the s are outlined in Figure 1. The Idea and Origin of Homeland Security 11 Soviet Hydrogen Bomb Atomic Energy Act Creation of the Warsaw Pact Austrian State Treaty Big Four Geneva Summit Twentieth Congress of Soviet Communist Party Sputnik and the Space Race Suspension of Nuclear Tests Khrushchev Visits the United States When President Kennedy confronted the Soviet government for its dispatch of long-range missiles to Cuba Figure 1.
Throughout the s, s, and into the early s, the two opposing giants in the Soviet and American systems remained entrenched. A lack of trust and cooperation remained standard operating procedures. Nixon made possible a new vision of cooperation on missile deploy- ment, cultural exchange, and foreign relations. Shown here are missile transporters and missile-ready tents where fueling and maintenance took place. Courtesy of the CIA. From this point forward, the Soviet system would be isolated and inter- nally suffering from decades of misplaced investment in the military model over any other benefit for its people.
The Soviet system was crumbling from within. Reagan was an unabashed believer in the American way of life. He showed diplomacy in the background of negotiations and protocol, but pub- lically there was no greater critic of the Soviet system. He was a strong proponent for the elimination of communism and, in particular, the Soviet- style system. Prescient in his position on Soviet-style communism and his belief that it would ultimately fall, he remarked: In the s, Khrushchev predicted: Courtesy of the National Archives.
Courtesy of the Ronald Reagan Library. Even today, the Soviet Union still can- not feed itself. After these four decades, then, there stands before the entire world one great and inescapable conclusion: Freedom leads to prosperity. Freedom replaces the ancient hatreds among the nations with comity and peace. Freedom is the victor. And now the Soviets themselves may, in a limited way, be coming to understand the importance of freedom. We hear much from Moscow about a new policy of reform and openness.
Some political prisoners have been released. Certain foreign news broadcasts are no longer being jammed. Some economic enterprises have been permitted to operate with greater freedom from state control. Ultimately, it was his interpersonal skill and relationship with Mikhail Gorbachev that set the stage for much that followed, among other things, the fall of the Berlin Wall and, subsequently, an end to the Cold War. The threats that had generated so much fear were replaced with cautious friendship.
There is something to be learned from this episode in history. Just as the Russians were deemed the ultimate threat to the United States then, so too is the terrorist extremist currently consid- ered the most immediate threat. To be sure, both have been at the forefront of our national security over the years.
What we do know is that enemies are not permanent stations. They are subject to change. Experts at the time would never have imag- ined the United States and Russia having closer ties and working together. The mass dem- onstrations of December say much about a Russian political system evolving Figure 1. While only time will tell in the matter of Russian political processes, it is a safe bet that once the citizenry experiences a bit of freedom, there is no going back.
Perhaps we can hope to mend relations with certain parts of the Middle East, where there is tension or anti-U. James Brooke, Voice of America website: Revolution, Riot, and Rightful Demonstration There is little doubt that the concept of terror resounded across the American landscape from the nineteenth century onward.
Teresa rated it it was ok Jul 18, Our linguistic analysis determined that the author of those papers and the manifesto were almost certainly the same. No trivia or quizzes yet. So, too, are the potential harms that can arise from contaminated live- stock and poultry. You may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server. To comprehend that war, by its very nature, its military tactics and strategies and governmental policies, relies on forms of terror to meet its goals.
The protest could also not be universally condemned because some were plainly justified. Certainly, the entire movement sparked by Dr. Then too, those operating without moral. Marshals and the Pentagon Riot of October 21, , http: In a sense, both lawful and unlawful protests shaped how the justice model reacted to protest and terror.
For example, during the Nixon era, ordinary citizens were perceived as troublemakers and seditionists for any protest to the policies of the presi- dent. Much has been written about the insular and almost paranoid percep- tions of Nixon insiders as that government sought to squelch public protest concerning the war in Vietnam. In the midst of this era, the FBI posted its list of groups that were allegedly anti-American in design.
Hence, it is imperative to remember that American jus- tice policy has had an historic understanding and relationship with terror throughout most of its history. These acts of terror can be broken down into two essential categories: Since the early s, the threat of terror has sought to disrupt world econ- omies, overthrow political structures, annihilate religious competitors, and assault value systems considered antagonistic to a perverted worldview. For most of the past 60 years, terror has been on the radar screen. Terrorists can equally come from disenfranchised citizens, hate groups, or other extreme wings within the country.
There have been some consistent play- ers in terror activities across the American landscape, and surely the KKK fits the bill of consistency. Political upheaval and radical social change by any means whatsoever appropriately describe the KKK. For the KKK, ter- ror was central to the mission of the rabid segregationist and promoter of inequality. Historic harassment and lynchings have been replaced by slick media and membership campaigns. The cross lighting ceremony is another example of how the national media distorts the Klan image.
To them it is a desecration, a desire to destroy the cross. And any attempt by hood- lums to use the lighted cross as a symbol of hate or a threat is strictly NOT advocated by The Knights. These acts are cowardly and counterproductive and are usually the actions of folks who watch too much late night television or Hollywood movies. Serious patriotic men and women never lower them- selves to use the sacred cross in such a manner! The Knights definitely does not burn the cross, but we do light the cross. The lighted cross of The Knights is no different than the average church that has a lighted cross either on top or in front of their church building.
The light of the cross symbolizes the Light of Christ dispelling darkness and ignorance. The fiery cross is a symbol that has long been popular with the Christian faith, for example the Methodist denomination uses the fiery cross as their symbol. The lighted cross was not used until that time and was most certainly NOT used during the reconstruction period following the civil war!
We recognize that Christ is the light of the world. When a Klansman or Klanswoman participates in a cross lighting ceremony they are making a public declaration to Jesus Christ of their continued commitment to the Christian faith. Just as the Klansman cares little beyond his or her myopic racism, the student radical, wishing the overthrow of the military com- plex, cannot see things in global terms. This was the stuff of the. These operatives see the world in more myopic terms since it is the foundation of their movement that unites them and drives their relation- ship.
In no sense does one justify the actions of the Black Panther or the Weathermen. This merely demonstrates a differing worldview exists when compared to the jihadist who ultimately desires the radical reconstruction of the entire planet while imposing a particular religious ideology and zealotry. State Department in Washington, DC. No one was hurt, but the damage was extensive, impacting 20 offices on three separate floors. Hours later, another bomb was found at a military induction center in Oakland, California, and safely detonated.
A domestic terrorist group called the Weather Underground claimed responsibility. Who were these extremists? Want to Read saving…. Want to Read Currently Reading Read. Refresh and try again. Open Preview See a Problem? Thanks for telling us about the problem. Return to Book Page. Preview — Homeland Security by Charles P. Homeland security is a massive enterprise that gets larger by the moment.
These include critical infrastructure protection, border security, transportation security, intelligence and counterterrorism, emergency management, immigration and natural Homeland security is a massive enterprise that gets larger by the moment. These include critical infrastructure protection, border security, transportation security, intelligence and counterterrorism, emergency management, immigration and naturalization, and public health. An Introduction to Principles and Practice, Second Edition provides students and practitioners alike with the latest developments on the makeup, organization, and strategic mission of the Department of Homeland Security DHS.
This new edition is fully updated with new laws, regulations, and strategies that reflect changes and developments over the last several years. The book offers unique insights into the various roles of multi-jurisdictional agencies and stakeholders at all levels of government including law enforcement, the military, the intelligence community, emergency managers, and the private sector. An Introduction to Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the only book to provide an objective, balanced perspective on each of the core components that comprise the DHS s mission and the priorities and challenges that federal and state government agencies continue to face.
Hardcover , pages. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. To ask other readers questions about Homeland Security , please sign up. Lists with This Book. This book is not yet featured on Listopia. A solid introduction to the study of homeland security. This is an accessible volume. People interested in the subject should be able to read and get something out of this work. It covers relevant material, such as the origin of the idea of homeland security, laws related to the subject, risk management, threats, intergovernmental issues, the role of intelligence, and so on.
All in all, a useful introduction. Joey rated it liked it Oct 24, Teresa rated it it was ok Jul 18, Jess rated it liked it May 26,