Pro Se Vs. Police Misconduct

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After arrests, homes of the arrested individual are often searched for incriminating evidence such as computers, hard drives , and flash drives. The Polish police force aims to 'serve and protect the people, and to maintain public order and security'. A key factor influencing the levels of police brutality in Poland has been the move from a communist state to a democracy.

It is argued that Poland's transition has resulted in a more transparent system, decreasing levels of police brutality. This change can also been seen through the increased trust within the Polish police. Although there is a more open police force within Poland, many organizations still hold issues with police brutality within Poland. The United States Department of State report on Poland raised several issues of police brutality. In recent years one of the main sources of controversy amongst Polish police brutality has been in the use of rubber bullets to disperse crowd trouble at sporting events.

In , major riots occurred when a young basketball fan was killed by the police.

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In , a man was killed and a woman injured in a riot when Polish police accidentally shot live ammunition instead of rubber bullets into the crowd after an association football game. Although rubber bullets were used, one man was hit on the neck and later died at the hospital. The Polish police also have a history of police brutality within the Roma community. One particular case of police brutality against Roma occurred in when the police took four Roma men to a field and beat them.

This incident demonstrates the need for further procedures in order to stop police brutality against Roma and the continued need for police checks to stop police misconduct. Portugal is ranked the fourth most heavily policed country in the world. This is severely restrictive. By way of example, police will not be permitted to use their firearms when an offender is running away.

Portugal has recently been criticised for the excessive use of force by police. High profile incidents at football matches, as well as reports of racially motivated force used against minority communities, have highlighted the issue of police brutality in Portugal. Portuguese police have adopted an aggressive position in combating football hooliganism. Despite appearing disproportionate, the police view the heavy-handed nature of their tactics as a necessary and successful approach towards community protection and maintaining social order.

In , a viral video depicted a Benfica fan being heavily beaten in front of his two children outside a football stadium. The footage, filmed by a local television station, shows Jose Magalhaes leaving the football match early with his children and elderly father before being confronted by police officers.

A statement released by the PSP acknowledged the controversial incident and announced that an investigation was launched against the officer responsible for initiating the attack. The statement also defended the policing of the large crowds in the aftermath of the football match. Riot police had clashed with supporters the following day in Lisbon as fans celebrated Benfica's title victory. The harsh approach was described as proportionate and necessary to prevent social disorder from escalating. In a similar incident in , another football club, Sporting Lisbon, complained about 'barbaric' police assaulting their fans.

There have also been suggestions of institutionalised racism within the Portuguese police force, with activists claiming that discrimination is the deep-rooted cause of police brutality in Portugal. Despite a good record in migrant integration, historical parallels can be drawn with Portugal's colonial past and modern police racism. Racially influenced police actions are illustrated by the violence in Cova de Moura, a low socio-economic area housing a significant migrant population. Notably, during an incident in February , a young man named Bruno was aggressively searched and physically abused.

On the same day, two human rights workers and five youth entered the Alfragide police station requesting information on Bruno's situation. Upon arrival, the group was allegedly attacked by police officers shouting racist slurs. Eventually 17 police officers from the Alfragide police station went to trial on a variety of charges, including physical aggression, torture, document forging and aggravated kidnapping.

The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance ECRI has expressed concerns about police mistreatment of minorities in Portugal in all of its reports on the country. Portuguese people of Roma ethnicity have also been victims of police harassment and brutality in the country. There are several examples that have been publicized by the media. One such case is from and involved a Roma man and his son. The two walked to the Nelas police station, in Porto , to get some information, but the police allegedly ended up abusing them.

Two officers were convicted in for physically assaulting the father. Some of the people living in the camp, including children and women, were reportedly attacked by GNR officers. The six Roma detained in the violent operation allege that they were later tortured and humiliated in the GNR station of Amares ; the GNR denied the accusations, while SOS Racismo promised to file a complaint against this force. Russian protests have gained media attention with the reelection of Vladimir Putin in Attention has been given to incidence of violence via posting videos online.

President Dmitry Medvedev has initiated reforms of the police force, in an attempt to minimize the violence by firing the Moscow police chief and centralizing police powers. Police divisions in Russia are often based on loyalty systems that favor bureaucratic power among political elites. Phone tapping and business raids are common practice in the country, and often fail to give due process to citizens. Proper investigations of police officials still remains lacking by western standards.

In , Russia's top investigative agency investigated charges that four police officers had tortured detainees under custody. Human rights activists claim that Russian police use torture techniques to extract false confessions from detainees. Police regulations require quotas of officers for solved crimes, a practice that encourages false arrests to meet their numbers.

Police brutality in Slovakia is systematic and widely documented, but is almost exclusively brought about against the Romani minority. The nation state itself has particularly racist attitudes toward the Romani minority, dating back prior to the split of Czechoslovakia. In fact, it is widely known that the government undertook, and still undertakes forced sterilisation of Romani women, and continues to segregate the Romani into walled-off settlements. Excessive use of force against the Romani minority by police has been publicly criticised by the United Nations. In , a year-old Romani man died as a result of abuse in police custody at the hands of the Mayor of Magnezitovce and his police officer son.

The victim, Mr Sendrei, was allegedly chained to a radiator and fatally beaten, after being forcefully removed from his home. In response to this incident the minister for internal affairs attempted to establish new measures to prevent police brutality including mandatory psychological testing for law enforcement and better training around affective use of coercion. Graphic video footage shot by law enforcement officers in shows 6 Romani boys aged between being forced to strip naked, kiss, and slap each other.

It is alleged that the boys were then set upon by police dogs , with at least two sustaining serious injury. Officers attempted to justify their behaviour on the grounds that the boys were suspected of theft against an elderly citizen. However, cruel , inhuman or degrading treatment by police, regardless of whether a crime has been suspected or committed, is prohibited under international law. The 10 law enforcement officers involved have since been acquitted after the judge ruled the video inadmissible in court as it was obtained illegally. As the footage was the main piece of evidentiary support for the crime, without it a conviction was not achieved.

Human rights watchdog's have raised concerns around police selectivity in making recordings of raids after a raid in the settlement of Vrbica in as they claim to have not thought the settlement would be problematic. This raid saw 15 men seriously injured. It is often the experience of the Roma that on pressing charges in relation to police brutality, a counter- charge is often threatened by law enforcement, in an attempt to pressure the alleged victim into dropping the charges, which is particularly effective as the attitude toward the roma in Slovakia is so entrenched that lawyers are often reluctant to represent Romani victims.

While Slovenia is a fairly peaceful country, it is not without its faults. Minority groups in Slovenia, particularly the Roma and any residents from former Yugoslav republics face discrimination and sometimes brutality by Slovenian police. Their rights have still not been fully restored. The police have been known to occasionally use excessive force against detainees in prisons, as well as foreigners and other minority groups, although no police officer has ever been arrested or charged. Several cases have been brought before the European Court concerning people who have died in police custody because Slovenian Police used excessive force and failed to properly investigate it.

Most of these cases are still pending and there has yet to be an outcome. The worst case of police brutality was the November protests. Political dissatisfaction spurred a series of protests in Maribor, Slovenia. For the most part, the protests were peaceful. Slovenian media sources reported that the protest only turned violent after the police started using force. Since , Slovenian authorities have attempted to rectify this discrimination by introducing a two-day training programme on policing in a multi-ethnic community.

In , due to the police committing crimes such as rape, torture and murder, the cost of civil liabilities claims were so great that there was concern the costs would strain the South African Police Service national budget. Spanish police have developed a global reputation for brutality after images of clashes between demonstrators and police were spread on social networks and international news and Video footage made available online shows the use of force by police against peaceful demonstrators on both occasions.

Images show officers using hand-held batons to repeatedly hit peaceful demonstrators, some of them in the face and neck, and the injuries caused. Police also used rubber bullets and pepper spray. However, in spite of public outrage the Spanish government has made no attempt to reform policing and police mistreatment of the public.

Police brutality

On the contrary, in July new reforms to the law on Public Security and the Criminal Code came into force which limit the right to freedom of assembly and give police officers the broad discretion to fine people who show a 'lack of respect' towards them. The UN Human Rights Commission has expressed concern at the impact this legislation could have on human rights and police accountability. The report of Torture in the Spanish State found at least people were tortured by law enforcement in both in the context of demonstrations and other public situations and in police stations and prisons.

In spite of eyewitness testimony and medical reports confirming her injuries the Spanish Courts dismissed her claims on the grounds of insufficient evidence. They also condemned Spain for failing to investigate both Solomon's assault and other racist and sexist acts of violence by police officers. Under Spanish law the police can check the identity of anyone in a public space when there is a security concern; however African and Latin American immigrant are most frequently targeted, and often without a legitimate security concern.

Since the REVA Legally Certain and Efficient Enforcement project has been applied in Sweden in an attempt to deport illegal immigrants, it has exposed the brutal and illegal methods used by police. They harass and racially profile non-white Swedes who often live in segregated suburbs. The marginalised such as the poor, homeless, people of colour, users of illicit drugs and the mentally ill are facing Sweden as a Police State. This has resulted in social disobedience with ordinary people in Sweden updating others on Twitter and Facebook on the whereabouts of police.

In police shot a man in his own home in front of his wife in a town called Husby. The police said the man had been wielding and threatening them with a machete. The Stockholm riots, where more than cars were torched, were set off after the Husby shooting. When the police showed up they had stones thrown at them. People said the police called them 'monkeys' and used batons against them in the clash.

Also in a Swede of African origin was refused entry into a local club in Malmo for wearing traditional African clothes. The police picked him up and in the process of his arrest his arm was broken and he was locked in a cell for nearly six hours with no medical aid. Socially excluded groups have been targeted and the result of police investigations often mean the police officers are not deemed at fault. The common denominator for people on a special police list is being or married to a Romani person.

A register of Romani people is kept by police. The police say the document is a register of criminal people and their associates used for fighting crime in Skane despite people being on it that have no connection with Skane or any association with criminal people. Police target apparent ethnicity at Stockholm subways for ID checks to see if they are illegal migrants.

The police say they are 'following orders', the 'rule of law' and 'democratic process'. In February , in Malmo, a nine-year-old was accused of not paying for a railway ticket. The police asked the security guards to stop the child. One guard tackled him to the ground and sat on him. He then pushed the child's face into the pavement hard and covered his mouth. The child can be heard screaming and gasping on the video that has gone viral on the internet. The police then put him in handcuffs. Turkey has a history of police brutality, including particularly between and the use of torture.

Police brutality featuring excessive use of tear gas including targeting protesters with tear gas canisters , [] pepper spray and water cannon as well as physical violence against protesters has been seen, for example, in the suppression of Kurdish protests and May Day demonstrations. The protests in Turkey were in response to the brutal police suppression of an environmentalist sit-in protesting the removal of Taksim Gezi Park. The European Court of Human Rights has noted the failure of the Turkish investigating authorities to carry out effective investigations into allegations of ill-treatment by law enforcement personnel during demonstrations.

In the United Kingdom employed approximately , police officers in the 43 police forces of England, Wales and the British Transport Police, the lowest number since March Physical force is appropriate if:. This requires a consideration of the degree of force used. Any excessive use of force by a police officer is unlawful and an officer could thus be prosecuted under criminal law.

Despite an average reduction in deaths in custody since , a Public Confidence Survey revealed that public satisfaction following contact with the police was falling and that there was a greater willingness to complain. However, young people and people from black or minority ethic groups were much less likely to come forward with complaints. Whilst instances of police brutality in the UK is comparatively less than its US counterparts, there are nonetheless high profile incidents that have received wide media coverage.

As of , more than people from black or other minority ethnic groups have died under police custody from The use of excessive force has been used on an array of demographics of British citizens, however police brutality against ethnic and minority groups often attract wide media coverage. Whilst some have argued that this is discriminatory or evidence of institutional racism, others have asserted that it is largely due to over policing in areas that are perceived as high-risk areas such as Northumberland or Bedfordshire.

In , Ian Tomlinson was killed when he was hit in the head with a baton and shoved to the ground at the G20 protests in the City of London. In May , year-old Julian Cole was arrested outside a nightclub in Bedford by six police officers. The altercation left Mr Cole in a vegetative state due to a severed spinal cord. Expert evidence indicated that Mr Cole was struck with considerable force on his neck whilst his head was pulled back. On 20 February , Bedfordshire Police Constables Christopher Thomas and Christopher Pitts, chased Faruk Ali before allegedly knocking him over and punching him in the face outside his family home.

Mr Ali was described an autistic man who had the mental age of a five-year-old. Following an investigation by the IPCC, the officers were sacked following breaches of standards of professional conduct including standards of honesty, integrity, authority, equality and diversity. On 13 July , year-old Mzee Mohammed died in police custody after being detained by Merseyside police at a Liverpool shopping centre.

Officers were called to the scene after Mzee was allegedly behaving aggressive and erratic whilst arming himself with a knife. After successfully detaining Mzee, the police called an ambulance after Mzee suffered a "medical episode" and was pronounced dead.

Questions remain about how appropriate medical condition could have been administered given how the handcuffs would restrict breathing. In the United States, major political and social movements have involved excessive force by police, including the civil rights movement of the s, anti-war demonstrations, the War on Drugs , and the Global War on Terrorism. In , the UN Committee against Torture condemned police brutality and excessive use of force by law enforcement in the US, and highlighted the "frequent and recurrent police shootings or fatal pursuits of unarmed black individuals.

Seven members of the United States Maryland military police were convicted for the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse incidents in Iraq. The United States has developed a notorious reputation for cases of police brutality, having reported far more incidents of killings by police officers than the rest of the western world. Police officers are legally permitted to use force , and their superiors — and the public — expect them to do so. According to Jerome Herbert Skolnick , in dealing largely with disorderly elements of the society, some people working in law enforcement may gradually develop an attitude or sense of authority over society, particularly under traditional reaction-based policing models; in some cases the police believe that they are above the law.

There are many reasons as to why police officers can sometimes be excessively aggressive. It is thought that psychopathy makes some officers more susceptible to the use of excessive force than others. In one study, police psychologists were surveyed on officers who had used excessive force. The information obtained allowed the researchers to develop five unique types of officers, only one of which was similar to the bad apple stereotype.

These include personality disorders, previous traumatic job-related experience, young inexperienced or authoritarian officers; officers who learn inappropriate patrol styles, and officers with personal problems. Schrivers categorizes groups of officers, separating the group that most likely use excessive force. A broad report commissioned by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police on the causes of misconduct in policing calls it "a simplistic explanation that permits the organization and senior management to blame corruption on individuals and individual faults — behavioural, psychological, background factors, and so on, rather than addressing systemic factors.

Police use of force is not kept in check in many jurisdictions by the issuance of a use of force continuum. This power is granted by the government, with few if any limits set out in statutory law as well as common law. Violence used by police can be excessive despite being lawful, especially in the context of political repression. Indeed, "police brutality" is often used to refer to violence used by the police to achieve politically desirable ends terrorism and, therefore, when none should be used at all according to widely held values and cultural norms in the society rather than to refer to excessive violence used where at least some may be considered justifiable.

Studies show that there are officers who believe the legal system they serve is failing and that it is their duty to pick up the slack. This is known as "vigilantism", where the officer involved may think the suspect deserves more punishment than what they may have to serve under the court system.

During high-speed pursuits of suspects, officers can become angry and filled with adrenaline, which can affect their judgment when they finally assault the victim. The resulting loss of judgment and heightened emotional state can result in inappropriate use of force. The effect is colloquially known as "high-speed pursuit syndrome. Police brutality is the misuse of power by police force to intentionally harm individuals. The excessive force imposed by police officers has grown dramatically over the past decade, causing social misinterpretations of the role that police officers play in the community.

In , the percentage of people who have confidence in the police hit its lowest since at 52 percent. Democrats' confidence in police dropped 13 percentage points over the last two years compared with —, a larger change than for any other subgroup. Over the same period, Independents' and Republicans' confidence in police has not changed.

Black people's confidence is down six points from to , similar to the four-point drop among all Americans.

The same study found that the number of White people who identify as democrat have lost the same amount of confidence in the police as Black people, as White Democrats' confidence declined 11 points over the last two years, similar to the point decline among non-White Democrats the sample sizes are not large enough to break out Black Democrats separately, but the limited data suggest their confidence declined no more than that of White Democrats.

This has also lead to many cities making police wear body armor and cameras on them at all times. Authorities have legal right over how the respond and treat suspects, police officers may justifiably escalate the use of force with mere commands… but commands from who? Therefore, police officers receive little to no punishment for willingly and forcefully hurting civilians. The Constitution states that police officers are legally allowed to shoot in the instance that they feel the need to protect their lives or an innocent life or to prevent the suspect from escaping and posing a dangerous threat to the of bystanders in society.

The Supreme Court Decision of Tennessee v. Garner made it possible to shoot a fleeing suspect ONLY if they may cause harm to innocent people so that authorities are not just shoot every suspect that tries to escape. In the United States there are one hundred sixty million more Caucasian people than there are Black people.

Society would like to believe that police officers and protectors are not biased towards the victims of police brutality, we hope that everything law enforcement does is to better protect us. As history repeats and more and more Black Americans lose their lives, this gives reason to believe that different geographic locations carry different political and social views, therefore police officers are biased towards those they decide to abuse, instead of allowing the justice system to properly serve justice. Lorie Fridell, Associate Professor of criminology at University of South Florida states that "racial profiling was the number one issue facing police [in the 's].

An experiment done in Mekawi during conducted on White undergraduate female students suggests that there is a higher degree of fear of racial minorities which gives reason for authorities to believe racial minorities are dangerous, hence so many shootings of minorities. As a result of this lack of trust in police officers, the Black society have formulated many social organizations; founded in , the Black Lives Matter Movement made a social impact on the world in a response the violent and systematic racism that Black people still face by police officers.

Another report released concerning the Michael Brown shooting in Ferguson, Missouri, the Justice Department admits to the pattern of racial bias of the Police Department in Ferguson. The department argues that it is typically an effort to ticket as many low-income Black residents as possible in an attempt to raise local budget revenue through fines and court fees. The Justice Department explains, police encounters could get downright abusive when the person being questioned by the police officers gets disrespectful or challenges their authority.

One of the things they looked at is what they called threat perception failure. The officer believed that the person was armed and it turned out not to be the case. And these failures were more likely to occur when the subject was Black. In the United States in the late s there has been a increase in the number of police brutality cases. The number of deaths caused by a police officer have slightly increased from to deaths in the last reporting year which was Police officers are killing more citizens at a higher rate than citizens are killing each other.

In the year of there were 1, deaths accounted for by police, 13 of which police officers were charged with a crime. Also, studies have shown that "Black people are three times more likely to be killed by police in the United States than White people. In England and Wales , an independent organization known as the Independent Police Complaints Commission investigates reports of police misconduct. They automatically investigate any deaths caused by, or thought to be caused by, police action. In the United States, police are increasingly using police body-worn cameras during this Age of Ferguson.

Since Michael Brown's death in Ferguson, Missouri, the US Department of Justice has made a call to action for police departments across the nation to implement body-worn cameras into their departments so further investigation will be possible. Police brutality is measured based on the accounts of people who have experienced or seen it, as well as the juries who are present for trials involving police brutality cases. This is because there is no way to quantify the use of excessive force for any particular situation.

Back is only one out of five people thought that police brutality was a serious problem. Police brutality is relative to a situation, it depends on if the suspected person s is are resisting. African Americans, women, and younger people are more likely to have negative opinions about police than Caucasians, men, and middle-aged to elderly individuals. Various community groups have criticized police brutality.

These groups often stress the need for oversight by independent civilian review boards and other methods of ensuring accountability for police action. Umbrella organizations and justice committees often named after a deceased individual or those victimized by police violence usually engage in a solidarity of those affected. Amnesty International is another organization active in the issue of police brutality. Amnesty International, also known as AI, is a non-governmental organization focused on human rights with over 3 million members and supporters around the world.

The stated objective of the organization is "to conduct research and generate action to prevent and end grave abuses of human rights, and to demand justice for those whose rights have been violated. Tools used by these groups include video recordings, which are sometimes broadcast using websites such as YouTube.

Civilians have begun independent projects to monitor police activity in an effort to reduce violence and misconduct. These are often called "Cop Watch" programs. Proper supervision by competent police supervisors and administration can reduce police misconduct. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Excessive force disambiguation. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.

Learn how and when to remove these template messages. This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Some entries are in broken English, lack specificity, or could use improvement in sentence structure or flow. Please help improve this article if you can. November Learn how and when to remove this template message. This article may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the talk page.

For other uses, see Police abuse and Police misconduct. List of cases of police brutality. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. Police brutality in Brazil. List of cases of police brutality in Canada. List of cases of police brutality in India. List of cases of police brutality in Pakistan.

This section may stray from the topic of the article. Please help improve this section or discuss this issue on the talk page. Police brutality in the United States. This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.

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Contextual, forensic medical and judicial characterization". Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. San Diego State University. Roma exclusion and the dark side of democracy". Scandalous verdict acquits police of torturing Romani children". A Struggle for Democracy' p. Legitimacy and Criminal Justice: European Court of Human Rights. Demonstrations are illegal, not registered and are not allowed".

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