Chapter 07, Drivers

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Device files are created by the kernel by the devtmpfs filesystem. Any driver that wishes to register a device node will go through the devtmpfs via the driver core to do it. A short time later, the kernel will send a uevent to udevd. The rules in these three directories are numbered and all three directories are merged together. If udevd can't find a rule for the device it is creating, it will leave the permissions and ownership at whatever devtmpfs used initially.

Device drivers compiled as modules may have aliases built into them. Aliases are visible in the output of the modinfo program and are usually related to the bus-specific identifiers of devices supported by a module.

For most devices, the bus driver exports the alias of the driver that would handle the device via sysfs. In this example, this means that, in addition to snd-fm , the obsolete and unwanted forte driver will be loaded if it is available. See below for ways in which the loading of unwanted drivers can be prevented. The kernel itself is also able to load modules for network protocols, filesystems and NLS support on demand. When you plug in a device, such as a Universal Serial Bus USB MP3 player, the kernel recognizes that the device is now connected and generates a uevent. This uevent is then handled by udevd as described above.

There are a few possible problems when it comes to automatically creating device nodes. Udev will only load a module if it has a bus-specific alias and the bus driver properly exports the necessary aliases to sysfs. In other cases, one should arrange module loading by other means. To determine if the device driver you require has the necessary support for Udev, run modinfo with the module name as the argument. If the modalias file exists in sysfs , the driver supports the device and can talk to it directly, but doesn't have the alias, it is a bug in the driver.

Load the driver without the help from Udev and expect the issue to be fixed later. Expect this issue to be fixed in later kernel versions. If the module in question is not a wrapper and is useful by itself, configure the modules bootscript to load this module on system boot. This works for wrapper modules too, but is suboptimal in that case. Blacklisted modules can still be loaded manually with the explicit modprobe command.

This usually happens if a rule unexpectedly matches a device. Find the offending rule and make it more specific, with the help of the udevadm info command. This may be another manifestation of the previous problem. If not, and your rule uses sysfs attributes, it may be a kernel timing issue, to be fixed in later kernels. Please notify the LFS Development list if you do so and it helps.

7.3.1. History

Further text assumes that the driver is built statically into the kernel or already loaded as a module, and that you have already checked that Udev doesn't create a misnamed device. Udev has no information needed to create a device node if a kernel driver does not export its data to sysfs. This is most common with third party drivers from outside the kernel tree. This is due to the fact that Udev, by design, handles uevents and loads modules in parallel, and thus in an unpredictable order. In addition to the certificate, the Member State may issue him or her with the driver qualification card provided for in Annex II, marked with the relevant Community code.

A driver referred to in Article 1 b who drives vehicles used for the carriage of passengers by road shall prove that he or she has the qualification and training provided for in this Directive by means of:. The amendments necessary to adapt Annexes I and II to scientific and technical progress shall be adopted in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 12 2. Before 10 September the Commission shall submit to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions a report making an initial evaluation of the implementation of this Directive, in particular with regard to the equivalence of the various initial qualification systems provided for in Article 3, and the efficiency thereof in achieving the target level of qualification.

The report shall be accompanied by appropriate proposals, if necessary. Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive before 10 September They shall forthwith inform the Commission thereof.

When Member States adopt these measures, they shall contain a reference to this Directive or shall be accompanied by such reference on the occasion of their official publication. The methods of making such reference shall be laid down by Member States. Member States shall forthwith inform the Commission thereof and shall assist each other in applying these measures.

This Directive shall enter into force on the day of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. Decision of the Council of 13 June The knowledge to be taken into account by Member States when establishing the driver's initial qualification and periodic training must include at least the subjects in this list. Trainee drivers must reach the level of knowledge and practical competence necessary to drive in all safety vehicles of the relevant licence category.

Overview of Device and Module Handling

Advanced training in rational driving based on safety regulations. Health, road and environmental safety, service, logistics.

Compulsory initial qualification provided for in Article 3 1 a. Initial qualification must include the teaching of all subjects in the list under section 1. The duration of this initial qualification must be hours. When driving individually, the trainee driver must be accompanied by an instructor, employed by an approved training centre. Each driver may drive for a maximum of eight hours of the 20 hours of individual driving on special terrain or on a top-of-the-range simulator so as to assess training in rational driving based on safety regulations, in particular with regard to vehicle handling in different road conditions and the way they change with different atmospheric conditions and the time of day or night.

For the drivers referred to in Article 5 5 the length of the initial qualification must be 70 hours, including five hours of individual driving. At the end of that training, Member States' competent authorities or the entity designated by them shall give the driver a written or oral test.

Pro Windows Embedded Compact 7: Producing Device Drivers by Abraham Kcholi

The test must include at least one question on each of the objectives in the list of subjects under section 1. Member States' competent authorities or the entity designated by them shall organise the aforementioned theoretical and practical tests to check whether the trainee driver has the level of knowledge required in section 1 for the subjects and objectives listed there.

The test must take place, whenever possible, on roads outside built-up areas, on fast roads and on motorways or similar , and on all kinds of urban highways presenting the different types of difficulties that a driver is liable to encounter. It would be desirable for this test to take place in different traffic density conditions. The driving time on the road must be used optimally in order to assess the candidate in all traffic areas likely to be encountered.

The minimum duration of this test must be 90 minutes;. The practical test may be supplemented by a third test taking place on special terrain or on a top-of-the-range simulator so as to assess training in rational driving based on safety regulations, in particular with regard to vehicle handling in different road conditions and the way they change with different atmospheric conditions and the time of day or night.

The duration of this optional test is not fixed. Should the driver undergo such a test, its duration may be deducted from the 90 minutes of the driving test referred to under i , but the time deducted may not exceed 30 minutes.

For the drivers referred to in Article 5 5 , the theoretical test must be limited to the subjects, referred to in section 1, which are relevant to the vehicles to which the new initial qualification applies. However, such drivers must undergo the whole practical test. Accelerated initial qualification provided for in Article 3 2.

Accelerated initial qualification must include the teaching of all subjects in the list in section 1. Its duration must be hours. Each driver may drive for a maximum of four hours of the 10 hours of individual driving on special terrain or on a top-of-the-range simulator so as to assess training in rational driving based on safety regulations, in particular with regard to vehicle handling in different road conditions and the way they change with different atmospheric conditions and the time of day or night.

For the drivers referred to in Article 5 5 the length of the accelerated initial qualification must be 35 hours, including two-and-a-half hours of individual driving. Compulsory periodic training provided for in Article 3 1 b.

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Compulsory periodic training courses must be organised by an approved training centre. Their duration must be of 35 hours every five years, given in periods of at least seven hours. Such periodic training may be provided, in part, on top-of-the-range simulators. Approval of the initial qualification and periodic training.

The training centres taking part in the initial qualification and periodic training must be approved by the Member States' competent authorities. Approval may be given only in response to a written application. The application must be accompanied by documents including:.

7.3.2. Udev Implementation

The competent authority must give approval in writing subject to the following conditions:. The approved centre must guarantee that the instructors have a sound knowledge of the most recent regulations and training requirements.

As part of a specific selection procedure, the instructors must provide certification showing a knowledge of both the subject material and teaching methods. As regards the practical part of the training, instructors must provide certification of experience as professional drivers or similar driving experience, such as that of driving instructors for heavy vehicles. The programme of instruction must be in accordance with the approval and must cover the subjects in the list in section 1.

The physical characteristics of the card must comply with ISO standards and The methods for verifying the physical characteristics of the card to ensure that they are consistent with international standards must comply with ISO standard If the details relate to a heading set out in this Annex, such details must be preceded by the corresponding heading number;. If a Member State wishes to word these entries in a national language other than one of the following languages: Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish and Swedish, it shall draw up a bilingual version of the card using one of the abovementioned languages, without prejudice to the other provisions of this Annex.

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The aim of the various constituent parts of the card is to rule out any forgery or tampering and to detect any attempts to do so. The Member State must ensure that the level of security of the card is at least comparable to the level of security of the driving licence. After consulting the Commission, Member States may add colours or markings, such as a bar code, national symbols and security features, without prejudice to the other provisions of this Annex.

In connection with the mutual recognition of cards, the bar code may not contain any information other than that already legibly appearing on the driver qualification card or which is essential for the card-issuing process. This site uses cookies to improve your browsing experience. Would you like to keep them? Skip to main content. This document is an excerpt from the EUR-Lex website. EU case law Case law Digital reports Directory of case law. Need more search options? Use the Advanced search. Help Print this page.

Expand all Collapse all. Languages, formats and link to OJ. See Art 16 Date of transposition: The Member States Additional information: Treaty establishing the European Community Legal basis: To this end Member States shall provide for: Upon successful completion of the test, the qualification shall be certified by a CPC as provided for in Article 6 1 a ; ii option involving only tests In accordance with section 2 2.

In the context of this vocational training course, the tests referred to in points i and ii may be completed in stages; b a system of periodic training In accordance with section 4 of Annex I, periodic training involves compulsory course attendance. Drivers of a vehicle intended for the carriage of goods may drive: Drivers of a vehicle intended for the carriage of passengers may drive: The following drivers shall undergo a first course of periodic training: On the basis of the CPC referred to in Article 6 and the CPC referred to in Article 8 1 , Member States' competent authorities shall mark, taking into account the provisions of Article 5 2 and 3 and Article 8, the Community code provided for in paragraph 2 of this Article alongside the corresponding categories of licence: Done at Brussels, 15 July For the Council The President G.

List of subjects The knowledge to be taken into account by Member States when establishing the driver's initial qualification and periodic training must include at least the subjects in this list.

Advanced training in rational driving based on safety regulations All licences 1. Application of regulations All licences 2. Health, road and environmental safety, service, logistics All licences 3. Compulsory initial qualification provided for in Article 3 1 a 2. Option combining both course attendance and a test Initial qualification must include the teaching of all subjects in the list under section 1.

Option involving a test Member States' competent authorities or the entity designated by them shall organise the aforementioned theoretical and practical tests to check whether the trainee driver has the level of knowledge required in section 1 for the subjects and objectives listed there. The minimum duration of the theoretical test must be four hours. The minimum duration of this test must be 90 minutes; ii a practical test covering at least points 1.

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