The Marvelous Hubble Telescope and its Discoveries - Volume 1

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The Marvelous Hubble Telescope and its Discoveries - Volume 2 by JH P (Paperback) - Lulu

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Our agents will determine if the content reported is inappropriate or not based on the guidelines provided and will then take action where needed. Thank you for notifying us. The set pulsing makes these kinds of stars ideal targets to help scientists measure great distances in the universe because they already know the inherent brightness of the star.

The Marvelous Hubble Telescope and its Discoveries - Volume 2

The Cepheid star will appear dimmer if it is farther away, giving researchers an easy way to gauge how distant its host galaxy is to Earth. In , mission controllers directed Hubble to take a series of images looking at one small spot in the sky, and the results were astonishing. The Hubble continued to take images of the deep universe through the course of its lifetime after multiple servicing missions by astronauts replaced cameras on the telescope.

Hubble was responsible for discovering four of the five moons that are currently known to orbit the dwarf planet Pluto. Hubble observations are also helping mission managers pick the best object for New Horizons to check out after it flies past Pluto this year. Scientists using Hubble have also been able to track seasonal changes on planets. Hundreds of engineers and computer scientists at Goddard Space Flight Center and STScI are responsible for keeping Hubble operating and monitoring its safety, health and performance.

At Goddard, controllers monitor the telescope's health while they direct its movements and science activities. STScI staff also schedule use of the telescope, monitor and calibrate the instruments, operate the archive and conduct public outreach. Astronomers from around the world compete for time to use Hubble. More scientists want to use the telescope than there is time to use it, so a review committee of astronomy experts has to pick out the best proposals from the bunch.

Each year around 1, proposals are reviewed and approximately are selected, for a total of 20, individual observations. The idea for the space telescope arose in , when German scientist Hermann Oberth, one of the founders of rocketry, suggested blasting a telescope into space aboard a rocket.

In , Lyman Spitzer Jr. He would spend the next 50 years working to make the space telescope a reality.

Spitzer was one of the main forces behind several of the orbiting observatories of the time, including the Copernicus satellite and the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory. Because of budget considerations, the original proposal was downsized somewhat, decreasing the size of the telescope's mirror and the number of instruments it would carry. In , the group working on the project suggested a telescope with a number of interchangeable instruments. They would be able to resolve at least one-tenth of an arcsecond and study wavelengths that ranged from ultraviolet to visible and infrared light.

The Space Shuttle would be used to put the telescope in orbit and either return it to Earth for repairs and replacement instruments, or service it in space. In , Congress approved funding for the telescope. Shortly after Congress approved funding for the telescope, proposals for science instruments began to pour in. Five winners were chosen.

Meanwhile, contractors, universities and NASA centers plunged into the effort. Goddard Space Flight Center would take care of the design, development and construction of the science instruments, and also perform ground control. The Perkin-Elmer Corporation was contracted to tackle the telescope assembly, including the mirrors and Fine Guidance Sensors, needed to point and direct the telescope.

Lockheed Missiles now Lockheed Martin was hired to build the structure and supporting systems, put the telescope together, and test it.

Hubble Essentials

By , astronauts were training for the mission in an underwater tank to simulate weightlessness, using a telescope mock-up. The space telescope was named the Hubble Space Telescope, after American astronomer Edwin Hubble , who showed that the fuzzy patches of light in the night sky were actually other galaxies, far distant from our own, and went on to prove that the universe was expanding.

After some delays, Hubble's launch was scheduled for October But on January 28, , the Space Shuttle Challenger exploded just over a minute into its flight. Shuttle flights ceased for two years.

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The finished telescope parts were moved into storage. Hubble workers continued to tweak the telescope during the delay, improving the solar batteries and upgrading other systems. The telescope carried five instruments: Almost immediately after Hubble went into orbit, it became clear that something was wrong. While the pictures were clearer than those of ground-based telescopes, they weren't the pristine images promised.

Hubble's primary mirror, polished so carefully and lovingly over the course of a full year, had a flaw called "spherical aberration. And they had a solution. A series of small mirrors could be used to intercept the light reflecting off the mirror, correct for the flaw, and bounce the light to the telescope's science instruments.

The Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement, or COSTAR, could be installed in place of one of the telescope's other instruments in order to correct the images produced by the remaining and future instruments. This was the first of Hubble's instruments to have built-in corrective optics. Astronauts and NASA staff spent 11 months training for one of the most complex space missions ever attempted.

In addition to the critical nature of the mission, it would be the first test of the telescope's vaunted ability to be serviced and repaired in space. Two astronauts installing ACS on Hubble in On December 2, , the Space Shuttle Endeavor carried a crew of seven into orbit for a mission that would involve five days of spacewalks and repairs. They performed a host of other tasks, replacing solar panels, fuse plugs, and other hardware. By December 9, they were finished. The pictures were beautiful; their resolution, excellent.

Hubble was transformed into the telescope that had been originally promised. Hubble would be successfully serviced and repaired several times afterwards.

1. Pinning down the age of the universe

In December , they replaced a transmitter, all six gyroscopes, and one of three Fine Guidance Sensors, which allow fine pointing and keep Hubble stable during operations. Hubble's next servicing mission was scheduled for

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