Astrología Transdimensional (Spanish Edition)

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Overall, these findings support earlier paleoecological interpretations based on the fish assemblage of Paleolake Lonyumun at Kanapoi. Moreover, mollusk assemblages from this lake are very similar across the Omo-Turkana Basin Nachukui, Usno, Mursi and Koobi Fora Formations suggesting that the lacustrine paleoecological conditions found in the Kanapoi Formation existed throughout the basin. Bullying Usages in Chilean Discourses. Full Text Available The article reports an exploratory research on the uses given in Chile to the Anglicism bullying.

In order to do so, its evolution is reviewed from the early studies in the Nordic countries, to the treatment of the topic in the Chilean context. The focus of this work is based on socioconstructionism and in turn promotes the consideration of the characteristics of the socio-cultural and historical context of knowledge production with a postcolonial intention. To review the constructions on the subject, we selected Chilean videos at the YouTube virtual platform, using as methodology discourse analysis and dense description.

In results can be observed two meanings of bullying: In response, it is realized the discrepancy with the proposed definitions from general academia and those used in the local environment in investigations, interventions, public policy and mass media in Chile. Technical efficiency in the Chilean agribusiness sector. The reform-process towards a higher world-market orientation has a long tradition in Chile, with all its strengths and weaknesses.

The food processing industry is highly competitive on the worldmarket. The following paper investigates the technical efficiency of the Chilean food processing industry between and We used a data-set from the 5, of firms in food processing industry. The observations are taken of the 'Annual National Industrial Survey'.

The method of stochastic fronti This report provides a comprehensive survey, in depth assessment of the activities overview of ENDESA, Chilean Electricity Company, highlighting economical information and including historical and technical aspects. Economics is its focal point, but other relevant data are shown, like technical data on hydroelectric and thermoelectric power plants. Data on power generation, transmission and transport are also presented and an economical balance of each colligated company are done and analysed.

Uniparental ancestry markers in Chilean populations. This study aimed to contribute to the characterization of the uniparental genetic structure of three Chilean regions. A high Native American matrilineal contribution and a low Native American and African patrilineal contributions were found in all three studied regions.

As previously found in Chilean admixed populations, the Native American matrilineal contribution was lower in Santiago than in the other studied regions. However, there was an unexpectedly higher contribution of Native American ancestry in one of the studied communes in Santiago, probably due to the high rate of immigration from other regions of the country.

The population genetic sub-structure we detected in Santiago using few uniparental markers requires further confirmation, owing to possible stratification for autosomal and X-chromosome markers. Cationic surfactants for control of fresh- and saltwater mollusks in nuclear cooling systems. One result of the release of the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission's Generic Letter , Service Water Problems Affecting Safety-Related Equipment, was the heightened awareness of the nuclear industry to the problems of macrofouling in heat exchange systems.

The principal mollusk species that contribute to freshwater macrofouling problems are Asiatic Clam southern United States and Zebra Mussel Great Lakes. The nuclear community's awareness of macrofouling problems and the ineffectiveness of intermittent chlorination programs have led to the development of several chemical control technologies for eliminating macrofouling organism infestation.

One technology that has proven effective for the control of macrofouling organisms is the periodic addition of a combination of two cationic charged surfactants, specifically, alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride QUAT and dodecyl guanidine hydrochloride DGH. Experience with the cationic surfactants at several nuclear power plants is reported. Use of EPR spectroscopy for identification and dosimetry.

Gobetti , Bologna I Italy. High energy radiation treatment of foodstuff for microbial control and shelf-life extension is being used in many countries. We describe herein the use of EPR for identification of four species of bivalve mollusks , i. The presence of other organic free radicals, believed to originate from conchiolin, a scleroprotein present in the shells, was also ascertained. The use of one of these radicals as a marker for irradiation of brown Venus shells and clams can be envisaged.

We also propose a dosimetric protocol for the reconstruction of the administered dose in irradiated oysters. Pigment-based coloration is a common trait found in a variety of organisms across the tree of life. For example, calcareous avian eggs are natural structures that vary greatly in color, yet just a handful of tetrapyrrole pigment compounds are responsible for generating this myriad of colors.

To fully understand the diversity and constraints shaping nature's palette, it is imperative to characterize the similarities and differences in the types of compounds involved in color production across diverse lineages. Pigment composition was investigated in eggshells of eleven paleognath bird taxa, covering several extinct and extant lineages, and shells of four extant species of mollusks. Birds and mollusks are two distantly related, calcareous shell-building groups, thus characterization of pigments in their calcareous structures would provide insights to whether similar compounds are found in different phyla Chordata and Mollusca.

An ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid EDTA extraction protocol was used to analyze the presence and concentration of biliverdin and protoporphyrin, two known and ubiquitous tetrapyrrole avian eggshell pigments, in all avian and molluscan samples. Biliverdin was solely detected in birds, including the colorful eggshells of four tinamou species. In contrast, protoporphyrin was detected in both the eggshells of several avian species and in the shells of all mollusks. These findings support previous hypotheses about the ubiquitous deposition of tetrapyrroles in the eggshells of various bird lineages and provide evidence for its presence also across distantly related animal taxa.

The relative abundance of species varied in different types of habitat.

The intermediary host species of fascioliasis were dominant in two sites. Fossaria cubensis was dominant in Canal de la Entrada despite the presence of Melanoides tuberculata. The specie Pseudosuccinea columella was more abundant in Los Mangos. In La Presa del Matadero y Las Palmas despite the presence of these species, the prevailing ones were Physa acuta and some planorbids.

In some sites Melanoides tuberculata was present and acted as a biological control agent but it did not in others. Therefore, an evaluation on using a different thiarid would be useful to control these species. Model studies of the effect of aerosol wastewater emissions on terrestrial mollusks Achatina fulica. Full Text Available The laboratory experiments were carried on using the juvenile mollusk Achatina fulica as a bioindicator of soil contamination and air pollution.

It is shown that when experimental animals breathed and had dermal contact with the aerosols prepared from the wastewater and those prepared from two solutions of Ni in distilled water at two concentrations they weighed significantly less than controls. At that the experimental animals gained weight reliably slower than the controls contained in aquatic aerosol without Ni.

The subsequent one week exposure of shells in aerosol, prepared from the distilled water without Ni reduced the concentration of nickel in the tissue of the digestive gland. Thus, bioavailability of HM and nickel solutions prepared from untreated wastewaters in breathing aerosol and possibly by skin contact was demonstrated. The toxicant delivery seems to occur apart from food intake. Full Text Available Pigment-based coloration is a common trait found in a variety of organisms across the tree of life.

The purpose of my visit to Chilean Antarctic Stations was to assess the present status of geophysical observations and research, as the South Shetland Island, West Antarctica, where the stations are located, are one of the most active tectonic regions on the Antarctic plate. I stayed in Frei Base as a member of a geol Mercury content in Chilean fish and estimated intake levels. The intake of fish products is a major public health concern due to possible methyl mercury exposure, which is especially toxic to the human nervous system.

The fish products were collected from markets in Talcahuano, Puerto Montt and Santiago. Samples were analyzed at the National Environmental Center by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Mercury levels in swordfish and one canned tuna sample exceeded levels prescribed by national and international standards.

The remaining two export products Patagonian toothfish, also known as Chilean sea bass, and salmon complied with international limits, which are more demanding than Chilean regulations. Theoretical estimates of mercury intake varied from 0. This group appears to be at the greatest risk from mercury contamination among the Chilean population. Power structure in Chilean news media. Even democracies endowed with the most active free press struggle to maintain diversity of news coverage.

Consolidation and market forces may cause only a few dominant players to control the news cycle. Editorial policies may be biased by corporate ownership relations, narrowing news coverage and focus. To an increasing degree this problem also applies to social media news distribution, since it is subject to the same socio-economic drivers. To study the effects of consolidation and ownership on news diversity, we model the diversity of Chilean coverage on the basis of ownership records and social media data.

We create similarity networks of news outlets on the basis of their ownership and the topics they cover. We then examine the relationships between the topology of ownership networks and content similarity to characterize how ownership affects news coverage. A network analysis reveals that Chilean media is highly concentrated both in terms of ownership as well as in terms of topics covered. Our method can be used to determine which groups of outlets and ownership exert the greatest influence on news coverage.

Full Text Available The military coup of september 11th in was the beggining of a hard dictatorship that placed Pinochet for 17 years in the chilean executive power. For chilean secondary students, the process of dictatorship was caracterised by violence because of the hard repression during the military regime to demonstrations and protest, enphasising that for them, Dictatorship and Transition are parts of the same historical period, as they relate the transition with facts and situations that happened in the military regime.

Is the Chilean Diet a Mediterranean-type Diet? Full Text Available Food intake in Chile has changed markedly in the last decades, showing an increase in fat consumption and presently a small fruit and vegetables intake. A parallel is made between the Chilean and Mediterranean diet mainly the one from Spain, Italy, and Greece, both currently and from 50 years ago. The main differences and similarities are based on food availability.

Although Chilean diet seems to be approaching the traditional Mediterranean diet of the 60's, there is concern about changes that are moving away from Chilean traditional diet and towards a western one. A new food pyramid for Chile is proposed based on the traditional Mediterranean-type diet. Structure-based function prediction of the expanding mollusk tyrosinase family. Tyrosinase Ty is a common enzyme found in many different animal groups.

In our previous study, genome sequencing revealed that the Ty family is expanded in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Here, we examine the larger number of Ty family members in the Pacific oyster by high-level structure prediction to obtain more information about their function and evolution, especially the unknown role in biomineralization. We verified 12 Ty gene sequences from Crassostrea gigas genome and Pinctada fucata martensii transcriptome. Structural data and surface pockets of the dinuclear copper center in the eight subgroups of molluscan Ty were obtained using the latest versions of prediction online servers.

The structural and chemical features of these pockets which may related to the substrate binding showed considerable variability among mollusks , which undoubtedly defines Ty substrate binding. Finally, we discuss the potential driving forces of Ty family evolution in mollusks. Based on these observations, we conclude that the Ty family has rapidly evolved as a consequence of substrate adaptation in mollusks. Biostratigraphy of the Miocene of Zeven, county of Bremervoerde, based on mollusks.

Cores from 2 water wells and a gas well, containing a very rich assemblage of fossil mollusks , were used to clarify the biostratigraphy of the Miocene near Zeven, especially in the sands corresponding to the brown coal deposits. The overburden contains the fauna of the Reinbek, the underburden 2 faunas of the Hemmoor, one of brachyhaline and one of euhaline characteristics.

A list of the species found, and of those most useful for age determinations, is given. The correspondence between several local nomenclatures in the Helvetian, Burdigalian and Aquitanian formations is tabulated. Evaluation of tropical water sources and mollusks in southern Brazil using microbiological, biochemical, and chemical parameters. The quality of bivalve mollusks is closely related to the sanitary conditions of surrounding waters where they are cultivated. Presently, cultivation areas receive large amounts of effluents derived mainly from treated and non-treated domestic, rural, and urban sewage.

This contributes to the contamination of mollusks with trace metals, pesticides, other organic compounds, and human pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and protozoan. Samples were evaluated at day zero and after 14 days. Seawater and sediment samples were collected just once, at the end of the experiment. Antioxidant defenses, which may occur in contaminated environments in response to the increased production of reactive oxygen species ROS by organisms, were analyzed in oysters, as well as organic compounds in oysters and sediment samples and microbiological contamination in oysters and seawater samples.

The results showed the presence of the following contaminants: Among organochlorine pesticides, only DDT dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and HCH hexachlorocyclohexane were detected in some sediment and oysters samples in very. The renal diet must include limited amounts of high quality protein, phosphorus P and potassium K. The aim of this study was to evaluate protein PR, phosphorus P, potassium K, calcium Ca and n-3PUFA in processed fishes and mollusks as an alimentary option for renal patients.

Significant difference was detected p Mollusks: CA presented the highest values of P and PR 2. Among processed fishes, only canned tunas are recommended for the diet of renal patients, in an individualized basis. The risk-benefit ratio of sardines in the renal diet should be evaluated, due to their high content of P and n-3PUFA. Salmon and mollusks are not recommended for the renal diet. Currently, the human diet includes different new products of seafishing, including non-fish--bivalves and gastropods, holothurias, echinoderms, jellyfishes that demands careful studying of their chemical composition.

It was established thatfood parts of a bivalve were significantly flooded water content Organic components consist of protein The analysis of amino-acid composition of proteins of food parts of the mollusk of Anadara broughtonishowed the presence of all essential amino acids with slight differences in their content depending on the localization of the protein. All edible parts have tryptophan as the limiting amino acid. Muscle proteins have maximum level of lysine, methionine, cysteine, phenylalanine and tyrosine; mantle proteins--leucine, isoleucine and threonine; adductor proteins--valine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, methionine and cysteine.

Predominant nonessential amino acids forproteins of all food pieces are glycine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine. The coefficient of amino-acid score differences of adductor protein The indicator "biological value" is maximal for adductor Mantle proteins are characterized by minimum biological value The coefficient of utility of amino acid composition of protein is maximalfor muscle Taurine content in food parts of a mollusk Anadara broughtoni is rather high compared to with other bivalve mollusks of the Far East region.

Smaller calcite lattice deformation caused by occluded organic material in coccoliths than in mollusk shell. The growth and nucleation of biominerals are directed and affected by associated biological molecules. In this paper, we investigate the influence of occluded biomolecules on biogenic calcite from the coccolithophorid Pleurochrysis carterae and from chalk, a rock composed predominantly of fossil Two heating cycles allow us to differentiate the effects of thermal agitation and organic molecules.

Single peak analysis and Rietveld refinement were combined to show significant differences resulting from the occluded biomolecules on the mineral phase in biogenic calcite in the mollusk shell Study of the elemental content in mollusk from Uruguayan's coast by X-ray fluorescence. The River Plate is located between Argentina and Uruguay and has an estuarine nature. It is thus a zone with distinctive features among the South American Atlantic coasts.

The analysis techniqe employed is X-ray fluroescence, which is non-destructive and multi-elemental. A simple way of sample preparation is proposed, which does not use reagents that may introduce foreign elements, and is therefore low cost. Food intake in Chile has changed markedly in the last decades, showing an increase in fat consumption and presently a small fruit and vegetables intake. A parallel is made between the Chilean and Mediterranean diet mainly the one from Spain, Italy, and Greece , both currently and from 50 years ago.

Although Chilean diet seems to be approaching the traditional Mediterranean diet of the 60's, there is concern about changes t Wine tourism has become a thriving niche in global tourism industry with successful cases like Napa Valley in the USA with 19 million visitors per year. However, there are important disparities among wine regions. The paper analyses the case of the Chilean wine tourism, which is one of the regions with less wine tourists although it is very important in global wine industry, and its reasons for its low level of development.

Chilean wine industry has been developing its infrastructure in wine Oenococcus oeni in Chilean Red Wines: Technological and Genomic Characterization. A total of LAB isolates were identified after sequencing molecular markers, 95 of them corresponded to O. Further genetic analyses were performed using MLST 7 genes including 10 commercial strains; the results indicated that commercial strains were grouped together, while autochthonous strains distributed among different genetic clusters. To pre-select some autochthonous O.

For comparison purposes, commercial strain VP41 was also tested. Based on their technological performance, only 3 isolates were selected for further examination genome analysis and they were able to reduce malic acid concentration, to grow at low pH 3. The genome analyses of three selected isolates were examined and compared to PSU-1 and VP41 strains to study their potential contribution to the organoleptic properties of the final product. The presence and homology of genes potentially related to aromatic profile were compared among those strains.

Genomic analysis also revealed that these strains shared genes with VP41 and PSU-1 and that autochthonous strains harbor an interesting. Full Text Available A reference inventory of prehistoric marine mollusks from the Rio das Ostras region was created based on an excavation carried out at the Sambaqui da Tarioba shellmound. Patterns of richness and biogeography were studied, and the representativeness of bivalve and gastropod diversities found at this archaeological site were inferred.

A total of 47 taxa belonging to 28 families, most of which from unconsolidated substrates, was identified. The shellmound species composition does not differ from the present-day composition. Thus, the data show little evidence of evolution in the composition, richness,and biodiversity distribution patterns of mollusks in the Rio das Ostras region. Likewise, a reconstitution of the paleoenvironment from the functional characteristics of the shellmound species indicates that the locality's geomorphology and climate remained largely unchanged in the last 4, years BP.

Marine Bacteria with antimicrobials capacity isolated from cultures of bivalve mollusks. Full Text Available Microorganisms have commonly been studied as producers of antibacterial substances; yet they are also considered producers of antifungic, antiviral, antiparasitic, citotoxics and inhibitory of other forms of cellular growth substances.

From marine strains collected, 20 strains were recovered that had the ability of inhibiting a wide spectrum of fish, mollusks and shellfish pathogenic bacteria; being the most sensitive pathogens Aeromonas sobria P, Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC , Vibrio vulnificus ATCC and Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC The phenotipic characterization of this strains with inhibitory capacity allowed the identification of the following genera: The results suggest that the isolated bacteria could be used as probiotics agents for the biological control of pathogens from marine organisms of interest in mariculture.

Some SINE families are organized in superfamilies characterized by a shared central domain. These central domains are conserved across species, classes, and even phyla. Here we report the identification of two novel such superfamilies in the genomes of gastropod and bivalve mollusks. The central conserved domain of the first superfamily is present in SINEs in Caenogastropoda and Vetigastropoda as well as in all four subclasses of Bivalvia. The second superfamily is restricted to Caenogastropoda. Its central conserved domain-Snail-is related to the Nin-DC domain. It is predicted to form a stable stem-loop structure that is preserved in the context of the overall SINE RNA secondary structure in invertebrates.

Its central conserved domain—Snail—is related to the Nin-DC domain. Boat density and exotic coastal mollusks in Moorea Island French Polynesia. Pacific islands are particularly vulnerable to the effects of invasive species. After habitat destruction or modification, invasive species are responsible for more biological extinctions than any other cause.

Further, the rate of extinction of native species has been higher on islands than anywhere else in the world. Invasive species have also degraded native ecosystems. In order to detect exotic intertidal mollusk species, an extensive sampling around Moorea Island, a more or less unspoiled island surrounded by a rich coral reef habitat, has been developed considering that sampled points have different characteristics in wave exposure, algae coverage, type of substrate, distance to ports, distance to freshwater, distance sewage and boat traffic.

Samples were DNA barcoded for unequivocal species assignation. The presence of five NIS among 26 species seems an important signal of introduction of alien biota in Moorea Island coast. However they were represented by a total of 38 individuals among mollusks 2. While the distance to relatively big ports influenced directly species richness, the intensity of maritime traffic measured as boat density near sampling points was significantly associated with the frequency of exotic species. Other environmental factors did not show significant correlation with the frequency of exotics, suggesting that in an environment without big discontinuities, with little habitat modification, local boat traffic is the most influential factor in the spread of exotic species.

This could be mitigated relatively easily by reducing boat density in local zones of ecological interest. Full Text Available The status of mollusk diversity and physical setting of mangrove areas in Catanduanes island, Luzon Philippines are described. A total of 57 species of mollusks , consisting of 27 gastropods and 30 bivalves were recorded in the island. Registering higher values of species diversity indices Margalef and species richness Menhinick are the prosobranch, Terebralia sulcata; corbiculid bivalve, Geloina coaxans; potamidiids, Cerithidea cingulata and Cerithidea rhizophorarum; and two other species of the genus Littorina Littorinopsis.

Using the physiographic model, majority of the mangrove areas under study follow the composite river and wave-dominated setting with some few areas having the wave-dominated, tide-dominated allochthonous setting. The impact of Chilean migration on employment in Patagonia. This paper discusses the employment situation of Chilean migrant workers, their impact on labor markets in Patagonia, Argentina, and the government's past and projected responses to this phenomenon.

Chilean migration to patagonia was closely linked to economic activities that began to flourish in the 20th century, such as livestock raising, fruit and vegetable cultivation, and mining for coal and petroleum. No Chilean migrants work in a wide range of sectors. In Patagonia's southern provinces availability and ability to withstand rigorous climate conditions are the main factors which account for the prevalence of Chilean manpower. Chilean migrants do not in general displace local manpower. Legislation and the permeability of the border ensure that most workers enter the country as tourists.

Category:Unidentified Rhizostomeae

Clandestine migration is not an issue. Illegal migrants have provoked negative reactions for several reasons: The government has attempted to solve these problems through various measures. Beginning in , most foreigners entered Argentina with a tourist visa, becoming illegal when they stayed beyond authorized limits. Several measures over the years provided amnesty to illegal migrants. Currently, the law promotes immigration, monitors the admission of foreigners to the country and stipulates their rights and obligations. The law lists articles on immigration promotion and on regulation of the movements of foreigners.

Because of the present economic crisis in. Innovation strategy management survey of the Chilean biomedical industry. Assessment of windows of opportunities to reduce technological gaps. The convergence of different theories ie, catch-up effect and windows of opportunities allows for the interpretation of different "technological innovation gaps" in Chile's biomedical industry. It is common knowledge that Chile has always had an economy almost exclusively based on services, commodities, and mainly in the exploitation of natural resources with low value added.

The literature confirms that countries that concentrate their economies on the knowledge, research, development, and commercialization of technology and innovation have a better and more stable growth rate in the medium and long run. The "Asian Tigers" are a good example of this. Analyzing the technological gaps that affect the Chilean biomedical industry, it is possible to find windows of opportunities to catch up. This could allow the country to take its knowledge, skills, and capabilities further, thus enabling Chile to not just depend on its unpredictable natural resources. For the first time, a quantitative diagnosis of the Chilean biomedical industry was made.

This study considered the Chilean biomedical industry and its innovation and entrepreneurship environment, taking into account its productive capacities and its potential to make progress in technological innovation and, as a result, dramatically reducing technological gaps through windows of opportunities.

Frequency and specificity of red blood cell alloimmunization in chilean transfused patients. Alloimmunization is an adverse effect of blood transfusions. In Chile, alloimmunization frequency is not established, and for this reason the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and specificity of red blood cell RBC alloantibodies in Chilean transfused subjects.

Records from 4, multi-transfused patients were analyzed. In these patients, antibody screening was carried out prior to cross-matching with a commercially available two-cell panel by the microcolum gel test, and samples with a positive screen were analyzed for the specificity of the alloantibody with a cell identification panel. The incidence of RBC alloimmunization in transfused patients was 1.

We detected 52 antibodies, the most frequent specificities identified were anti-E The highest incidence of alloantibodies was observed in cancer and gastroenterology patients. The data demonstrated a low alloimmunization frequency in Chilean transfused patients, principally associated with antibodies anti-E, anti-K, anti-D, and anti-Fy a. Data on the biology and morphology of cercariae of Diplostomum phoxini Faust, Arvy et Buttner, are given.

In November, the invasion extensity of mollusks was No cercariae were found in spring and summer samples. Anthropometric profile of elite Chilean Paralympic athletes. Full Text Available Introduction: Sport is one of the most popular social events worldwide. It becomes interesting to characterize its practitioners, even more in some poorly studied groups such as Paralympic athletes. The main objective of this study is to determine the anthropometric profile of Chilean Elite Paralympic Athletes CEPA through body composition and somatotype.

The body composition and somatotype were assessed through the protocol described by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry ISAK. The CEPA reach an average for that classifies somatotype mostly as meso-endomorphic 5. The CEPA have a somatotype profile that classifies mostly as meso-endomorphic, body composition has a predominance muscle mass and high fat mass, although is similar to other Paralympics athletes.

Ecosystem process interactions between central Chilean habitats. Full Text Available Understanding ecosystem processes is vital for developing dynamic adaptive management of human-dominated landscapes. Although matorral, espinal and native sclerophyllous forest are linked successionally, they are not jointly managed and conserved.

We asked whether adjacent matorral areas contribute to espinal ecosystem processes related to the three main espinal management goals. We examined input and outcome ecosystem processes related to these goals in matorral and espinal with and without shrub understory.

We found that matorral had the largest sets of inputs to ecosystem processes, and espinal with shrub understory had the largest sets of outcomes. Moreover, we found that these outcomes were broadly in the directions preferred by management goals. This supports our prediction that matorral acts as an ecosystem process bank for espinal. We recommend that management plans for landscape resilience consider espinal and matorral as a single landscape cover class that should be maintained as a dynamic mosaic.

Joint management of espinal and matorral could create new management and policy opportunities. Chilean Nuclear Energy Commission dosimetric information system. This thesis discusses the nuclear radiation that people who work with radioactive material is exposed to and its control by the Chilean Nuclear Energy Commission. A full analysis of the System is presented with information about the Commission and the Department of Nuclear and Radiological Safety which runs the System. Ana analysis of the System is presented in order to obtain requirements. Management flow diagrams, the processes involved and current problems experienced by the users are described.

Accesses are built and communication across different feminist focuses become possible. Therefore, I argue that this campaign can be a pioneering model for grassroots social changes in digital China. Traditionally, feminist research has focused more on the content and the supposed effects of gender norms and their relations to power, than how the gendered power relations may change.

However, there has been a tenet within feminism and—more recently—masculinity studies, which more specifically discusses how to change these power relations. A further research specifically looking at how such gender norms change is warranted. How might the gender stereotypes that surely inform the enactment of violence, transform into something new? In queer pedagogy advocates try to find solutions for resisting gendered norms, for example, through queering time. What norms of temporality are queer supposedly challenging? Taking temporality in queer studies as starting point new strategies of resistance, against different gendered power relations, prevail.

This paper, discusses various resistance strategies in relation to different attempts to reach gender equality. Abstract id Good Press: When did and why do movements and SMOs sometimes gain sustained newspaper coverage and when and why is this coverage sometimes substantive? Our story-centered argument holds that the social organization and operating procedures of the news media account for its differential treatment of institutional political officials and movements, but also provide openings for sustained and substantive coverage for movement actors, a potential cultural consequence for movements.

We argue that the main routes to both sustained and substantive coverage are for movements to mimic and challenge institutional political actors and processes, such as by contesting elections, preempting legislative processes, and launching court cases. Other routes include mounting successful strikes and waves of protest. Routes to sustained coverage that are not expected to be substantive include investigations, trials, violent opposition, and occupations.

The results show that 37 high-profile SMOs gained sustained coverage times. Analyses of the subjects and the assignments of authors in these coverage runs provide preliminary support for our story-centered arguments. Abstract id Filming the Revolution: The uprising that toppled the Mubarak regime in Egypt was distinct from previous events of political contention. One of the things that made it so, as many analysts have argued, was the directly observable role that new media technologies played in the strategic mobilization of the Jan25 protests and in the continuous documentation of the events during the uprising.

This paper explores the mobilizing role of digital images of the protest events. In this research, I investigate how the internal narratives of videos of the uprising—produced and circulated through new media technologies between January 25 and February 11, —aided the anti-Mubarak protesters in constructing, negotiating and reinforcing discourses that idealized collective direct action and delegitimized the Mubarak regime. It explains how moving images of the event became a site for the construction of collective action frames, mobilizing ideas that warranted the revolution.

It examines the dominant images and themes in the videos, revealing a politically meaningful overlap of visual and verbal layers of event signification. Through this paper, I interrogate the interaction between mainstream media reportage and citizen journalism, arguing that in the case of the Egyptian uprising of , the simultaneous video production by professional journalists and amateur footage takers created a plethora of visual materials that corroborated each other.

However, I emphasize the necessity of agency in harnessing the subversive potential of media images. Abstract id One Country, Two Diseases: Media spotlight is crucial for social movements. In countries with little press freedom, news is a scarce resource and a battlefield that social activists, especially those from the grassroots level, compete among themselves and with other social and political forces in winning visibility, public attention and resonance, and legitimacy. The study contains two parts. The first part is a longitudinal content analysis of 3, news stories on two epidemics from six Chinese newspapers.

However, news coverage on the two diseases shows very different discursive patterns and is made through different routes. The question is why? One possible answer comes from the analysis of the discursive opportunities created by the interactions between the journalists and the grassroots social activists.

Therefore, the second part of the study is constituted by two case studies: Research data were collected through in-depth interviews with more than 40 activists and journalists in China and overseas who were involved in the two movements. Key strategies employed by the activists in attracting media attention and affecting media frames are identified and compared. Many authors have analyzed the influence of media on the political debate.

This role is particularly crucial in certain contexts as the one characterized by the present global capitalist crisis. In this way, media can contribute to the prevalence of a specific interpretative framework, including the definition of causes, actors, solutions and actions. Considering this construction of frames there is one topic that can play a key role: In order to conduct this research we have chosen the case of Spain.

We have selected a sample of 1. The analyzed period of time includes the consideration of three key milestones: A number of variables have been constructed in order to contrast previous studies about protest representation with the data collected for the Spanish case. Most of these previous studies highlight the presence of a media protest paradigm: Our results show most of the characteristics of this protest paradigm: However, there are significant differences between newspapers. There is not an homogeneous discourse, but clear differences related to political affiliations and interests, editorial policy, specific events, etc.

Similarly, coverage varies in relation to the different forms of protests, actors and actions. Specifically, the conservative newspapers apply a particularly negative frame when the protest involves unions or political parties opposing the government. This study is based on a combination of social media and news analysis, in-depth interviews with movement participants, spokespeople, mainstream and alternative journalists, and observations at meetings, assemblies and protests.

It explores the media ideologies Gershon, and notions of counterpublics Fraser, that inform how Chilean students use online social networks to engage with mainstream journalists, respond to media coverage they do not find favorable, and help foster alternative discursive spaces about issues they find get ignored.

Youth activists in Chile have developed multi-faceted strategies to balance savvy engagement and principled avoidance of traditional media conglomerates that dominate the landscape. This study demonstrates how student movement leaders operate in constant dialogue with the organized grassroots student base, other civil society organizations, and increasingly sophisticated media teams to navigate different publics, construct their own discursive spaces and successfully open space for discussions about constitutional reform, participatory democracy, and the critique of economic neoliberalism.

Abstract id Digital Contention: I outline this framework in the literature review section of this paper as nine distinct characteristics, each pertaining to a different aspect of social movement research. My purpose in doing so is to argue that Anonymous is part of a larger, loosely-connected new social movement, which I call the Freedom of Information Movement, as well as to show how its unique characteristics which have developed out of new digital technologies are making it necessary for sociologists to update and expand upon our existing theories and concepts of social movements.

Some of this work has already begun. There have been several, though not many, studies of cyber-activism, hacktivism, digital repertoires of contention, cyber diffusion, online activist networks, and decentralized organizational forms of online movements. Through a combination of historical and qualitative content analyses of news articles, websites, operational fliers, and other written materials associated with Anonymous, I am attempting to build upon and expand this new and growing paradigm concerning online social movements and digital forms of contention.

This opposition erupted in May when what started as 50 people protesting the razing of Gezi Park in Istanbul blossomed into a six week city-and-countrywide uprising against what participants framed as encroaching JDP-authoritarianism. Rather than suffering at the hands of an authoritarian dictate from above, however, what made this case of media blackout unique was that it was the product of self-censorship on the part of corporate media sources fearful of potential JDP reprisal. When international media sources picked up the slack e.

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This paper concludes that rather than a deathnail in the coffin of Turkish news, its appears that a likely impact of the Gezi Park uprisings is a rebirth of dissenting public discourse in Turkey, and a new era of social critique. Employing media content analysis and archival research, it explores how social media use facilitated grassroots movement organizations and stimulated cyber-activism among atomized users in practice. On 30 August , a local student organization — Scholarism — went on a hunger strike.

Occupying the public area in front of the Headquarters of the Hong Kong Government, members of Scholarism protested against the controversial curriculum imposed by the Education Bureau. In the subsequent days, tens of thousands of people joined the protest. Nine days later, the government succumbed to the pressure and retracted its plans. While new information and communication technologies provide the technical infrastructures for organizing movement campaigns and protests, various uses of new media configurations offer flexible mechanisms for people to take part in contentious activities.

During the occupation protest, Scholarism eagerly employed Facebook technologies to coordinate collective actions and mobilize participants. At the same time, numerous users made active use of Facebook to communicate about the movement, forge social networks, produce alternative knowledge, and create innovative protest activities. As diverse actors simultaneously undertook online activism, the patterns of their computer-mediated communication facilitated the emergence of counter-publics and the development of movement practices and culture.

Borrowing insights from the growing theory on computer-mediated social movements that challenges the assumption about requirements for formal leadership and organizational hierarchies, this paper argues that new media use modified the relationship between social movement organizations and individual users, and permitted alternative forms of civic engagement for democratic participation. Abstract id The Reverse Panopticon Metaphor: Through a case study of this movement and its suppression by the Chinese State, this paper aims to analyze how new media facilitate the power dynamics between the autocratic state and social movement actors.

It creates new internet spaces to discuss issues addressed by the documentary. Second, the documentary film production and distribution become key processes of movement mobilization in this context. The prison Panopticon metaphor is therefore reversed in the process: This study signifies discursive social movements in the digital century in a party-state with multiple strict controls and heavy censorship on expression and association.

Social movements use urban spaces for their representation. They demand a spatial setting for their full effectiveness. However, spatiality of social movements has entered into a new phase since the mids. The prevalence of the Internet as part of the daily lives of people has challenged traditional theories of social movement and political public space. Recent revolutions and social movements in the Middle East and North African countries, the Arab Spring, and the protests in reaction to the economic crisis and austerity programs of governments in different parts of the globe have created a new phase of research on the relationship between online activism and social movements.

Scholars focus more on the role of social networking sites SNS and try to articulate their contribution to social movements. Abstract id The New Radicals: The corruption literature highlights the important role that citizens play in fighting corruption. How or if citizens should be supported in their fight is the topic of much conjecture. On the one hand scholars and anti-corruption organisations argue that, to be effective, citizens must be supported by international and transnational organisations.

On the other hand, some critical scholars argue that civil society should be independent from international organisations; left to their own devices they can more legitimately engage in confrontational politics against corrupt institutions, organisations and individuals. For these critics, such responses stand in opposition to the neoliberal discourse of international donors and NGOs. There has been little research into the discourse and activities of anti-corruption activists to support these theories.

This paper draws on participant observation and interviews conducted in with anti-corruption activists referred to as The Coalition — who were not supported by international organisations — in Papua New Guinea. Yet The Coalition distrusted local efforts to address corruption; instead they argued for neo-liberal solutions and neo-colonial institutional arrangements.

Abstract id Resistance Against the Narco-Machine: The Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity MPJD emerged in to expose the inconsistencies of the war against drug-trafficking, criticize the official discourse of the government and the media, and restore the dignity of thousands of victims of the narco-machine. Even if the MPJD represents one of the most important movement emerged in Latin America in the last decade, there has been a considerable lack of academic attention, in particular outside of Mexico, towards its practices and its achievements.

Drawing on an extensive review of the literature and on in-depth interviews with key actors of the movement, this article aims to fill this gap by providing an analysis of its emergence, its repertoire of contention, its communication practices and the central role played by the victims. This paper discusses the social mechanisms set in motion by a new anti-Mafia organization called Addiopizzo Goodbye, Pizzo which has been able to successfully encourage a growing number of entrepreneurs and shopkeepers to refuse to pay racket fees to local mobs in the city of Palermo, Italy.

By using communication technologies that enable personalized public engagement as part of a new interpretative frame which has brought political consumerism into the repertoire of the anti-Mafia movement, Addiopizzo activists — a group of post-grad students formed in — have succeeded in creating a range of collective and selective incentives that have made it possible for local businesspeople to overcome the problems of collective action and build new social bonds of solidarity.

Referring to social movements and diffusion theories, the paper discusses how a relatively small and locally based SMO succeeded in bringing about important changes by organizing itself locally as well as globally, and via Internet. A questionnaire developed by Al Badayneh was used as a research tool for this study. A convenient sample consisted of participants from the Jordanian social movements in 12 governorates in Jordan was selected. Participants view Karak, Mafraq and Zarqa city as the highest cities in public corruption.

Findings showed that participants perceive the highest corruption bribery were prevalence among government tenders, senior staff and ministries. Meanwhile participants perceived the government tenders, senior staff and the parliament as the highest in using their personal relationship. Participants viewed national efforts against corruption as not effective, waste and favoritism, patronage, regional, making decisions for personal benefits, circumvent the laws were the most common.

Moreover, findings showed significant differences in all measures of corruption attributed to the type of movement, and political identification. Finally, the most important determinants in corruption perceptions are corruption prevalence, government corruption and the lack of seriousness to combat corruption. Disability rights movements have been militating for the right to live an independent life in the community since the s.

This is more than fifty years ago and one can wonder what those movements do look like today. The paper discusses disability organizations in Sweden and Belgium. The hypothesis according to which disability movements in those two countries present different features and have contrasting impacts on the State will be tackled. Apart from taking into account the formal and informal configuration of these movements, their degree of institutionalization, the available resources and the level of participation of their members, the study also looks at the content of the claims of the disability rights movements and at the composition of their members.

Furthermore, this paper addresses the issue of the possibility of building a social movement for people with a risk of marginalization. And finally, the discussion will address the question whether the disability rights movements in Sweden and Belgium. Abstract id Social and Institutional Anti-Mafia. The proposal concerns a comparative study on social movements against organised crime and corruption in Italy and Argentina, based on an ethnographic and qualitative approach.

This privileged viewpoint allows us to explore the internal dynamics of the movement and the links between the institutional and the social level. The starting hypotheses are: In Argentina, the anti-mafia movement is more recent, strongly linked to the crisis started in Therefore the Italian and Argentinian cases are particularly significant for the background features, the connections between the two countries, and the study of relations between movements and institutions in the fight against mafia and corruption.

The presence of organized crime plagues different regions of Southern Italy. In this paper we study the determinants of the decision of firms deciding to resist to extortion, a typical activity carried out. For all firms in the sample and in the control group we gathered firm-level data sector of activity, age, balance sheets, etc.

By our statistical analysis, we aim at evaluating the relative weight of the different factors firm-specific or related to the territory where the firms is located that may account for the decision to join modelled as a dichotomous choice. Preliminary results show a higher probability to join for firms with higher value added and lower bank debts, operating in highly populated and high-education neighborhoods, with lower problems in labour market participation and unemployment.

Moreover, we find a lower probability to join for firms operating in the sectors of Construction and Transport, that are sectors where the presence of organized crime is stronger Lavezzi , Global Crime. In Mexico, both, the economical democratization and liberalization processes have entailed an increasing power fragmentation. To corroborate this approach we have decided to use two case studies: The former results significant because the organization was the consequence of a collective effort conceived by indigenous, who managed to break the chains of intermediaries led by local hoarders or coyotes, regularly supported by violent illegal groups.

This process resulted in a re-appropriation of profits from coffee production. This was pursued to recover the wooded lands of the Purhepecha plateau, and to eliminate the oppression generated by criminal groups. Both cases are useful to think about organizational alternatives that allow, from the sphere of civil society, relevant contributions in overcoming a profound backwardness; one that affects local people from specific indigenous communities. This was managed on the one hand, by re-establishing equality and equity in economic relationships and, on the other, by re-structuring the regional security scheme.

What role does organized crime play in determining the success of separatist movements? My paper explores the role of organized crime in the separatist movements of Kosovo in Serbia and South Ossetia in Georgia from , two cases that share remarkable similarities but have generated different outcomes in the level of successfulness of the separatist movement. The crucial difference, I will argue, is that while both Serbia and Georgia were thoroughly criminalized states in the s, the former took negligible and the latter substantive steps towards curbing the extent of organized crime. Exploring the relations between separatist movements and organized crime in these two cases sheds light on different opportunities for resource mobilization afforded by criminal enterprises, and on differing strategies of states, crime networks, and separatist movements towards each other.

My presentation will explore mobilization around trafficking in women for the purpose of sexual exploitation in the Central and Eastern Europe CEE. La Strada was developed in the mid s as a result of cooperation between Dutch, Polish and Czech activists and since then developed in a European network and is a recognized actor in anti-trafficking mobilization on the national level as well as internationally. This network becasue of its roots as a cooperatiob between activists from the Western Europe and from post-socialist countries is a fruitful example to explore the processes of transnational mobilization.

Firstly, I will use the concept of transnational activist networks in order to examine the role of the exchange of information and knowledge as well as the patterns of cooperation between activists form Netherlands and CEE. Secondly I will give a closer look to the framing of traffcikingby the network as a whole and by particular members of LS. Trafficking is linked to migration policy, national and international security, politics of prostitution etc. Framing of trafficking by a NGO depends on the location fo the actor, the views on prostutution, the source of funding etc.

Using the example of La Strada I will investigate of the way particular LS members manage to reconcile a moderate framing of traffiking with gaining audience and support in local contexts. Poland will serve as a case study for the analysis of the interplay between framing of trafficking by activists and relations between NGOs and the state agencies. Abstract id We Are The People!

We are the people! Street demonstrations as means of communication Over the last decades we have witnessed a dramatic rise in the occurrence of street demonstrations. Increasingly, citizens chose street demonstrations as a means of communication. Movement politics have become the natural counterpart of party politics. Employing a unique dataset of over 80 demonstrations that occurred between and in 9 different European countries, we give voice to the citizens who populated these protest events.

Some of these demonstrations were people protesting the austerity measures they were suffering from. For instance, students protesting a raise of tuition fees or public health workers fighting budget cuts. Other were people demonstrating against the way democracy was practiced in their country. Democracy, as we know it for decades, no longer satisfies many a citizen. Not only in post-communist and authoritarian regimes but also in mature democracies people challenges democracy as it is done.

Occupy-London or Amsterdam, or the 15thof May in Spain are examples. We will compare the participants in these two types of demonstrations. What were their grievances? How did they evaluate democracy in their country? Did they trust state institutions? What did they expect from their participation? Did they participate in party politics next to movement politics or had they given up party politics? How were they embedded in the multi-organizational field? We maintain that movement politics is a necessary complement of party politics.

The democraticness of a country is defined by the quality of both movement and party politics. In Spain and Israel in the spring and summer of , multiple demonstrations each mobilized hundreds of thousands of participants in the framework of Occupy-type protests. Such encompassingness does not necessarily imply society-wide solidarity, but may instead be based on what are in effect multiple parallel protests in which some social sectors are underrepresented or even altogether absent.

This paper reports analyses of national sample surveys carried out in both countries, showing the effects of political cleavages and other social divisions on the passive and active engagement of individuals in these instances of encompassing protest. For Israel only, these conventional sources are supplemented by data collected via mobile phone signals, which make it possible to paint a reliable portrait of the social, cultural and political characteristics of demonstrators. This paper examines the class structure of the Gezi uprising in Turkey in comparison with the wave of global social unrest.

Although the Occupy-type movements that took place primarily in North America and Europe were important segments of the movements which created the wave of social unrest, they were not the only ones. Many studies which discuss the class composition of the revolutions, however, often rely on single analytical models mostly constructed upon the experiences of North American and European protests.

Arguing that single analytical models will fail to address the complexity of the contemporary wave of social unrest, in this paper we discuss the class composition and social base of the Gezi uprising in Turkey in comparison with different segments of the wave of global social protest.

In the first half of our paper, based on a database of newspaper reports on social protests from to , we provide a global survey of the class structures of movements which constituted the wave of social unrest. In the second part of the paper, we discuss the class structure of Gezi uprising in respect to discussion of diverse class compositions of social protests across the world.

We conclude that although the primary source of conflict resided in the changing condition of declining middle classes - like the North American and European cases, Gezi uprising differed from these cases in the way 1 how these middle class grievances were formed and articulated, and 2 how a larger coalition of class interests were created. The Occupy movement was a global phenomenon. The starting point of our own empirical research was the question, who participated in the Occupy movement.

In our contribution we would like to present findings from an online survey of the Occupy movement in Germany. Carried out in autumn the study is based on more than voluntary participants activist and sympathizers of Occupy — it was announced through the channels of the occupy movement, Facebook and Twitter.

In our analysis we differentiate between three different groups: We present both a narrative analysis of the development of Occupy in Germany and an analysis of the political, social, temporal, and spatial aspects. Thus we analyze the German Occupy movement in two ways: Firstly, we compare it to the empirical results of the OWS-research by Milkman et al.

Secondly, we compare it to the social and political patterns of other recent social movements in Germany. In the Summer of , between the first major eruption of protests in Tahrir Square and the emergence of the American Occupy Wall Street movement, Israel experienced a massive protest wave. However, unlike Egypt and the US, at that time Israel did not experience unusual political, social or economic difficulties. In fact, by most objective parameters, this was a relatively calm period.

Yet the protest gained unprecedented attention and participation. Based on social movements political process theories and public opinion data collected in the framework of the monthly Peace Index and the annual Israeli Democracy Index run by the author, the paper will examine the reasons for the unexpected momentum of this protest campaign; and analyze the public assessment of the protest ex post facto. The main argument here is that the protest popularity on the one hand and its negligible results on the other are two sides of the same coin.

Dissatisfied with the government performance and motivated by their perceived political inefficacy and simultaneously fascinated by the political and social transformative ideas, rhetoric and activities of the Arab and Western protest campaigns of the time, the Israeli masses filled the streets of Tel Aviv from July to September In fact, they had national Jewish and middle class vested interests in the maintenance of the socio-political status-quo, as was manifested later in the parliamentary elections.

Because of this duality, significant political dissatisfaction together with strong motivation to maintain the socio-political superstructure, despite certain similarities, unlike the Tahrir and Occupy struggles, the Israeli protest did not and could not have produced a clear transformative agenda or action plan. Abstract id Subjective Action As Utopia: Horizontality and autonomy are not altogether new in Latin American political action. And these qualities have been espoused by social movements that emerged in the s that sought to challenge longstanding social hierarchies sustaining authoritarian politics, including feminist, indigenous, environmental and urban neighborhood.

Yet, young people today give new meanings to horizontality and autonomy in their political action due to new conditions created by the dominance of the market and media, individualization, consumerism and globalization. Youth choose forms of political action that allow them to be directly involved in. And young people see their own subjective action, rather than government action, as the solution to their demands and problems. By constructing their own action as utopia, not as a goal to work towards but rather as an inspirational starting point from which to act practically in the present, young people challenge longstanding notions of an ideal future society that have historically sustained political action in the region.

Abstract id Keep off the Astroturf: The post-sixties period in American politics was accompanied by the rise of communications technologies and organizational practices that facilitated new political interventions in civil society by corporations and industry groups. Building in part from organization-theoretic perspectives, this study investigates the roles of key mediating audiences in the judgment and categorization of authentic social practices.

It does so using a vignette-based approach in which subjects are provided with a variety of accounts of corporatebacked public participation campaigns and asked to derive judgments about their legitimacy in the public sphere. The findings of the study help to reveal how the boundaries of authentic action in the public sphere are policed by publics, as well as the ways that market actors occasionally do make interventions judged to be legitimate by key public audiences.

The study will also expand the growing scholarly dialogue on how best to interpret the use of democratic participatory practices when used strategically by actors other than grassroots citizen groups. Abstract id Radically Challenging Politics: In this paper, we compare anarchist activism in Poland and Sweden. While Sweden has been a liberal democracy for long, Poland was democratized only during the last decades. Because of this, civil society and the political liberties and possibilities that movements potentially could enjoy in a democratic society have developed differently.

They are subject to market forces and therefore depend on the consumers who can give them or deny preference. Must strive for profits or at least to avoid losses. The government can cover the deficit of their companies by using public funds. But this does not eliminate or diminish the supremacy of the market. Therefore, it is the market that determines the functioning of these public companies. Nothing that is somehow related to the functioning of the market can be called socialism.

In China prevails the State capitalism. It is clear that in a capitalist mixed economy predominantly state or predominantly private, the rationality in the operation of the economic system of a country can only be achieved in formulating goals performance standard and correction of deviations between what was planned and what was achieved if the State act in the governance of the system as a regulator of economic activity and as a mediator between the capitalists and civil society ensuring its participation in government decisions.

The outline of a rational and democratic governance of economic system of a country It can be stated that every country is possessed of 5 major systems: At present, the desired performance standard of a country is measured by what is accomplished only in. This is a big mistake because the desired performance of each of the five systems described above should take into account the five patterns described below: The standard of scientific and technological performance required to consider should be the following: These indicators allow to evaluate if the performance of scientific and technological system is contributing to the increase of wealth and well-being of the population.

The standard of economic performance required to consider should be the following: These indicators allow assessing whether the economic system is contributing to the increase of its wealth, the fall in its public debt, reducing levels of inflation, the generation of surpluses in the trade balance and balance of payments, the decrease in tax burden, the conquest of independence or reduction of economic dependence of the country on the outside and the achievement of a genuine economic progress.

The standard of social performance required to consider should be the following: These indicators allow to evaluate if the social system is contributing to the achievement of full employment and reducing unemployment, increasing income of the population, the decline in indicators of crime, increased provision of educational services, health, housing and transportation of the population and the increase of human development and their well being. The standard of environmental performance required to consider should be the following: These indicators allow to assess whether the system is contributing to the defense of the local and global environment for the benefit of its people and their well being.

The standard of political and moral performance required to consider should be the following: These indicators allow to evaluate if the political and moral system is contributing to the inhabitants are mutual solidarity, economic and social justice is practiced, education contributes to form true citizens, civil society participation in decisions of government and corruption is eradicated in the country. The achievement of the desired standard of performance for each of the 5 systems scientific, technological, economic, social, environmental and political and moral of a country requires the existence of a structure for planning and control associated with them which allows to make the results of their activities correspond to the desired standard of performance for the country.

Compete with that structure planning and control: Figure 1 shows how scientific and technological, economic, social, environmental and political and moral systems must operate on a rational basis to reach your goals or a desired standard of performance. It can be seen from the above, that the purpose of planning and control structure would be to prevent or minimize the occurrence of deviations between what was planned standard system performance and what was done the output of system execution.

This would be the "modus operandi" of the structure of planning and control that can streamline operations and ensure good governance of the scientific and technological, economic, social, environmental and political and moral systems of a country. However, to be democratic, it would be necessary, however, that the governance of these systems count on the active participation of the population and civil society organizations in formulating goals performance standard to be pursued, as well as in policy or decision rules seeking to correct deviations between what was planned and carried out.

Managing chaos in the dynamics of the capitalist system Capitalism is a complex, dynamic, adaptive and nonlinear system because it has elements or agents that interact in large numbers together forming one or more structures that arise from interactions between such agents. Complex systems are systems that are characterized by being dynamic as key features that have their sensitive dependence on initial conditions for which, minimal differences at the beginning of a process whatsoever, can lead to completely opposite situations over time. Ervin Laszlo said that "a dynamic system, whether occurring in nature, in society or in a computer simulation, is governed by attractors.

These define the 'phase portrait' of the system: Stable attractors pull the trajectory of system development into a recurring and recognizable pattern, taking it to converge at a given point if the system is governed by point attractors or describe cycles through different states when it is under command of periodic attractors. However, dynamical systems can also achieve a state in which the attractors that emerge are not stable, but 'strange'.

It should be noted that an attractor is the set of points in phase space to which a system tends to go as it evolves. The attractor can be a single point, a closed curve threshold cycle which describes a system of periodic behavior, or a fractal also called strange attractor , when the system presents chaos. In chaotic systems the motion never repeats itself, though often having to occur within certain limits. Thus, only an infinitely complex figure - a fractal - can handle represent this trajectory that never repeats itself in phase space.

Change and time are the two fundamental aspects of Chaos. Figure 2 below shows what happens to a dynamic system such as the economic system of a country when it is subject to "fluctuations" that leads to a bifurcation point from which the system reaches a new dynamic stability forward revolutionary or collapses. Figure 2 shows that the bifurcation point of the system has to be restructured or will collapse.

When is subject to "fluctuations", a dynamic system such as economic system of a country leads to a bifurcation point from which the system reaches a new dynamic stability breakthrough or collapses. At the bifurcation point, the system has to be restructured or collapse. The path of breakthrough that would lead to overcoming the global economic crisis that erupted in and was not resolved until today, require the restructuring of the world economic system by turning it into an open complex system, self-organizing and sensitive feedback that, contributing for the exchange of input or energy with the environment, become the system susceptible to changes resulting from feedback, adapting to the new environment and learning through experience.

Chaos mainly refers to something that evolves over time. Chaos theory explains the operation of complex and dynamic systems. In such systems, many elements are interacting in unpredictable and random. This is the case of the capitalist market economy because there is no effective governance of the economic system. Note that, Ilya Prigogine , commenting about bifurcation points in chemical reactions, states that "they demonstrate that even in our macroscopic level prediction of the future mix determinism and probability. At the bifurcation point, the prediction is probabilistic, whereas among the bifurcation points, we can speak of deterministic laws.

The development trajectory becomes nonlinear: Rarely chaos is a prolonged condition; in most cases is only a transitional period between more stable states. When the fluctuations in the system reach levels of irreversibility, the system reaches a critical point where it collapses into its individual components stables collapse or undergoes a rapid evolution toward a resistant state fluctuation that destabilized breakthrough. If this path of breakthrough is selected, the. Instead of breakthrough that would lead to overcoming the global economic crisis, the scenario of the global economic collapse was predicted by the great thinker and French economist Jacques Attali who predicts the occurrence of four steps to the unfolding economic crisis that erupted in in United States and that spilled over the world: Currently, the world economy is facing step 1 in which public debt swelled worldwide.

According to Jacques Attali, the international financial system no longer works. The neoliberal model that ruled the world in the last 40 years died and there will be depression that will last many years. Given the existence of chaos that dominates the world economy, it is time for each country and humanity equip themselves as urgently as possible the tools necessary to take control of your destiny.

To have control of your destiny mankind must exercise their governance of the national economic systems and of the world economy. This is the only means of survival of the human species.

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Tous dans dix ans Ruines - Dette publique: The Wheels of Commerce. O Ponto do Caos. As leis do caos. Universidade de Barcelona, http: What started with a few families demanding to know the whereabouts of their children has become a social movement without paragon in Mexico. The disappearance of 43 young people in Ayotzinapa, Mexico, has exalted a sense of social tension as a result of deterioration of public institutions in collusion with criminal groups; security and freedoms have been severely disrupted before the spate of insecurity and violence. Ayotzinapa, violence, impunity, human dignity, social movements, Mexico, solidarity.

El hartazgo generalizado ha impactado en las consciencias de los mexicanos, dando pauta a protestas que exigen el cese de la impunidad. La desgracia de los 43 estudiantes termino el mito de un Estados fuerte y unificado: Estos son los hechos y sus actores. Fernando Escalantexii sugiere que la presencia de elementos federales pudo haber roto arreglos preestablecidos entre autoridades locales y grupos delictivos. Citado por Hope, Alejandro. I recently returned from an international solidarity mission to Cambodia, where so many of the issues that progressive rights-based civil society origanisations campaign on slap you right in the face: Nearly , people have lost their homes and land since , according to a brief filed at the International Criminal Court; Decent Work: Most of the exploited garment workers are women.

At the same time, human trafficking - particularly of women and girls - is a huge issue. Lack of respect for human rights and shrinking space for civil society: Activists and protestors have been viciously beaten and jailed. Restaurants, hotels and other public venues often succumb to political pressure and refuse to rent space to CSOs, making it difficult for them to organise. Proposed laws would criminalise social media posts that those in power do not like.

The official language restricts Facebook and other posts that "hinder the sovereigny and integrity" of the state. Three judicial laws were passed this year after just 7 minutes of parliamentary debate. Greed and gross inequality: Companies directly linked to politicians and government cronies dominate the economy and are behind land evictions meant to free up space for condos, shopping plazas and other developments.

The most recent news from Phnom Penh seems to indicate that the Royal Government of Cambodia will shelve the Cybercrime law for now, instead relying on regulation, wiretapping of phones and the internet and the establishment of a new 'Cyber War Team' to monitor social media to "protect the government's stance and prestige". Yet in the face of all this, the activists and families that we met remain optimistic and continually take a stand to reclaim their rights.

And the international solidarity mission aims to shine a spotlight on the government actions, while advocating for positive change. What follows is the media release containing the observations and recommendations of our international solidarity mission. Michael Switow You may be also interested to contact: Set against a background of endemic corruption, unsustainably low wages and impoverishing confiscations of land, Cambodia is considering a series of laws that will severely restrict human rights and the activities of civil society organisations working on these issues, according to a team of international experts visiting the country.

The telecommunications bill meanwhile will make carriers responsible for censoring content. Five new laws — on agricultural land, associations and non-governmental organisations, cybercrime, telecommunications and trade unions — are being drafted by government ministries and are expected to be brought before the National Assembly in the coming term. An additional three laws that compromise the judiciary were just adopted. We hope Cambodia will revisit these laws. Hotels and other public venues are frequently pressured to not rent meeting rooms to activists, who note that they have also been intimidated and followed by security officers.

The proposed law on associations and NGOs — which was first tabled in and is expected to be presented again to legislature again this term — would subject civil society organisations to debilitating restrictions. Meetings with the National Assembly and Senate Human Rights Commissions offered a ray of hope to the international delegation as parliamentarians pledged to highlight violations of human rights and address the impunity of officials who are not brought to justice.

Both committees expressed interest in establishing an online forum for individuals to submit grievance. The Senate Commission also pledged to address the lack of civil society participation in drafting laws. Land, Unions and Judicial Laws Civil society activists in Cambodia are also extremely concerned about issues of land tenure, decent work and justice.

Management and Use of Agricultural Land. Land grabbing is a huge issue in Cambodia and the international delegation met a number of women and families whose homes were destroyed to make way for corporate developments. Just this week, a brief was filed at the International Criminal Court noting that over the past 14 years some , people have been adversely affected by land grabs in the country and nearly , forcibly transferred from the capital. The proposed bill on agricultural lands would make the situation worse, institutionalising land seizures for both corporate and state use.

Trade Unions Cambodian workers face difficult conditions and low wages. Promote significant and systematic stakeholder and civil society consultations on all legislation, including the five laws mentioned above, and should only place laws before parliament after these inputs have been taken into account. Adopt and implement a law on the process for drafting legislation. This law should include provisions to instituationalise mechanisms for public input, public consultations and structures for civil society interaction and to integrate this input into new drafts.

Government ministries and other state institutions should be legally required to publicly disseminate draft laws, regulations and policies and to organise public consultations and invite comments from the public on these items prior to submission to the Council of Ministers. Civil society and public consultations should begin when laws are first being drafted, not only when they reach parliament. Adopt and implement a law on Access to Information. This should take precedence over the adoption of the five laws mentioned above.

This law should also create a pubic database with information on the scope, scale and details of land transfers and sales. They said the workshops will also provide an opportunity for proposing amendments to the three laws. Members of Parliament in the National Assembly and Senate agreed to the need to review these laws. We hope that the Royal Government of Cambodia will revisit these laws before they are implemented.

A Cambodian land rights activist provides a tour of a dilapidated colonial-era building that is home to families that have been evicted from their land. Some , people have been affected by land grabs in Cambodia since Immediately revisit the three judicial laws to rewrite and remove provisions that threaten the independence of the judiciary. All workers, including civil servants and members of the informal economy, should be able to unionise.

Ensure that all Cambodian workers receive a living wage. Respect and ensure the freedom of online expression. Establish independent investigations into arbitrary arrests and the excessive use of force against protestors and human rights defenders. The authorities must also cease the use of violence and lethal force at peaceful demonstrations and not take actions that threaten or intimidate activists and journalists. Recommendations The international delegation urges the Royal Government of Cambodia to: Create a safe and enabling environment for civil society and human rights defenders in line with its international and constitutional human rights obligations as well as the commitments it has undertaken through the United Nations Universal Periodic Review.

Rapidly create an independent national human rights institution in conformity with UN guidelines including, the Paris Principles. Establish online mechanisms in the National Assembly and Senate Human Rights Commissions for individuals to submit human rights grievances and for these submissions to be recorded and reviewed. Out of Guilt or Desire for Change? Construyendo paz desde las aulas. This is a reflection on the concept of solidarity. In particular it looks at three cases and problematizes how solidarity is expressed in regards to each situation It links these thoughts with several definitions of solidarity that follow the case studies.

This especially seeks to look at these situations critically. It is the position of the author that solidary acts are often done uncritically and in turn distracts and harms the cause more than helps it. While solidarity has many facets, conceptually it is helpful to divide it into two general expressions. One is primarily from those facing a similar plight or within the same group. The second kind begs many questions: An action of this sort necessitates self-reflection that is rarely found.

In tandem with this, it involves a deeper understanding of the ongoing struggle or movement and an understanding of the implications of symbols, emotions, and actions. The following paper is a reflection on three instances when solidarity was contentious or questionable. One is a personal example. While there are many examples to choose from as well as many issues, these were chosen to show subtleness of certain issues of solidarity.

There is a great deal to say and this only seeks to inspire additional reflection in the spirit of critical studies. Solidarity involves knowing; there is a deep understanding of someone in a position other than that possessed by oneself. This is similar to an understanding of solidarity as a reciprocal act Hoelzl, For reciprocity to occur, there must be a recognition that the other person is able to give something. Popular conceptions of solidarity involve joining in with mass action public demonstrations of frustration for a limited amount of time and then to simply return to a situation of comfort or to remain in a state of internet activism.

Three examples come to my mind: Now, being who I am and who I identify as, the issues of gender, race, and political oppression can be pretty sore spots. Typically, I end up hearing about these issues and simply ask, how is it that I can ever hope to come alongside people and stand with them in their opposition to a status quo that does not question the way it treats people and is in my benefit to leave untouched? One of the mistakes of efforts towards solidarity is emphasizing inclusion as the solution, as if creating enough space in the political, social, economic, or cultural sphere will solve the problem.

This then becomes expressed by people marching for minority rights so that minorities may have the same rights within the current system as the majority. However, the issue is not to change the status of those within the system but that these protests serve to draw attention to the historical processes that have become the current situation of injustice.

From the new awareness, it is then to contribute to the creation of a new structure that does not implicitly dehumanize. In this struggle for justice, if the social systems in place are not re-examined and questioned, then there will be no change for the better. Another similar point is the solidarityisforwhitewomen, which began circulating about a year ago. This was a critique that within feminism there is also an exclusionary element which favors a privileged background. In this case, solidarity is accused of repressing and seeking conformity.

This is not a new critique and indeed is a problem in many causes. Amy Allen ascribes this to basing solidarity on an appeal to a shared identity The issue then becomes one of a dominating identity, which historically in the United States has been white. Similarly to the allwomen conversations, this one became became a back-andforth. The main issue underlying it all is the same that Audre Lorde commented on when stating,. Distracting Debates In regards to feminism, two examples instantly stand out to me in how, first, the injustice suffered is misrecognized by those not suffering it, and, secondly, how the idea of showing solidarity with the cause still falls to pieces when done uncritically.

While the following examples do not do justice to the complexities that the feminist movement includes, it highlights the way that many of the conversations with those both outside and within the movement are had. Not too long ago, the YesAllWomen caused a flurry of activity on social media. It began as a reaction to the shooting of six women by a man who was angry for being rejected by several women. The flurry of reactions by many people strove to either demonstrate that harassment and objectification and violence based on the resulting judgments is a very real issue that women in particular struggle with on a daily basis.

At the risk of oversimplifying a massive movement, this is the heart of feminism: The response of notallmen, with the intent to explain the already known and accepted fact that not all men act like a serial killer or rapist, soon entered the conversation as a reaction to the original statements. While originally well intended, taking the conversation in this direction does not exemplify standing alongside women who suffer from violence. Instead, as one article sought to clarify, it derails the conversation and does nothing to ques-. Advocating the mere tolerance of difference between women is the grossest reformism.

It is a total denial of the creative function of difference in our lives. Difference must be not merely tolerated, but seen as a fund of necessary polarities between which our creativity can spark like a dialectic. Only then does the necessity for interdependency become unthreatening. Only within that interdependency of difference strengths, acknowledged and equal, can the power to seek new ways of being in the world generate, as well as the courage and sustenance to act where there are no charters.

While Twitter rants may not be the most striking examples of the feminist struggle, they at least portray the exchange between would-be sympathizers and solidarists as well as those who do not see how an uncritical approach to the situation magnifies the issue at hand. Similarly, an example in race relations also illuminates this point. Racism — Posing Solidarity The most recent case to raise the issue of racial discrimination in the United States has been the Ferguson, Missouri shooting of an unarmed young black man, Mike Brown, by.

In the justifiable demonstrations and fury that followed, there has been a constant demonstration in Ferguson, St. Louis, and many other cities across the US. Amongst these, there have been expressions of solidarity by the white population who wish to contribute their voices to decrying this injustice and latent racism that persists in society and becomes explicit in confrontations of power. However, as one reflection on some of these demonstration makes clear, presence and participation by the white population does not equal solidarity: Look, I understand wanting to show up and support, but white people need to understand that this symbolic act of raising your hands in a position of surrender is meant to illustrate how black people are violently targeted by police because of their race.

WEIRD WORLD

It is centering yourself in a narrative that you cannot tell because of the protection your white privilege gives you. It shows a lack of understanding about the nature of systemic state sanctioned violence against black bodies. FreeQuency, This insightful reflection raises the point and points to privilege as a hurdle that must be overcome in showing solidarity. Privilege must be a part of any conversation in relation to solidarity particularly because people from privilege bring with them their particular worldviews that influence how they see those who they are joining Freire, There must be an element of self criticism and reflection involved that shows an understanding and awareness of why solidarity is necessary.

In this case, by adopting the pose of protest, white demonstrators insensitively, though hopefully well-intentioned, in fact did more to distract from the issue that racism is pervasive in the structures of power than contribute to it. This is because this pose is particular to a certain identity that may suffer from this identity.

Subcategories

Political Oppression — Misguided expression? Today the conflict essentially revolves around Israel claiming needs of security and historical promise, while Palestinians claim needs of freedom and injustice. Interestingly enough, it also happens to be a very popular conflict for people to become involved in on university campuses and online.

I was struck by both the sheer size of the movement it was mirrored in many cities and also how convenient it was made for people. Streets were blocked off, it was a Saturday, and surprisingly it was sunny. There was propaganda, chants, flags and a general camaraderie of shared convictions and participation. Through it all I had a distinct feeling of unease. While there were many among the crowd who were Palestinian my friend who I accompanied was , it still felt too bleached. My difficulty involving myself in chants and propaganda was this: I am a white male from the US who has had a very privileged and comfortable life.

I have never felt the fear and the anxiety that comes from being faced by an opponent who does not see my humanity and is willing to kill me for it. I have never felt the despair that comes of an identity whose quintessential mark is that of lack of homeland, of power, of agency, of freedom. How can I make the claim that I am Palestinian?

Frankly, I was more bothered by the fact that more people were not bothered. These acts of solidarity do not require sacrifice, other than a couple of hours on a weekend. While the good intentions of the participants was no doubt heartfelt, my question is whether there are other additional ways that would more willingly show solidarity 1. These case studies set the stage for a more critical approach to solidarity. Particularly, it raises the question of what is it that those from a privileged background can offer those who feel themselves excluded or discriminated against.

What these examples also point to is how easy it is for those who feel convicted to show solidarity with a struggle to accidentally do more harm than good by not processing the full extent of our actions 2. The third case shows how solidarity requires meaningful action that is in line with a challenge to the status quo and an aspect of sacrifice. As mentioned earlier, solidarity is an act of knowing, of entering the situation of another Freire, ; of standing in for another and viewing the other as able to contribute Hoelzl, ; and of finding common purpose and power beyond identity Allen, ; and can be seen as a symptom of a broken or lacking social relation resulting in exclusion Silver, These definitions point to a goal that is neither solely justice nor equality, though both of these lie close to the heart of the issue.

Following closely with the concept of exclusion, solidarity seeks to restore a broken relationship and diminish the distance, whether social, political, economic, or identity-based, that lies between people. Inherently this will involve questions of justice and equality, though the focus must include both and indeed go beyond3. If an act of solidarity does not question the layered aspect of structures and agency that lie upon each other in any situation and does not seek to challenge the status quo, then it is dubious whether this act can be seen as true solidarity and not simply a conscience-soothing, guiltjustifying act of charity.

This is why the idea of sacrifice is so key, as explored by Hoelzl Acts of solidarity, as illustrated here, can then be seen through two lenses: However, if the symbolic never goes beyond into the actual, then it is wasted and only maintains the status quo. Nevertheless, solidarity cannot be shown through destruction, as this takes away. While solidarity can be shown towareds violence or violent causes, inherently this works against restoring relationships. This is where a perspective similar to Frantz Fanon calling for a violent demonstration of agency, as a focus on justice and righting wrongs, does not lend itself to standing with others but instead divides.

Additionally, in a Ghandian and Kingian mentality, action taken must be commensurate with the ends sought. However, it is not enough to simply make a symbolic statement in one instance and not to engage with struggles for justice at other times. What is necessary is a cohesive approach to the situations of injustice. Granted, not all struggles calling for solidarity will be just or align with the moral impetus of supporters.

These principles are not only applicable to conflicts and controversial issues, but also have a direct relevance to any act that involves crossing boundaries between people. It is why development and humanitarian efforts must be, to a certain extent, scrutinized so heavily. Trying to solve poverty through means that caused poverty does not engage with the issue that there is a system which perpetuates poverty of a few.

Also, humanitarian endeavours must face the question of whether their overtures truly involve an element of sacrifice.

While for many, such as doctors contributing to the Ebola crisis, it does, for many others, such as in volunteer tourism, it does not. If it stops at a sympathetic thought, or even a charitable donation, then this day is wasted. Solidarity must demonstrate an attempt to know the humanity in others and then, from this relationship, challenge the situations of exploitation and oppression.

In regards to exploitation and oppression of women, it is not enough to say that not all men are like that. In regards to racial prejudice and political oppression, it is not enough to chant an emblematic phrase. To show this solidarity, I must make it my fight, on the terms of those I am fighting for.

If a cause is easy to carry, I would venture to guess that it is not being carried right. Solidarity after identity politics: Hannah Arendt and the power of feminist theory. Philosophy and Social Criticism. How aid can support peace or war. The White-Savior Industrial Complex. Global Governance and the New Wars. Recognizing the sacrificial victim: The problem of solidarity for critical social theory. Journal for Cultural and Religious Theory, 6 1 , In Lewis, R and Mills, S. Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies.

Social exclusion and social solidarity: Year of Dreaming Dangerously. This article aims to explain some of the educational strategies oriented towards peace building, which have been designed by the Escuela Normal Superior Montes de Maria. These strategies have been implemented at the municipality of San Juan de Nepomuceno, located in the Montes de Maria in Colombia. Educational materials focus on peace and human rights understanding and teaching, contribution to collective memory, and pacific and nonviolent resolution of conflicts.

This educative structure is part of a frame that teachers at the Escuela Normal call Education for Peace. La resistencia y la negativa al uso del rol de. El Plan Educativo Institucional que actualmente orienta el quehacer de la Escuela, se llama: Teatro del Oprimido y Cine en la Escuela: Los muchachos se organizaron en grupos, tomaron esos relatos y de la mano del. Por medio del teatro, los estudiantes interpretaron obras que rememoraban las masacres, las desapariciones y en general, todos los hechos de violencia que vivieron en San Juan y en el resto del territorio montemariano.

Y cuando ella nos cuenta eso nosotros quedamos que… […] y es cuando ella nos cuenta y dice: El caso de la Normal, es ejemplar. Educar para la Paz. Los libros de la Catarata. Conocer el pasado para fundamentar e l f u t u r o. San Juan Nepomuceno, Colombia. No obstante, si el lector desea profundizar en este aspecto, se sugiere leer un informe del PNUD titulado: The purpose of solidarity is to build our movement, and to embody our mutual care and concern for justice.

It does not work when we attempt to coerce, shame or inflict guilt upon each other, even subtly. The common life initially rests on the constitutive need for the human beings to be combined to form a community of similar which is also a community of destiny, out of which, as Aristotle wrote it, no man could exist humanly, nor simply to survive.

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