Sentire le immagini. percezioni della realtà nelle esperienze dei non vedenti (Italian Edition)

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Talvolta queste relazioni sono delle vere opere letterarie non solo per la formalizzazione del messaggio ma per il contenuto. Per il grandioso disegno della Chiesa Cattalica espresso dalla Sacra Congregatio de Propaganda Fide fondata da papa Gregorio XV nel , i padri gesuiti si avvalsero delle tecniche moderne della stampa. I gesuiti pensavano alle loro relazioni come a dei documenti per uso interno, ma anche come testimonianze da pubblicare col fine di far conoscere, oltre al proprio lavoro, culture ignote del mondo precolombiano.

Viene riscattato dagli Olandesi; ritorna in Francia, ma riparte per il Canada dove vive ancora fra gli Huroni e altre nazioni indiane, sempre fra grandi disagi ma anche notevoli successi. I missionari devono affrontare disagi inenarrabili basti pensare ai freddi canadesi , sottili torture e perfino la morte che gli intrepidi padri affrontano serenamente. Italian Bookshelf originali saggi sugli scrittori-artisti marchigiani, oltre ad interviste ed excursus critici.

Sono rammentati i temi del poeta anconetano Franco Scataglini Tiziana Mattioli esemplificati anche attraverso le riproduzioni di due quadri. Gli scritti letterari e tutte le lettere a c. Birolli, Milano, Feltrinelli, La Lenti invece si sofferma su temi e motivi ricorrenti, tra i quali emergono anche quelli leopardiani, come anche Verdenelli nota. Nel saggio In tema di tematologia. Studies on the Sicilian Ethos and Literature. Revised and expanded edition. The native language spoken in Sicily in all its varieties is derived directly from Latin, not from Italian.

Italian Bookshelf derived from Latin, as Dante himself bears witness De vulg. Yet, despite having had many excellent practitioners from the thirteenth century to the present, the Sicilian vernacular is falling victim to radio, television, CD, and DVD. After making the case that Sicilian is a language and not a dialect, Cipolla examines an outrageous publication of the s by the National Defense Institute of Monterey, California, intended to teach Sicilian to United States military personnel. Unlike other language textbooks that typically feature likable characters and cover such topics as shopping, dining at restaurants, visiting museums, and meeting interesting people, this textbook presents people known only by nicknames who engage in such activities as bank robbery and drug smuggling.

Besides characterizing Sicilians as criminals, this publication features a hybrid form of Sicilian that teems with deformations of English words: Offensive on every count, this contemptible textbook should raise cries of condemnation from every fair-minded American and calls for a formal apology from the United States government. Italian Bookshelf Anne J. Cruz and Maria Galli Stampino, eds. Early Modern Habsburg Women. Ashgate Publishing Limited, Divided into four parts, this book tackles numerous transverse themes and sub-themes with relevant examples.

The essays presented analyze thoroughly the diverse roles of these noblewomen: The three articles in this part are: The skill with which Habsburg women mastered politics as well as all forms of communication is well demonstrated by the three articles in part four: While all these articles aim at emphasizing at the same time the similarities among and the individuality of these royal Habsburg women, they also highlight the personal qualities the possessed, which represent an important side of their political roles.

Based on thorough research, Early Modern Habsburg Women provides a significant overview of influential Habsburg women who lived during various regimes a useful genealogy of both branches of the Habsburg family is included in this volume. It successfully conveys the multiple roles played by these unusual women, and is an essential reference for students and scholars of Early Modern Studies.

Etruscan Art in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Yale University Press, This immaculately crafted volume describes the extensive Etruscan and Italic collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. A new gallery to house these artifacts opened in and, after several decades, the earlier catalogue needed updating.

While technical specifications dimensions, materials, provenance, bibliography, etc. Despite advances in Etruscan studies, this society remains mysterious. Ancient Roman authorities provide some evidence, but because of the loss of Etruscan literature and written histories, we have no evidence of their beliefs and cultural system in their own words.

The detailed scenes from Greek mythology portrayed on many objects prove that Etruscans were deeply learned; they enjoyed music and other refined pleasures; their women may have been among the most literate of antiquity. Throughout the centuries, there was a lively cultural and commercial interchange between Etruria and Greece, notably via the Greek colonies along the Bay of Naples. In addition to object shapes, decorative programs, and production techniques, the Etruscans acquired their twenty-six letter alphabet from the Greeks. Certain objects were even produced in Athens to suit their Etruscan clients.

Although the Etruscans were gradually assimilated by the Romans, their conquerors owe important debts to this inventive and sophisticated people. Symbols like the fasces, the lituus, and the sella curulis were Etruscan in origin. Romans adopted the toga from the tebenna, an Etruscan garment. Religious beliefs, auguries, even gladiatorial games derive from Etruscan practices.

Before presenting the individual artifacts, Chapter I provides twin historical contexts: Early in the book, maps indicate locations of the cities of Etruria, of pre-Roman ethnic groups, and types of burial practices. A comparative chart shows the names of major divinities in Greek, Etruscan, and Latin.

Central chapters are arranged by stylistic periods, beginning with Proto-Etruscan and Italic Art ca. The museum was fortunate to acquire artifacts from three major tomb groups of different stylistic and chronological periods, upon which the arrangement of Chapters IV, V and VI is based. The Orientalizing and Archaic Periods are well represented by finds in the Monteleone di Spoleto tomb group, which includes a magnificent bronze chariot. Examples from this era were excavated at Falerii, modern-day Civita Castellana. The Faliscans were another ethnic group, which by this time was mostly assimilated by the Etruscans.

Because of the historical context, the author has logically included armor and weaponry here, although these examples span more centuries. The Etrusco-Hellenistic Period ca. The chronological survey is followed by Chapter VII, dedicated to luxury items on an intimate scale: Italian Bookshelf Cataloguing is a thankless task requiring vast expertise that ranges from dry statistics to insightful interpretation, all of which must be managed with discretion to provide the reader with salient details.

For the specialist, each entry is furnished with its own apparatus: Full citations are found in the up-to-date Bibliography. Technical terms and Etruscan words inscribed on the pieces are regularly glossed. The catalogue functions on various levels: The entries are written in fluid prose; concise endnotes furnish additional comments.

The well-produced index also allows the interested reader to locate similar words, images, or artifacts. Digital photography and book production details are of the highest quality. Difficult to read objects have accompanying sketches to reveal their secrets. It should be noted: Stanford University Press, Italiani non regnicoli, Non-Italian Immigrants and Notions of Alienhood esamina gli altri, con questo intendendo due tipi di immigranti stranieri, ovvero gli italiani non regnicoli e gli stranieri non italiani. Attraverso la lente coloniale si leggono anche le popolazioni eritree, somale, libiche e dodecanesine, che vissero sotto il dominio italiano.

Il futurismo anarchico

Italian Bookshelf John Florio. A Worlde of Wordes. I dizionari bilingui nacquero per rispondere ad un bisogno pratico e prevalentemente commerciale: Haller raccoglie il poco che si sa di John Florio. Florio rimase in questa posizione per un decennio e nel frattempo pubblico il suo dizionario , diede alla luce la traduzione in inglese degli Essais di Montaigne e varie altre opere.

Italian Bookshelf Einaudi, , altro testo usato da Florio. Comunque, gli interventi in un tale senso, come anche quelli relativi alla correzione dei refusi, sono elencati a conclusione del saggio introduttivo. Il curatore merita ogni elogio e ringraziamento. This co-authored volume provides a succinct but compelling account of the construction of the racial identity of Italians in public and popular discourses from Unification to the present.

The introduction concludes with a thematically organized bibliography on concepts ranging from race, colonialism and empire to racism and migration. The remainder of the volume is organized in two large sections authored by Giuliani and Lombardi-Diop respectively and a co-authored conclusion. Among the corpus of works that the author examines are juridical and scientific texts, including writings by Lombroso, Niceforo, Sergi, and Pende, and literary and mass-cultural artifacts e.

In this chapter, Giuliani also illustrates how racial ideology was progressively inscribed in the Italian female body. Italian Bookshelf was reached with Aryanism, exemplified, among other, by the Manifesto degli scienziati razzisti As a result, racial ideology continued to structure the definition of a white Italian-ness. La bianchezza degli italiani dal Fascismo al boom economico. These documents range from manuals of hygiene written during the colonial period to the artifacts produced by mass and consumer culture during the post-World War II era.

In it, Chiurco lists all the ill-effects that not only miscegenation but also close contact with African domestic workers and laborers would cause to the presumed purity of the Italian racial stock. The conclusion summarizes in broad terms the previous two sections but also provides some discussion of the manifestations of racial ideologies from the s to the present in three case-studies: In reality, however, racial ideology endures.

As Lombardi-Diop explains, in the contemporary period inter-racial and inter-ethnic images are accepted only if perceived to be unthreatening to the national order as well as functional to the logic of late capitalist globalization. While some topics might have deserved a lengthier and more in-depth discussion to be thoroughly convincing, this introductory volume is likely to open future paths of inquiries and makes a valuable addition to 19th- and 20th-century Italian and Cultural Studies.

Linguaggio del corpo e forma del desiderio in Dante, Pasolini e Morante. A partire dal titolo, che prende a prestito il verso con cui la Commedia si conclude, Amor che move si presenta come un libro elegantemente concepito, articolato attraverso inaspettati slittamenti poetici che forniscono importanti avvicinamenti ai concetti di corpo e desiderio.

Haraway, riconduce costantemente questo metodo critico alla sua originale metafora corporea. Italian Bookshelf pensiero critico, entrando in contatto, di capitolo in capitolo, con i testi e i corpi dei tre autori, produce costanti e stimolanti increspature prospettiche: In particolare, con riferimenti alle teorie di John L.

Austin e Judith Butler, Gragnolati legge il testo dantesco come una riscrittura intesa nei termini di una performance autoriale. Proprio il concetto di performance, per la sua butleriana declinazione gender, viene impiegata nei capitoli successivi per discutere autori dalla collocazione eccentrica come Morante e Pasolini. In Morante il tempo lineare e progressivo che governa il mondo dantesco inverte il suo corso. Per la scrittrice resuscitare significa, infatti, riattivare una memoria del corpo che attraverso una splendida analisi di alcune pagine del romanzo guidata dal pensiero femminista di Kristeva e Cixous, Gragnolati riconduce al tema della suzione del bambino.

Silvio Lanaro e l'Italia contemporanea, edited by Mario Isnenghi with a preface by Carlotta Sorba, rethinks the notion of nationhood in light of Nazione e lavoro, the seminal work by historian Silvio Lanaro, published forty years ago A charged concept in post—World War Two Italy, the category of nationhood received new attention thanks to Nazione e lavoro Nazione e lavoro.

Saggio sulla cultura borghese in Italia, , Venezia: Marsilio, , a text that helped contemporary historiography overcome the impasse that Italian fascism had posed on the term and to re-insert it into the Italian sociopolitical discourse. Over the last three decades, the importance of supranational organizations and institutions has overshadowed the political and economic power of single nation states, bringing historians and political scientists to rethink the importance of this notion.

The rise of both nationalistic movements and that challenge the existence of supranational institutions throughout Europe has, however, demonstrated the necessity of re- contextualizing the notion of nationhood into a new and more complex political scenario. In the s, Lanaro himself had recognized this necessity and discussed, once again, the concept of patria homeland in his Patria.

Pensare la nazione continues this effort of providing new insights into this concept from a wide variety of analytical perspectives. In Pensare la nazione, some of the leading historians of modern Italy reflect on the very idea of nationhood, highlighting new challenges and answering new questions. The th anniversary of Italian unification in contributed to vast reflection on this issue, generating a discussion that is far from being exhausted and has brought about a wide range of responses.

Among those who prompted this discussion on a national level is historian Mario Isnenghi, the editor of the collection. Italian Bookshelf Pensare la nazione also engages a wide variety of disciplinary perspectives. Film historian Gian Piero Brunetta deals with the cultural transformations ignited by the North American film industry in Italy in the s and s. The essay suggests that the rising lobby of American film and distribution agencies created an encompassing system of values and emotions to be exported throughout the globe through cinema.

In particular, Brunetta examines how the hegemonic model of American popular culture shaped and continues to shape Italian culture through the implementation of global models of entertainment. Through a nuanced analysis, Brunetta shows how the marketing strategies elaborated by North American agencies such as Metro-Goldwin-Mayer were able to influence and, to a certain extent, provide an alternative educational model to that of the fascist regime. In analyzing this phenomenon, he argues that there was a parallel implementation of two systems of values: Two kinds of divas were conquering the Italian imagination: Hollywood stars and Benito Mussolini.

The scholar also calls for an understanding of the marketing strategies that allowed for the penetration of these foreign cultural products in Italy and in other European nations, an analysis that deconstructs the creation of a cinematic brand and its impact in foreign cultures. In this testimony of the aftermath of the War, Italian prisoners are asked their impressions of the regime.

In particular, Salvati demonstrates how the advent of fascism was not necessarily perceived as a significant threshold by the Italian masses, which often lacked political awareness. As an homage to Lanaro, Pensare la nazione advances the dialogue on the notion of nationhood, using the oeuvre of an influential historian who has contributed immensely to the construction of this category of analysis, with works by writers that are now essential for the study of modern Italian history.

Una significativa conferma della coerente linea editoriale che caratterizza questa rivista accademica, fondata e diretta da Peter Vassallo, giunge dal dodicesimo volume, a cura di Gloria Lauri-Lucente. Sarebbe piuttosto arduo passare in rassegna i diciassette articoli che compongono il fascicolo. Questo articolo, prendendo le mosse dagli studi compiuti da Gregory Lucente sui processi di narrativizzazione delle figure storiche, approfondisce due interpretazioni filmiche del bandito Giuliano: Many of the historical references either do not work at all, or work only partially, and any genuine historical complexity is simplified or even completely distorted.

Citando brevemente gli altri articoli, va ricordato che Sue Brown approfondisce il rapporto tra Asolo e Robert Browning, mentre David Farley- Hills mostra un Anthony Trollope che in He Knew He Was Right utilizza materiale italiano di cui, immaginativamente, si era appropriato durante un soggiorno a Firenze con la madre Frances Trollope. Nel complesso, si tratta di un fascicolo che, pur in uno spazio cronologico ampio e culturalmente multilivellare, riesce a fare il punto sugli studi anglo-italiani senza omettere di offrire interessanti stimoli per ulteriori lavori di ricerca.

Dante e la lingua italiana. A cura di Mirko Tavoni. Infine, attraverso il ricorso a una terzina della Commedia Par. Il saggio finale di Gioachino Chiarini, Quattro cerchi, tre croci. Tempi e silenzi della Divina Commedia, prende le mosse da due quesiti specifici: Tramonto e resistenza della critica. Il volume raccoglie venti saggi tra editi e inediti, divisi in due sezioni a loro volta bipartite.

Italian Bookshelf principali riferimenti delle argomentazioni teoriche generali. Dunque, come in Gomorra o in La strada, un paesaggio che appare apocalittico, devastato. Autori ed opere sono presi nel loro contesto storico come i portatori di una esigenza morale in mutazione, giusta la metafora della soglia, usata nel e per il saggio su piani differenti. Non ci confrontiamo con autori e opere, con culture, documenti e codici, scomparsi da secoli o da decenni, che la selezione del canone e il ri-uso operato dalla tradizione hanno salvato, seppure in modo mai definitivo, da una perdita irreparabile?

Italian Bookshelf Mario Marti. Scavi linguistico-letterari italiani fra Due e Seicento. A cura di Marco Leone. Mario Congedo Editore, Una vita per la letteratura. Colleghi ed amici per i suoi cento anni. A cura di Mario Spedicato e Marco Leone. E avvertiamo anche che si faranno solo i nomi che meglio si attagliano allo schema di questa recensione. Nelle recensioni non meno che nei saggi, gli addetti ai lavori ritroveranno preziose acquisizioni per es. Italian Bookshelf rese perfette, specie, per esempio, nella poesia fidenziana, giocando magari sullo scarto tra fonia e grafia.

Tutti poi, oggi che possiamo misurare i danni dei vari -ismi formalismo, strutturalismo, e non ultimo certo specialismo , in particolare quello di aver emarginato la letteratura dalla vita sociale, rendendola inessenziale, e di aver allontanato i giovani dalle humanae litterae; tutti, dicevo, si lasceranno contagiare dal sentimento della storia e degli alti ed eterni valori umani parole sue che a queste pagine, anche quando squisitamente tecniche o addirittura polemiche, danno respiro e da esse si trasmette.

E che intere generazioni di allievi si siano lasciate contagiare da quello stesso sentimento lo attestano ad abundantiam le tante testimonianze che si leggono nel secondo dei volumi qui in epigrafe. E gli amici, quelli di una vita, confermano. Camerino , i rapporti, 44 anni! Altri infine hanno festeggiato con saggi su temi della sua bibliografia, o almeno non lontani, secondo le tre grandi direttrici di essa: Marti maestro, Marti studioso, e Marti uomo? Italian Bookshelf rapa [ Sul valore sentimentale attribuibile alle scelte del critico. Storia di un burattino.

To propose another version of Le avventure di Pinocchio is a bold endeavor. The text is a classic, and its adaptions are countless. Storia di un burattino, Paola Nastri and Francesca Cadel, successfully manage to make a fresh imprint on the book and, at the same time, convey to the reader the impression of a useful and novel edition. The activity of reading in installments is skillfully intertwined with a progressive grammar review, and accompanied by stimulating linguistic and cultural insights. In conjunction with these exercises, there is a variety of relevant post-reading activities, aimed at ascertaining the micro- and macro-comprehension of the text with true or false exercises, open-ended questions, and written and oral tasks , at reinforcing acquired skills through textual re-elaborations and active or creative writing , and at promoting cultural comparisons, through imaginative situations and research suggestions.

While engaging students in an active reading of Pinocchio — through their comprehension questions, and their stimulating insights e. Italian Bookshelf Two strengths make this textbook valuable in the panorama of Italian language education. It demonstrates its capacity to transform an enjoyable reading experience into meaningful oral practice in the target language, not restricted to the written text per se, and to its literary aspects, but open to the development of conversational skills, improvised situations, and structured research. In addition, it is positioned at the crossroads of language training lightly conceived in the form of a practical review , literature thanks to the capacity of the original edition for revealing the darker sides of Pinocchio, such as the grinding poverty of a Tuscan village, softened by numerous cinematographic adaptations , and cultural studies in the broader sense.

This textbook thus responds to a twofold need: From Dante to Dan Brown. Inferno Revealed can be divided into two parts. In order to reach a wide audience that may not have been exposed to literary studies or to the history of the Italian Middle Ages, the authors establish connections, resonances, and parallels to high and popular culture of different ages and traditions. Francesca da Rimini, Ciacco, and Filippo Argenti are the main episodes analyzed in this chapter.

Moreover, his views on the separation of Church and State may resonate with some readers even today. The Italian cities where Dante resided during his exile as well as Arles, the Mediterranean Sea, mythical and biblical cities, and of course Tuscany and Florence, all contribute to design the sense of place of the Commedia. Strangers in a Strange Land: The book consists of a series of essays , a catalog , and an extensive annotated bibliography It offers a review of Italian-language publishing history in newspapers and books with the intent to help the reader understand the place of Italians in American cultural history.

When we think about that particular period of time for Italian immigrants we think about illiterate settlers who were so eager to assimilate that they neglected their Italian language and heritage in favor of all things American. The literary works produced during this time were quite varied: They were read by not only the well-educated but also the average reader. They were often serialized in newspapers just as the works of English writers such as Dickens were at the time. They were published in journals and newspapers not only in major American cities such as New York and San Francisco but also in smaller towns such as Scranton, Pennsylvania and Bridgeport, Connecticut.

They were published by high-quality publishers many of which employed Italian speakers. Even those Italians who were illiterate upon entering the US my own grandfather as a case in point made use of these books in libraries more extensively than any other immigrant group, in order to learn to read and write in Italian and English. One half of this book consisted of essays that reflected the progress of Italians in America while the other half provided a directory of important Italian-American businessman of the time.

Viscusi places this work against the backdrop of the Milan Exposition of and demonstrates that the milanesi regarded Italian society in America as merely an income-producing colony of Italy. The catalog is not only annotated but it also provides great pictures of many of the works. The primary work section covers poetry, fiction, history and biography, political life; the secondary work section includes Italian- American life lived in the time, general history of Italians in America, learning the language, imaginative literature, political literature, and works about key authors and subjects including Ciambelli, Cordiferro, Galleani, Giovannitti, the Sacco and Vanzetti affair, and Tresca.

It is an effective starting point for Italian professors and scholars to explore and ideally translate into English a fascinating literary legacy. This book should be in every university library, and be read by many Italian-American students and professors. Maria Ann Roglieri, St. Italian Bookshelf Portia Prebys, ed. Caratteristiche, Impatto e Prospettive. Characteristics, Impact and Prospects.

The Rapporto Educating in Paradise offers a dual-language detailed analysis of both the nature of North Amercan Programs in Italy and of the students studying in Italy, the economic impact of their presence as well as the educational and socio-psychological benefits to the students themselves as they are immersed in a culture whose beliefs, practices and social realities are distinct from their own. The IRPET report for , based on only twenty-three American programs, indicated that the programs spent directly between forty and forty-two billion liras.

The monies spent indirectly by students and their visitors, parents and friends brought the total economic impact to approximately eighty billion liras. There were twenty-nine academic entries for Rome with 3, students and twenty-five academic entries for Florence with 4, students. The total economic impact of direct and indirect expenditures amounted to ,, euros.

AACUPI proposes to improve the situation given the different kinds of academic institutions now involved consortia, study centers, post-graduate programs, etc. The Borio study concludes with references to the property taxes paid by the programs IRES and IMU and the various indirect taxes and the numerous acts and documents that are an inseparable reality for the management of all academic and cultural activities. The Borio report also takes exception to the fiscal limits placed on donations and contributions to the programs from sponsors who derive little tax benefits from their contribution.

The study is divided into four segments complemented by charts offering precise, concrete information as follows: Included are the spring and summer terms of academic year as well as the fall term This amounts to about million euros and 10, jobs with the concentration being in Tuscany and Latium. The last part of this section focuses on the continued attractiveness of study in Italy, the complications arising from the present economic crisis, and the competitiveness of institutions of higher learning with lower costs, exacerbated further by the tax burdens and the complexities regarding administrative problems and the treatment of faculty members under the terms of the Fornero Law.

Italian Bookshelf faculty, and staff members, given the rise of petty crime and violence associated with drugs and alcohol; the bureaucratic inconveniences regarding entrance and visa procedures and barriers that impel program organizers toward venues elsewhere, and that put Italy at a disadvantage. Scott Haine, and Jeffrey H. For scholars struggling with a manuscript in progress, students tackling a paper, or creative writers sweating over a novel or script, a few hours at Starbucks in front of a laptop and a tall paper cup brimming with a coffee-based drink with a fancy name are a popular alternative to the solitary seclusion of a home office or the monastic silence of a library.

The fruitful relationship between intellectual activity and the coffee shop has created an emblematic public dimension even beyond actual space. Italian Bookshelf The contributors examine the topic through a variety of methodological approaches. Italian Bookshelf individualistic counterdiscourse to the democratic, open relationships promoted by the coffee house. The concluding section of the article is dedicated to the presence of South African literature in Italy.

Her conclusion is that African literature is still marginalized in Italy, and that the relevant scholarship tends to be highly specialized, while the research funds that would support large-scale exchanges with African universities and libraries are lacking. The attention of publishers and booksellers is focused on works that are already best-sellers in the international book market. Those publishers that in the past cultivated a more serious and systematic approach to African literatures, publishing works that had been carefully edited and annotated by specialists, have either discontinued their efforts, or are publishing without a vision of a coherent cultural project.

Criticism dedicated to African literature, on the other hand, is still hostage to the genre divisions valid in Europe, and fails to cultivate a synesthetic, and therefore more authentic, approach to African art. The European inability to interpret what seems like a fusion of genres oral literature, music, etc. The serious decline in the study of African languages at Italian universities only contributes to this less than encouraging situation.

The problems of identity and agency relate here not only to the individual, but to the entire Somali nation and the issues of power within it, traditional and postcolonial. Hybridity in the novel is not only an assertion of individuality, but also a productive response to the pressures exerted, first by the Italian colonial power, and later by the Somali dictatorial regime.

The first narrative stream is that of the narrator as the collector of personal stories. The result of such cultural barriers is not an integrated, but a fragmented identity. A writer and activist born in Rome and raised in South Africa, Mmaka proposes a mutable and dynamic concept of identity as a process of transformation, for which literature, in its interpretive multiplicity, is a perfect vehicle, and the ideal site for the meeting of stories which could then produce new, authentic narratives of being: Between Private and Public Spheres.

A cura di Katharine Mitchell and Helena Sanson. Naturalmente, come osserva Joan Kelly J. Women, History, and Theory: The Essays of Joan Kelly. Almeno a livello teorico, dunque, le donne si trovano ad avere un rapporto privilegiato con la lingua italiana — una lingua dalla cui fruizione, a causa della loro scarsa istruzione, le donne erano state escluse per secoli. Lucy Hosker, per esempio, esamina la rappresentazione della zitella in alcuni racconti di Serao e Neera. Infine, Marjan Schwegman propone uno studio interessante sulle brigantesse, modelli ante litteram di autonomia e ribellione alla condizione di soggezione atavica delle donne meridionali.

Ammirevoli, soprattutto, sono i suggerimenti delle studiose che invitano il lettore ad aprire percorsi alternativi di studio. Concludendo, il volume offre un contributo utile e originale per la conoscenza del contributo femminile alla storia e cultura nazionale e un valido spunto per ulteriori ricerche. A Local Habitation and a Name: Imagining Histories in the Italian Renaissance. Fordham University Press, In questo importante volume che ripropone, organizzandoli in una forma coerente, nove saggi composti tra il e il , Ascoli si prefigge un duplice obiettivo.

Scegliendo la Familiares 4. Guardando quindi a come testi specifici come Decameron 7. Barnes and Michelangelo Zaccarello, eds. Language and Style in Dante. Four Courts Press, Nel primo caso abbiamo a che fare con saggi come quello di Antonella Braida, Dante and Translation: Jeremy Tambling Illusion and Identity: I contributi che incorniciano la miscellanea non si trovano poi casualmente ai margini del volume: La scrittura poetica femminile nel Cinquecento veneto.

Gaspara Stampa e Veronica Franco. Accademia della Crusca, La studiosa pubblica un volume di grande interesse a prescindere dalla proposta di attribuzione: Italian Bookshelf supporto cartaceo e, sebbene non datato con sicurezza, tradizionalmente assegnato agli anni con una parte risalente a un periodo precedente. Certo, non pare di trovare somiglianze, ad esempio, con la c.

Si tengano poi presenti due elementi ricordati da C. Marazzini La lingua italiana, , p. A un primo esame i principali fenomeni fonetici e morfosintattici individuati da A. Castellani Grammatica storica, , p. La drammaturgia del sacro, originale sintagma e ipotesi critica specificamente adottata, ha permesso a Cicali di mantenere una visione stereoscopica studiando simultaneamente i temi, le occasioni, gli obblighi, le tradizioni del potere sacro e profano senza mai perdere di vista la natura drammaturgica dei testi. Le ipotesi critiche scelte hanno portato utili aggiornamenti alle conoscenze in materia di sacre rappresentazioni fiorentine: Italian Bookshelf ricerche in grado di espandere e approfondire il legame tra scritture drammaturgiche, rappresentazioni sceniche e cultura visuale.

George Corbett, however, challenges this assumption and argues that, in fact, Dante agreed with the main principles of Epicurean ethics, and openly condemned just its doctrine of mortalism, namely, that of the mortality of the human soul.

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From then on, he resolved to condemn Epicurean philosophy. Italian Bookshelf The book is organized into three parts of two chapters each. Corbett considers the ill-fated dialogue between Dante and Cavalcante as the center of the canto. Corbett establishes that, conventionally, Dante represents heresy as a type of intellectual stubbornness in pursuing erroneous interpretation. On the one hand, he believed in the necessity of pursuing a virtuous and ethical life in order to achieve earthly happiness.

On the other, he believed in the capacity of faith as sufficient for achieving salvation, as is made clear in the encounters with Buonconte and Manfred. Nonetheless, my concern is whether reading the Commedia in light of the Monarchia is methodologically pertinent, given that such an approach likely downplays the complexity of the poem.

Lyric Poetry by Women of the Italian Renaissance. Johns Hopkins University Press, Through this extraordinary volume, Virginia Cox brings back to life the lyric poetry of a multitude of female authors of the Italian Renaissance. She revives and resuscitates works that had been overlooked or forgotten, or that were simply inaccessible due to the fragility of their manuscript state, except to the occasional scholar who stumbled upon a madrigal here, a sonnet there.

She then integrates these newly rescued treasures into a body of poetry upon whose authors the fates and centuries have smiled, often by the purest chance. Cox acknowledges that this enterprise was long in unfolding, and given the breadth and depth of the finished product, one can well understand why.

The final organizational design features a solid introduction in which Cox situates the tradition of female writing from the fifteenth to the beginning of the seventeenth century within its greater literary, historical and cultural context. Italian Bookshelf literary production that forms the body of the current volume. Indeed, although the collection focuses on lyric poetry, the authors represented, with a few notable exceptions, reflect the most important female writers of all genres because although better known for narrative or drama, most female writers also composed lyric works of substance that warrant inclusion in an anthology of this nature.

As her introduction unfolds, Cox engages her reader with discussions of the female writer and her context in particular geographic locations and at a variety of court settings, her interaction with her male counterparts, and sometimes her frustration at being praised simply for being female rather than for a critical appraisal of her work. By highlighting the changing light in which females were viewed as the decades progressed, Cox challenges her readers to incorporate contemporary social critiques regarding the role and place of women into their reading of the lyrics. In a relatively short and succinct narrative, Cox succeeds in setting the stage for her audience to experience a multi-faceted appreciation for each author and her literary production, now keenly aware of the forces that shaped the female writer and her work.

Before giving us access to the collection itself, Cox carefully lays out the criteria she used in selecting the works to be included, noting that the breadth and depth of the verse available to her permitted her to be highly selective while still maintaining flexibility to include verse that was not structurally perfect but was spontaneous or rang with emotional truth.

The poems, whose original languages include Latin, Greek, literary Tuscan and the pavan dialect, are divided thematically: They are then compiled chronologically within each theme. One of the defining features of the volume is the mixture of well-known and unknown authors within the same rubric. Each poem offers a treasure trove of tidbits about everyday life, male- female relationships, and societal dynamics that broaden our understanding of life during these centuries in addition to adding important elements to the verse.

We also note a pre-Reformation comment that going to mass was irrelevant as well as a poignant lament on the problems of old age that include no longer being able to chew meat. In addition to the contents of the poems, it is fascinating to see verse written in the pavan Paduan dialect by women. Cox points out that while they seem not to have taken on the character of a rustic, as was common with men, they still did not write as themselves, taking on an uneducated character.

Scarampa cannot see it, she must close her eyes to avoid the pain. Gems await on each page, and the orchestration of the volume with its contexts, translations and copious accompanying material makes it a must-own resource for anyone working in the Italian Renaissance. Moreover, it offers a useable, approachable, friendly classroom text for an undergraduate course as well as being one of the necessary sources for graduate students and scholars alike.

This anthology has opened up the world of lyric poetry by women of the Italian Renaissance to a new audience. Northwestern University Press, Frisardi keeps most of the Latin phrases that Dante employed, including the Latin title Vita nova rather than the more common Italian title Vita nuova. In dividing the prosimetrum poetry combined with prose into chapters, he follows the lead of Guglielmo Gorni, whose system dates from and was followed by Luca Carlo Rossi and Stefano Carrai in and respectively. While clearly in American English, the translation as a whole is fairly free of jargon or slang.

It is a pleasure to read not only the prose but also the rhymed poems. For purists who might object to liberties taken with word choice or syntax, Frisardi provides in an appendix pages the Italian texts of all the poems with literal prose translations. In the case of the above sonnet, he helpfully proffers this literal version of the opening quatrain: The notes, as alluded to earlier, comprise a veritable treasure trove of scholarship and deserve repeated consultation.

They also lack individual end note numbers. These editorial decisions make it tiring when one must flip back and forth from translation to notes and challenging to identify quickly a particular glossed passage. University of Toronto Press, Not only does Di Maria place his work within the field of Renaissance theater, he also enters into dialogue with a larger community of scholarship on the notions of imitation and innovation. Renaissance playwrights, in establishing a theater that was their own, adapted old sources to fit the realities of their times, including morals, aesthetics, politics, and sexual mores.

Throughout his study, Di Maria presents analysis of seven Renaissance works for the stage: The first chapter gives an excellent account of theories of imitation from the Humanist study of classical authors to the development of diverse imitation and adaptation practices in the Renaissance. Di Maria provides an overview of important theories of imitation from Greek and Roman authors such as Aristotle, Cicero, Horace, Quintilian, and Seneca, who influenced Humanist and Renaissance writers to a great degree.

He also lays out a historical account of the development of Italian theater from stage performances of Latin classics to translation and adaptation, highlighting the debate among Renaissance writers over the questions of imitation and originality. Di Maria establishes his critical approach as one that considers carefully source material to distinguish the modifications made by playwrights for the Renaissance stage.

The importance of these changes should not be underestimated, as he states: Italian Bookshelf to distinguish the adaptation from its original source, establish its own originality, and proclaim its relevance to the audience. Each of the following seven chapters focuses on a specific theater piece that illustrates different aspects of the imitative process.

From this juxtaposition of works Di Maria is able to make compelling arguments about the significance of characters, criticism of social institutions, and prevailing morality. In fact, drawing from various sources and weaving them together, Cecchi offers new new elements that reflect contemporary society for spectators. Chapter 7 and Chapter 8 focus on tragedies that draw on prose sources. As in Chapter 6, the status of women is well visited together with Machiavellian ideas of the princes and principalities.

Italian Bookshelf importance of understanding originality, which consists not only of the invention of new material, but also of the creative adaptation of old sources to new realities. He accomplishes this new understanding of the poetics of imitation through well-researched and articulate considerations of sources and adaptations as well as sixteenth-century debates on imitation.

In the end, Di Maria provides an excellent model to others who desire to engage with schools of rhetoric, imitation, and theories of theater in the Italian Renaissance. Edizione critica dei manoscritti Hamilton 67 e Riccardiano a cura di David P. Italian Bookshelf successo strepitoso sia in Francia che in Italia dove fu presto volgarizzata non una sola volta ma varie volte producendo famiglie di volgarizzamenti talvolta imparentate fra di loro e talvolta affatto indipendenti.

Il primo filologo a pubblicarne un frammento fu Vincenzo Nannuci nel suo Manuale , e lo riprendeva dalla versione oggi conservata nel ms. A dargli sostanzialmente ragione fu Flutre il quale fece un censimento completo dei mss. Da allora gli studi successivi non hanno fatto che confermare la sostanza di quella ricostruzione anche se non sono mancate correzioni imposte da nuovi documenti venuti alla luce nel corso di questi ultimi tre quarti di secolo.

R si trova invece a Firenze nella biblioteca Riccardiana. Le pagine dedicate alla contaminazione 51 costituiscono un apporto fondamentale al valore di questa edizione, e sono anche quelle che lasciano capire quanto sarebbe arduo, anzi impossibile, utilizzare i criteri genetici lachmanniani per ricostruire un archetipo al quale far risalire tutte le famiglie dei volgarizzamenti italiani dei Fet. Altri recensori, con maggiori competenze e su riviste specializzate, non mancheranno di farlo.

Tre studi sul De mulieribus claris. It can therefore be seen to form part of the debate in the Anglo-Saxon world about the interpretation and implications of De mulieribus, especially its construction of female identity. Indeed in the introduction to the three studies that constitute the monograph, Filosa is unequivocal about her critical position.

She decisively and passionately rejects the recent tendency to view the work in entirely negative terms and instead focuses on the positive glimpses Boccaccio provides of female potential though admitting traces remain of medieval misogyny. The crucial point for Filosa is that most of these later changes only introduce a patina of medieval moralising while the humanistic ideals are still a powerful force in the work.

Italian Bookshelf The second study continues to emphasise the literariness of De mulieribus by analysing its relations with the Decameron. On her own admission, Decameron 2. Could not this be generalised to the majority of the biographies in De mulieribus? For this reason Filosa compares De mulieribus with contemporary pictorial representations of women in order to illustrate her point that contemporary painting could only manage to portray them as undifferentiated stereotypes unlike the developed biographies of Boccaccio. Finally Filosa very briefly examines the transformation of De mulieribus in the Renaissance.

It offers a glowing account of the radical, progressive representation of women as biographical subjects. Power and Virtue in Renaissance Society, forcefully puts the case that De mulieribus consistently shuts down the possibilities of female power and only allows it when it does not present a threat to male authority. Franklin further argues that the text is predominantly addressed to men whom its message of circumscribed female agency is meant to reassure. Italian Bookshelf Filosa takes a strong position on De mulieribus as a literary work, quoting both Sapegno and Zaccaria approvingly.

It is indeed an area that has received scant attention in the rush to discuss its ideological implications for women. Her study will ensure that scholars of De mulieribus will look at the literary dimension with renewed interest thanks to her careful research. Honess and Matthew Treherne, eds.

Exile, Politics and Theology in Dante. Many volumes of collected essays suffer from a lack of cohesion. Each essay explores a different phenomenon, and by bringing them together the volume as a whole is pulled in several different directions. Honess and Matthew Treherne. The editors explain in the introduction why they selected the opening of Paradiso 25 as a guiding principle. The few lines of Paradiso 25, they write, reveal in nuce the entire project of the Comedy, with its focus on the heavenly while still engaging in the earthly. The six essays began as a series of papers presented at Leeds but they work together in interesting fashions.

Declaration, Pleasure and Praise. Italian Bookshelf dogmatic exposition on Faith, Hope, and Love. Behind the expositions on the three Christian virtues lies the awareness of the dependence of the created world on God. Philosophical reasoning can equate the creator with God but only Faith can inform humanity that God is a Trinity. In the subsequent two essays, the authors perform similar readings of the cantos of the fixed stars and their disquisitions on the virtues. One acquires the coin of faith through direct experience of God. He notes that the entire episode is bracketed between two invitations to look back upon the earth.

He then discusses the first-person passages in the cantos, thus concluding that the Christian virtues link Dante back to the community and to the Church. In the early years, Dante adheres to political factionalism, with the hopes that Henry VII will remedy his situation; later on, however, Dante seemingly recants his misdirected hopes in a political solution, explaining instead that he wants to return to Florence as a poet, that is, as one bearing a prophetic voice. Gilson concludes, however, that Paradiso 25 did not elicit the same kind of alarm among the commentators that similar passages in Inferno did.

Each of the six essays provides unique insights to the passage of the title, but they are not limited to a few verses. Therefore, the volume constitutes an important contribution to Dante scholarship. A Critical Guide to the Complete Works. University of Chicago Press, A Critical Guide to the Complete Works ed. Victoria Kirkham and Armando Maggi, Chicago: Grossvogel and Epistolae Jason Houston investigate the ways in which Boccaccio used Latin source texts as models for his literary experiments, with many of his earlier works simply serving as exercises in rhetoric and letter-writing.

Italian Bookshelf reception as both text and book-object. Brody provides an insightful reading of the Elegia di madonna Fiammetta, which looks at female uses of literature as a healing device, a topic to which Boccaccio would return in the Proemio of his Decameron. Coleman and the De montibus, silvis, fontibus, lacubus, fluminibus, stagnis seu paludibus et de diversis nominibus maris Theodore J. Here Michael Papio analyses the document and provides anecdotes and historical details pertaining to those people mentioned in it.

None the less, the editors certainly succeed in their mission to answer the questions posed in the introductory paragraphs: What did Boccaccio contribute in each case to the traditions he inherited? How did he reenvision genres or topics? How did he redirect the course of literature? The organization of chapters according to the genres used by the author allows one to readily appreciate the textual, experimental, and structural parallels between many of his texts, and chapters habitually conclude with similar remarks: Even scholars well versed in the works of Boccaccio are sure to learn something of value from this accessible, yet scholarly and well-executed volume.

Studies on Alberti and Petrach. David Marsh, professor of Italian at Rutgers University, has collected in this book his essays on the Italian humanists Leon Battista Alberti and Francesco Petrarca, published over a span of roughly twenty years, the only exception being an article published in All the articles have been reproduced as they were when first published, and therefore their pages show the original numbers they had carried in the journals where they appeared.

Italian Bookshelf on Alberti. He also analyzes the evolution of the genre in the work of later humanists such as Bartolomeo Scala and Marsilio Ficino, where the simple apologue becomes embedded with philosophical and allegorical abstractions. The text continues with a thorough analysis of the short dialogue. The book ends with a section devoted to Poggio Bracciolini and Alberti: The three essays focus in particular upon the presence of works by the two authors in manuscript Vat.

Carroll, and Catherine A. The present collection emerges from a conference organized by the Department of Music at University College Cork a few years ago. One cannot emphasize enough that such occasions for cross-disciplinary dialogue, in person and in print, need to be cherished and cultivated as much as possible. Crucially, resisting the impulse to view such artifacts anachronistically is front and center in both Introduction and essays, models of nuanced layering and penetrating insights.

The nine essays are divided in three parts: These three ask readers to expand more limited notions of audience to include a far ampler and more nuanced horizon. We should pay heed to both terms in the subtitle of this collection: Playing, in the sense of engaging with others following rules and without fear of breaking them occasionally, is what these essays do, with great success. This collection demands attention not only of early modernists or of scholars interested in texts and sexuality, but of all humanists, as it points many fruitful ways forward in our scholarship.

Italian Bookshelf Giuseppe Mazzotta. Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, The reasons for the extraordinary critical stimulus of Dante, Poet of the Desert: Ci avvicinammo alle tre belve sbuffanti, per palparne amorosamente i torridi petti. Io mi stesi sulla mia macchina come un cadavere nella bara, ma subito risuscitai sotto il volante, lama di ghigliottina che minacciava il mio stomaco. E noi, come giovani leoni, inseguivamo la Morte, dal pelame nero maculato di pallide croci, che correva via pel vasto cielo violaceo, vivo e palpitante. Nulla, per voler morire, se non il desiderio di liberarci finalmente dal nostro coraggio troppo pesante!

E noi correvamo schiacciando su le soglie delle case i cani da guardia che si arrotondavano, sotto i nostri pneumatici scottanti, come solini sotto il ferro da stirare. La Morte, addomesticata, mi sorpassava ad ogni svolto, per porgermi la zampa con grazia, e a quando a quando si stendeva a terra con un rumore di mascelle stridenti, mandandomi, da ogni pozzanghera, sguardi vellutati e carezzevoli. Il loro stupido dilemma discuteva sul mio terreno Quando mi sollevai - cencio sozzo e puzzolente - di sotto la macchina capovolta, io mi sentii attraversare il cuore, deliziosamente, dal ferro arroventato della gioia!

Con cura paziente e meticolosa, quella gente dispose alte armature ed enormi reti di ferro per pescare il mio automobile, simile ad un gran pescecane arenato. Noi siamo sul promontorio estremo dei secoli!.. Il Tempo e lo Spazio morirono ieri. Noi canteremo le grandi folle agitate dal lavoro, dal piacere o dalla sommossa: Ma non ammetto che si conducano quotidianamente a passeggio per i musei le nostre tristezze, il nostro fragile coraggio, la nostra morbosa inquietudine.

Volete dunque sprecare tutte le vostre forze migliori, in questa eterna ed inutile ammirazione del passato, da cui uscite fatalmente esausti, diminuiti e calpesti? E vengano dunque, gli allegri incendiarii dalle dita carbonizzate! Sviate il corso dei canali, per inondare i musei! Oh, la gioia di veder galleggiare alla deriva, lacere e stinte su quelle acque, le vecchie tele gloriose! Non siamo ancora spossati! Ritti sulla cima del mondo, noi scagliamo una volta ancora, la nostra sfida alle stelle!

Ci opponete delle obiezioni? La nostra bella e mendace intelligenza ci afferma che noi siamo il riassunto e il prolungamento degli avi nostri. Usciamo da Paralisi, devastiamo Podagra e stendiamo il gran Binario militare sui fianchi del Gorisankar, vetta del mondo! Temete forse che appicchiamo il fuoco alle vostre catapecchie? Per ora, ci accontentiamo di far saltare in aria tutte le tradizioni, come ponti fradici! Contro di voi, che morite troppo lentamente, e contro tutti i morti che ingombrano le nostre strade! Noi siamo piuttosto dei giovani artiglieri in baldoria! E voi dovete, anche a vostro dispetto, abituarvi al frastuono dei nostri cannoni!

Ecco finalmente la parola che aspettavo! Con quella parola fra le dita e sulle labbra, potrete vivere ancora venti secoli Quelle spiche, agili soldati dalle baionette aguzze, glorificano la forza del pane, che si trasforma in sangue, per sprizzar dritto, fino allo Zenit. E noi insegneremo a tutti i soldati armati della terra come il sangue debba essere versato Voglio preziosi gingilli da rompere Voglio addomesticare i Venti e tenerli a guinzaglio Voglio una muta di venti, fluidi levrieri, per dar la caccia ai cirri flosci e barbuti.

La respirazione dei miei fratelli dormenti fingeva il sonno di un mare possente, su una spiaggia. Troppi soli si chinarono al suo livido capezzale! Datemi delle nuvole, dei mucchi di nuvole, per coprire i suoi occhi e la sua bocca che piange! Io ti proclamo guidatore del mondo! E non abbiamo ancora scacciate dal nostro cervello le lugubri formiche della saggezza Ci vogliono dei pazzi! Due alienisti comparvero, categorici, sulla soglia del Palazzo. Le donne pettinavano le loro lontane capigliature di nuvole con le acute punte di una costellazione. Noi costruiremo il Binario sulle cime di tutte le montagne, fino al mare!

Corriamo a domandar consiglio alle belve dei serragli accampati alle porte della Capitale. La ribellione delle criniere e il voluminoso sforzo delle groppe inarcate a leva scolpivano le facciate. Tutta la tisica vegetazione degli abitanti di Podagra fu infornata nelle case, le quali, piene di rami urlanti, tremavano sotto la impetuosa grandinata di sgomento che crivellava i tetti.

Con bruschi slanci e con lazzi da clowns , i pazzi inforcavano i bei leoni indifferenti, che non li sentivano, e quei bizzarri cavalieri esultavano ai tranquilli colpi di coda che ad ogni istante li gettavano a terra I giovani sono fuggiti! Siano divelti i parafulmini e le statue! Tutti i metalli preziosi saranno fusi, pel gran Binario militare! Era un pazzo giovanissimo, dagli occhi di vergine, rimasto fulminato sul Binario. Il suo cadavere fu subito sollevato.

Vi ondeggiava una tenerezza amara Irruenti, le belve si precipitarono a soccorrerli. Finalmente, fu aperto un varco: Ma, mentre ci accanivamo, tutti, a liberar le nostre gambe e le nostre braccia dalle ultime liane affettuose, sentimmo a un tratto la Luna carnale, la Luna dalle belle coscie calde, abbandonarsi languidamente sulle nostre schiene affrante. E il Binario militare fu costruito. Ecco scavalcato il Gange!

Questi, allineati in semicerchio intorno a noi, prolungavamo da ogni parte le zanne, la bava sibilante e gli urli delle acque. Volete dunque che le belve ci sorpassino? Noi dobbiamo rimanere in prima fila malgrado i nostri lenti passi che pompano i succhi della terra Al diavolo queste mani vischiose e questi piedi che trascinano radici! Facciamoci dunque degli aeroplani. E i pazzi rapirono mantelli turchini alla gloria dei Budda, nelle antiche pagode, per costruire le loro macchine volanti. Siam degni finalmente di comandare il grande esercito dei pazzi e delle belve scatenate!

Noi dominiamo la nostra retroguardia: Avanti, pazzi, pazze, leoni, tigri, e pantere! Avanti, squadroni di flutti! I nostri aeroplani saranno per voi, a volta a volta, bandiere di guerra e amanti appassionate! Quanti greggi di pecore rosee, sparsi sui declivi delle verdi colline che si offrono al tramonto! Tu le amavi, anima mia! E noi diamo loro battaglia! Udite i nostri motori come applaudono? Eccoti dunque davanti a noi, gran popolo formicolante di Podagrosi e di Paralitici, lebbra schifosa che divora i bei fianchi della montagna Ma voi siete innumerevoli! E potremmo esaurire le nostre munizioni, invecchiando durante la carneficina!

E voi non potrete carpircele! Io vado contro il vento! Tutto il nostro sangue, a fiotti, per ricolorare le aurore ammalate della Terra! L'anarchismo esaltera' alcuni elementi di anarchismo presenti nel futurismo e la carica rivoluzionaria del futurismo. All'inizio del Novecento il movimento anarchico, accoglieva numerosi nietzschiani e stirneriani che sentirono attrazione, ricambiata, verso il Futurismo.

L'adesione anarchica al futurismo fu caratterizzata dal rifiuto del marinettismo, mentre Marinetti cercava contatti proprio in campo anarchico. La nascita del cosiddetto anarco-individualismo, si ha nel periodo in cui esce "Vir" e interessa ampi strati di intellettuali che civetteranno con esso, primo fra tutti Giovanni Papini. Il fermento pre-futurista semina nel biennio che precede la fondazione ufficiale e raccoglie i frutti fra '09 e ' Incontri fra anarchici e futuristi avvengono su "Vir" Monanni, S.

Buzzi, Cavacchioli, Cangiullo, usano tale strumento con Il canto dei reclusi Buzzi , 7 Scaricatori di carbone Cavacchioli e Monumento alla fiamma Cangiullo. Ricordiamo, per terminare, che Marinetti, nella prefazione a Revolverate di Lucini, riconosce in lui l'inventore del verso libero. Insomma futuristi e anarchici davvero molto spesso insieme!

Notevoli sono le sperimentazioni in tipografia e sui testi teatrali da parte di Virgilio Gozzoli con una serie di numeri unici creati a Pistoia dal al Il futurismo nasce anarchico, libero, creatore. Tommaso Marinetti ha da poco pubblicato il suo "Manifesto Futurista" per l'esaltazione degli elementi primordiali, della bellezza della lotta audace. Tutti elementi che, sebbene trasportati in una visione libertaria e quindi opposta alle teorie di Marinetti e D'Annunzio, non mancheranno negli scritti novatoriani degli anni successivi. Nel , la notte tra il 15 e il maggio, un incendio distruggeva la chiesa della Madonna degli Angeli ad Arcola.

Le indagini dei carabinieri portarono presto all'identificazione di un gruppo di giovani anarchici del posto, tra i quali anche Abele Ferrari. Mentre Pasquale Binazzi, figura instancabile dell'anarchismo. In questo vicino paese vi e' molta irritazione causa parecchi arresti fatti di socialisti imputati di avere incendiata la chiesa chiamata degli Angeli. Fra clericali e anticlericali vi e' da tempo un serio astio , provocato dalla intolleranza e dalla spavalderia dei clericali, i quali si permisero di spezzare una targhetta portante il nome di Francisco Ferrer.

Domenica il deputato Fiamberti , anticlericale , massone , mangia preti , dono' una corona d'oro per incoronare la madonna di cartapesta che si trova nella suddetta chiesa , e tale cerimonia venne preparata con ostentata pompa e coll'intervento del del cardinale Maffi e di vari vescovi. Nella notte di domenica persone che sono rimaste ignote tentarono d'incendiare la chiesa guardata a vista da molti agenti e carabinieri , i quali accorsero a spegnere l'incendio appena scorsero il fumo che usciva dalle finestre.

Questo fatto ha resi furibondi i clericali , i quali vorrebbero che venisssero colpiti tutti gli anticlericali piu' in vista e la questura , tanto per contentarli , ha proceduto all'arresto di vari socialisti senza avere pero' le prove. I veri responsabili di quanto accaduto sono precisamente i clericali i quali vogliono fare da padroni dispostici di tutto e di tutti e quando posssono esercitare delle prepotenze irritanti lo fanno con gusto matto ; e una parte di responsabilita' deve ricadere pure sul deputato massone Fiamberti , che col suo contegno da umile chierico , ha concorso ad inasprire qualche giovane sincero e buono che sul serio lo aveva creduto anticlericale.

L'importante e' che ora non si facciano delle vittime innocenti , e quindi e' dovere di tutti i liberi pensatori d'intervenire per difendere energicamente quelle liberta' che i clericali vorrebbero venissero manomesse dalla compiacente questura. Sotto le pressioni di nazionalisti, liberali e cattolici il governo presieduto da Giolitti decide l'intervento militare in Libia.

Le ambizioni coloniali spinsero l'Italia ad impadronirsi delle due province ottomane, che assieme al Fezzan, nel , avrebbero costituito la Libia, dapprima come colonia italiana, in seguito come stato indipendente. Prima dell'inizio della guerra in Italia si manifestarono forti correnti interventiste, con una convergenza di interessi fra la borghesia settentrionale, che vedeva un intervento come un'occasione per allargare i mercati per i prodotti agricoli e, soprattutto, industriali, ed il proletariato agricolo del sud, che vedeva nella Libia, descritta come terra generalmente fertile, un'occasione per ridurre la piaga dell'emigrazione.

Proprio nel veniva fondato il Partito Nazionalista, con l'appoggio soprattutto dei futuristi, che vedevano la guerra come "sola igiene del mondo"[14], anche sotto la spinta imperialista che soffiava su tutto il mondo europeo e americano. Tutto lo stato maggiore del movimento fu arrestato. La rivista inizialmente stampata a La Spezia sino al n. La sinistra del partito , fedele alla politica anticolonialista Turati espelle la destra favorevole alla guerra Bissolati , Bonomi , Cabrini.

Si comincia a parlare di Benito Mussolini capo di una corrente fortemente critica verso il parlamentarismo e caratterizzata dall'esaltazione della violenza rivoluzionaria. Ai maggiorenni di eta' inferiore ai 30 anni , fu concesso il diritto di voto ma subordinato al censo o al servizio militare. Nel Dante aveva venti anni il 7 maggio viene esonerato dal servizio militare: Soldato di leva di 3 categoria posto quindi in congedo illimitato: Mi e' stato cortesemente fornita dall'Archivio di Stato di Massa la copia del foglio matricolare:.

Ho tentato invano di aver notizie della presenza di Dante negli Stati Uniti in particolare a Pueblo durante le rivolte dei minatori. Non essendoci stato alcun censimento tra il e il e' sfuggito anche alla burocrazia statunitense. Un episodio ancora da decifrare o quasi , un periodo della sua vita che e' forse la chiave per comprendere le sue scelte. Ho trovato sul sito http: Dante Carnesecchi Arrival Date: Male Port of Departure: Italian North Italian Ship Name: Rochambeau Port of Arrival: New York, New York Nativity: Italy Birth Location Other: Qui potrebbe aver lasciato una traccia della sua militanza anarchica: La sua scheda insieme con quelle di tanti altri eversivi viene prelevata dai Tedeschi quando durante l'ultima guerra questi invadono la Francia e trasportata a Berlino.

Quando Berlino e' occupata dai Russi , questo materiale politico viene prelevato e finisce in Russia. Nel la Russia col disgelo lo rende alla Francia: Cosi le schede tornano a casa e divengono disponibili alla consultazione: Mi ha avvertito di questo la signora Lucette Laterrot: Queste considerazioni di Laura Nicolini mettono sotto un'altra luce la presenza di Dante in Francia. Aveva gia' un imbarco fissato: Porto a notizia della Signoria Vostra questa disposizione, d'incarico del ministero dell'Interno. Il Ministero si rivolge prima che ad ogni altro ai signori Prefetti di Genova, Napoli e Torino, che sono i luoghi dai quali partono gli emigranti, pregandoli di dare istruzioni precise e rigorose affine di colpire la disonesta speculazione degli agenti, di impedire la emigrazione illecita, e quando lecita, di frenarla con ogni mezzo.

Ship Manifest della Rochambeau relativa a Dante Carnesecchi foglio 1. Ship Manifest della Rochambeau relativa a Dante Carnesecchi foglio 2. Ship Manifest della Rochambeau relativa a Giovanni Lombardi foglio 1. Ship Manifest della Rochambeau relativa a Giovanni Lombardi foglio 2. Quello stesso giorno, sulla stessa nave, arriva anche un certo Giovanni Lombardi figlio di Paolo , 24 anni, anche lui proveniente da Vezzano Ligure.

E' evidente che i due viaggiavano insieme e avevano la stessa meta. Si era stabilito a Pueblo Box Elder street e con ogni probabilita' faceva il minatore. E' presumibile che Dante e Giovanni Lombardi da New York e Pueblo si spostassero in treno ed ivi giungessero gia' nel giugno All'inizio di questo periodo di profondo malessere il 22 ottobre muoiono a Dawson minatori per gran parte italiani e ispanici una delle piu' grandi tragedie minerarie. If you've heard about Dawson at all, chances are you've heard it was the site of two of the world's worst mining disasters.

It was, but it was also a town of over 9, people, complete with schools, an opera house, a hospital, a hotel, a gymnasium, a church - even a bowling alley. It was a company town, owned and operated by Phelps Dodge, and a home for miners who had come from all over the world. People fell in love in Dawson. Little girls cried when they skinned their knees. Someone dreamed about leaving, seeing the world and becoming famous.

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Dawson could have been Anytown, USA. But two terrible mining disasters, one on October 22, , and another in February of , ensured that Dawson would forever be remembered with sadness as well, and that may be the worst tragedy. Over white iron crosses in the Dawson Cemetery mark the graves of those who perished in the mining disasters.

The cemetery is now the only part of Dawson still open to the public after Phelps Dodge shut the town down in These silent sentinels, some with individual names and some unmarked, are moving reminders of the tragic deaths of the victims. And, more importantly, their lives. I visited the Dawson Cemetery at twilight. The air was cool and I was alone, and yet, of course, not.

I walked slowly through the dried grass, thinking that the crosses would always be here, guarding the mountain. Now, many miles and many days away from my visit, I remember the miners sleeping in the cemetery at the foothills. When I reflect on my visit, I feel that just by thinking about the place I am intruding on its solitude, interrupting it mentally. I know that the crosses - larger in memory than they probably actually are - still exist, still guard, still remind.

I know that the air still hangs heavy with something that should be making a sound but isn't. Can I hear it now that I'm gone? I listen harder, but nothing comes. Dawson, like a shooting star, is silent. They did such a good job with Stag Canyon Mine No. Yet, Dawson was doomed to suffer a series of tragedies that shadowed its history to the end.

During this period of abundance and prosperity Dawson suffered its worst catastrophe on Wednesday, October 22, ,only two days after the mine's inspection. The morning dawned bright and clear and miners reported to work at Stag Canyon Mine No. Work went on as usual until a little after three p. Relief and disaster crews were rushed from neighboring towns. Phelps Dodge sent a trainload of doctors, nurses and medical supplies up from El Paso and striking miners in Colorado ceased picketing and offered to form rescue teams. Working around the clock, rows of bodies were brought to the surface.

The distraught wives and family members clogged and impeded the operations around the mouth of the mine. Only 23 of the men working in the mine were found alive. Two of the rescuers were themselves killed by falling boulders in the shaft. Mass funerals were conducted for the victims and row upon row of graves dug, making it necessary to extend the cemetery far up the hill. The cemetery was marked by white iron crosses and the burials continued for weeks. It was the second worst mine disaster of the century. Investigators determined that the explosion had been caused by an overcharged blast in a dusty pillar section of the mine.

Dynamite, not a permitted explosive, was being used. The Bureau of Mines allowed certain types of explosives, but blasting was to be conducted only when all miners were evacuated and water sprays were to be used to settle the coal dust. These rules had obviously been ignored. Safety measures were heavily increased after the disastrous explosion and subsequent accidents were comparatively minor with few fatalities.

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Persons or organizations desiring to use this material, must obtain the written consent of the contributor, or the legal representative of the submitter, and contact the listed USGenWeb archivist with proof of this consent. The submitter has given permission to the USGenWeb Archives to store the file permanently for free access. Transcription and typographical errors are possible. List of people buried in Dawson cemetery including those who died in the mine accident.

Nelle miniere le condizioni di vita dei minatori sono al limite dello schiavismo; ed i minatori rivendicano condizioni di lavoro e di vita piu' umane. Cosi' nelle miniere intorno a Pueblo proprio in quel periodo scoppia una grande rivolta con scioperi e scontri a fuoco tra minatori molti ispanici e italiani e vigilantes e Guardia Nazionale in modo particolare nelle miniere controllate da Rockefeller.

Gli scioperi e gli scontri sempre piu' violenti si concretizzano nella reazione che culmina nel "the 'Ludlow Massacre' dell' aprile There is no way to quantify labor history, but more union activity probably occurred in the extractive industries than in the manufacturing industries. The level of conflict and the corresponding loss of life in the American mining industry are of national significance.

The ten days of gunfire between miners and militia that it precipitated constituted one of the more dramatic examples of open class warfare in American history. The mine operators, with the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company acting as spokesman for the group, attempted to open their properties with non-union labor. Rockefeller of New York was one of the absentee owners of this company.

The miners attempted to keep the strikebreakers out of the coal fields. The mine owners then sent appeals to the statehouse and Governor Ammons asking for militia intervention, who then sent National Guard troops to the region in order to keep the mines operating. The history of the Colorado coal mining industry showed that, far from living complacently under company rule, the Colorado miners had revolted time and again during the thirty years prior to Strikes had occurred each ten years since In , during John Mitchell's incumbency as president of the United Mine Workers, miners in the same camps affected by the strikes quit work for similar reasons and under circumstances very much resembling those of the strike.

The history of this earlier strike was almost identical with the history of the strike of Strikers and their leaders were deported from the state by the military authorities of Colorado; large numbers of armed guards in the employ of the companies terrorized the strikers' communities and ruthlessly disregarded their civil rights.

The strike was defeated by these methods, and the mines were re-opened with strike breakers recruited from the immigrant population of non-union eastern coal mining towns. Lacking as they were in radical or revolutionary background, these strike breakers themselves struck ten years later. The Colorado coal mining industry presented an instance of the development of natural resources in isolated and unsettled territory by private capital organized in large companies and operating on a large scale.

The industry had attained a considerable development in the s, and by many of the camps were from fifteen to thirty years old. At the outset it was necessary for the owners to perform all the functions of the civil government and in addition to supervise all the activities of community life in these newly-created industrial communities situated in isolated and unsettled territory. The allegation was frequently heard during the Colorado controversy that the inhabitants of the coal camps, being largely of foreign birth and speech, were incapable of either political self-government.

The populations of coal mining camps in southern Colorado consisted of a small minority of English-speaking miners and their families and a majority of recently-arrived Europeans. There were two principal classifications into which industrial disturbances fell. On the one side are the spontaneous revolts and the organized strikes of wage earners who are impelled to act by the pressure of economic necessity, or by the conviction that their collective power is sufficiently great to force an increase in wages or other purely material advantage.

On the other side of the line are those revolts that are animated primarily, not by the need and desire for higher wages and greater material blessings, but by resentment against the possession and the exercise by the employer of arbitrary power. The struggle in Colorado was primarily a struggle against arbitrary power, in which the question of wages was secondary, as an immediate issue.

The Colorado conflict was also a struggle for a voice in determining political and social conditions in the communities where they and their families lived. The strikers passionately felt and believed that they were denied, not only a voice in fixing working conditions within the mines, but that political democracy, carrying with it rights and privileges guaranteed by the laws of the land, had likewise been flouted and repudiated by the owners.

It was this latter belief that gave to the strikers that intensity of feeling which impelled them to suffer unusual hardships during their stay in the tent colonies, and which gave to the strike the character more of a revolt by entire communities than of a protest by wage earners only.

For more than ten years its largest stockholder had been John D. Rockefeller, and since a personal representative of Mr. Rockefeller had been in active charge of its management. This official was Mr. Bowers, a man sixty-nine years of age, who had been employed by Mr. Rockefeller to manage various industries for twenty years, and whose deep seated opposition and animosity to labor unions and the practice of collective bargaining must have been well known to his employer. From first to last Mr.

Bowers, as shown by his letters to Mr. Rockefeller's office, saw nothing in the struggle of the miners for the right to organize for collective bargaining except a plot by "socialists," "anarchists," and "political demagogues" to to wrest the control of the mines from their owners. In , a group of miners drew up 7 demands and presented them to the mine owners. These demands consisted of: Union recognition, a raise in wages, an eight-hour work day which was already a state law but was generally ignored , hourly pay for dead work work that didn't directly produce coal , a check weigh-man at all mines to be elected without interference from company officials , the right to trade in any store they chose, the right to select their own living places and doctors, the enforcement of Colorado mining laws and the abolition of the guard system that had run the camps for so many years.

The strike of about 9, coal miners in southern Colorado began on September 23, When workers resided in company-owned housing, work stoppages brought mass evictions. Evicted strikers often were forced into makeshift accommodations. When the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company and other southern Colorado mine operators drove coal miners from their homes in September , the miners set up a sizable tent colony near the town of Ludlow. Conditions in the coal mining district were such that violence was inevitable.

These mercenary adventurers had been employed and armed by the coal companies prior to the strike, and had been given deputy sheriffs' commissions by the sheriffs of Las Animas and Huerfano counties, who were political partners and agents of the coal companies. Lippiatt was shot down on a public street in Trinidad before the strike began. Union officials frankly admitted the purchase of arms and have quoted that section of the Constitution of Colorado which reads: The strikers had established tent colonies at strategic positions near the mouths of the canyons in which the mines were situated, so that strike breakers going from the railroad stations to the mines were forced to pass near them.

The history of strikes shows that workmen on strike feel that they have a property interest in their jobs, and that other workmen who take their places and thus aid their employers to defeat the strike are fit subjects for abuse, ridicule, and violence. While the strikers and mine guards were waging guerrilla warfare on October 26 and 27, Governor Ammons of Denver was making a last effort to bring about a settlement.

When his efforts failed he issued orders to Adjutant General Chase, calling out the militia and ordering General Chase to occupy the strike district. The units sent into the field included cavalry, infantry and artillery. Up to this time and for several weeks thereafter Governor Ammons had devoted all his efforts to bringing about a settlement on a basis that would be fair to all concerned.

He issued orders that the troops be impartial in their handling of the situation and that no present or former coal company guards and gunmen were to be enlisted for service during this crisis. Governor Ammons accepted the view that to permit the use of the troops in escorting strikebreakers would be to turn them over to one of the parties to the conflict. When the Federal troops entered the field seven months later similar orders were issued to them by the Secretary of War. Soon after the troops entered the field many business men and salaried employees who had steady positions at home asked to be relieved from duty.

Their places were taken by men recruited in the strike zone, at least some of whom had been imported to serve as mine guards. In their efforts to coerce the Governor, the operators were aided by a peculiar situation produced by the refusal of State Auditor Kenehan to issue certificates of indebtedness to pay the salaries and expenses of the State troops. Bankers in Denver, Ludlow and Colorado Springs had acceded to a request of the Governor that they advance money for the militia.

There were constant threats that the money would not be paid. Governor Ammons rescinded his order to the militia, prohibiting the importation of strikebreakers, after all efforts to obtain a settlement had failed, on November 27, Strikers were arrested without charge on mere suspicion and were kept incommunicado; they were refused the visits of friends, the right to consult with counsel or to do anything else in the way of taking charge of and looking after their own interest and welfare, such as was usually granted to the commonest of criminals.

Mother Jones, a general organizer for the United Mine Workers, more than eighty years of age, was arrested and put in jail and kept absolutely incommunicado for several months. All of that was done under a decision of the Supreme Court of the State that arose out of the Cripple Creek strike, called the Moyer case, the substance of which decision was that, whether martial law had been proclaimed or not, wherever state troops were for the purpose of restoring peace or preserving the peace, that there all civil law might be suspended at the will of the commanding officer and the military law take its place.

This was a decision that, up to that time, had no precedent except in the Philippine Islands. Troops were quartered in Company buildings and furnished with supplies by Company stores in return for these certificates. By the Spring of , the cost of keeping the National Guard in place was bankrupting the state. Governor Ammons withdrew all but two of the troops from the field, these two troops being composed mostly of company men mine guards and gunmen , and both of these troops were stationed near Ludlow.

By April the Colorado National Guard no longer offered even a pretense of fairness or impartiality, and its units in the field had degenerated into a force of professional gunmen and adventurers who were economically dependent oa and subservient to the will of the coal operators. This force was dominated by an officer whose intense hatred for the strikers had been demonstrated, and who did not lack the courage and the belligerent spirit required to provoke hostilities.

Continual attacks on the colony by private guards and local and state authorities culminated on April 20, Shortly after dawn, Colorado National Guard troops opened fire on a tent colony of 1, striking coal miners at Ludlow, Colorado. Twenty four hours later the camp was in ruins. That day's onslaught of gunfire and arson, the Ludlow Massacre, claimed 24 lives, including those of 2 women and 11 children who succumbed to smoke suffocation.

Along with their mothers, the children had hidden in shallow pits dug below the tents in order to be safe from flying bullets. The event outraged the nation, for a short while. The Ludlow Massacre precipitated an armed and open rebellion against the authority of the State as represented by the militia. This rebellion constituted perhaps one of the nearest approaches to civil war and revolution ever known in this country in connection with an industrial conflict.

Strikers in Southern Colorado armed themselves and swarmed over the hills, bent on avenging the death of their Ludlow comrades. Two days after the Ludlow tragedy, on Wednesday, April 22, the responsible leaders of organized labor in Colorado telegraphed to President Wilson, notifying him that they had sent an appeal to every labor organization in Colorado urging them to gather arms and ammunition and organize themselves into companies.

By Wednesday, April 22, two days after the Ludlow killings, armed and enraged strikers were in possession of the field from Rouse, twelve miles south of Walsenburg, to Hastings and Delagua, southwest of Ludlow. Within this territory of eighteen miles north and south by four or five miles east and west were situated many mines manned by superintendents, foremen, mine guards and strikebreakers.

Inflamed by what they considered the wanton slaughter of their women, children and comrades, the miners attacked mine after mine, driving off or killing the guards and setting fire to the buildings. During the ten days of fighting at least fifty persons had lost their lives, including the twenty-one killed at Ludlow.

From to 1, armed strikers had been in absolute control of large areas of territory, and had waged open warfare against mine guards, militia and mine employees. Responsible union officials planned the movements of their men, set about collecting and distributing arms and ammunition, and openly justified their acts. Each side reported its casualties after each skirmish and made claims as to the number of men killed and wounded on the opposing side. Newspapers, friendly to one side or the other, charged with apparent satisfaction that the losses of the other side had been greater than were admitted.

The New York Times carried an editorial on the events in Colorado, which stated "With the deadliest weapons of civilization in the hands of savage-mined men, there can be no telling to what lengths the war in Colorado will go unless it is quelled by force The President should turn his attention from Mexico long enough to take stern measures in Colorado.

The governor of Colorado ask for federal troops to restore order, and Woodrow Wilson complied. Ten days after the Ludlow Massacre, the 1, federal troops arrived -- with orders to disarm everyone in the state — militia, company guards, and strikers -- and all fighting ceased. Negotiations proceeded and the strike officially ended in December, , with the union miners being permanently replaced by non-union workers. Federal Troops remained in Colorado for the rest of - an unprecedented occupation of a state's jurisdiction.

Two years later, the Democrats in Colorado had to campaign under the real handicap of trying to explain away the uproar resulting from the Ludlow incident and the violence in the coal fields. The Republicans captured the Statehouse at the next election and the coal mines never economically recovered. At Ludlow, Colorado, one can view the pit where the women and children were suffocated after National Guard troops burned their tent colony in the violent Colorado civil war.

A monument, erected by the United Mine Workers of America, mourns the death of these innocents, the civilian casualties of industrial wars. Their deaths account for the national significance of the Ludlow massacre, the horror of which "jolted America. Disaster stalked coal miners, especially in early Colorado where fatality rates were double what they were everywhere else in the world.

The workers had many grievances against the powerful coal companies but they could not talk to the mine owners because they had no union and no bargaining power: Anyone who spoke up was immediately fired. And as most workers lived in company housing, anyone fired also had his family immediately put on the street. The high death tolls reflected the gross negligence in regards to safety on the part of the mine owners.

And most mines in this area were owned by John D. This was a hard one for the owners. For years they had fought every attempt at union organization with very blunt tactics. Union miners were fired, tarred and feathered, beaten, and threatened, or rounded up and deported across state lines to be abandoned on remote stretches of prairie. When the union movement gained enough strength to call a strike, the companies retaliated by swiftly importing laborers. They sent recruitment ads to foreign countries boasting of the United States as a "land of milk and honey where the streets are paved with gold.

By , 27 different languages were being spoken in the streets of Trinidad, spoken by people who had been brought in from overseas to work in the coal mines. When the 7 demands were presented to the coal mine owners, the owners chose to ignore them. Consequently, the union organizers called for a general strike to begin on September 23, Using union funds, lands east of the coal camps were rented. Union officials then ordered tents and quietly established tent colonies on the plains for the striking miners and their families.

Thousands of miners set up housekeeping in the flimsy tents, confident the strike would be over soon. At the same time, the mine owners invested heavily in more detectives, more guards and lots more rifles and ammunition. It had bulletproof sides and machine guns mounted on the back. It was nicknamed "the Death Special" by the miners because the gunmen who used the car took perverse delight in spraying bullets through the tents as they roared past the colonies on their way to and from the various mine offices. It happened so often at Ludlow that the men dug holes under their tents for their families to crawl into as protection against the flying bullets.

On October 17, , Baldwin-Felts detectives in the Death Special shot up the Forbes colony, killing several people. One young boy running from the gunfire had 9 bullet holes in his legs. They discovered that one of the tents had over 85 bullet holes in it the union shipped this tent to the East Coast and put it on display to show the rest of the world what was happening in Colorado.

Within just a few months, most members of the Colorado National Guard troops who were stationed in the Ludlow area were replaced by coal company gunmen anyway. The winter of was one of the worst in recorded Colorado history. Food was scarce and the tents were cold and wet. In January , Mother Jones that's her on the left arrived in Trinidad. Even though she was over 80 years old, the mine owners had her arrested immediately and confined in a psychiatric ward at Mt.

San Rafael Hospital the police said she was crazy and they were arresting her for her own protection: On January 21, , some of the miners' wives and children organized a parade to protest her arrest. Adjutant General Chase, commander of the Colorado Militia, was so furious he confronted the women and, in the excitement, fell off his horse.

The women laughed and humiliated him with derogatory remarks about his prowess as a horseman. Embarrassed, he gave orders to "Ride down the women! By spring, the cost of keeping the National Guard in place was bankrupting the state. On April 20, , a series of 3 signal bombs went off in the military camp. After the third one, bullets began ripping through the tents at Ludlow. Women screamed and people dodged.

Children ran for their lives and hid in the basements under each tent. That evening, soldiers raced into the colony on horseback with burning, kerosene-soaked brooms, and torched the tents. Louis Tikas, leader of the Ludlow tent colony, was captured soon after the firing of the tents and was taken back to the National Guard camp. There, a Lieutenant Linderfeldt swung once and bashed the side of his head in with a rifle, and as Tikas turned and staggered away, Linderfeldt shot him 3 times in the back.

Accounts say that his body and those of two others killed in the same fashion lay on the ground where they fell for a long time. Many of the families were marched by the bodies as the militia gathered people up and transported them to Trinidad on the train. At the camp itself, the death toll included 4 men, 2 women and 11 children. All the women and children were found suffocated in the dugout beneath one of the burned tents. The bodies of the victims were taken to a mortuary in Trinidad where a suspicious fire broke out. The bodies then had to be hauled into the street to keep them from being burned a second time, and destroyed as evidence of the massacre.

During the days that followed, the miners retaliated by attacking coal mines in the valleys west of the tent colonies. They set fire to dozens of mine installations and dynamited thousands of dollars worth of mine buildings and workings. The atrocity at Ludlow was protested in cities all over the world and Federal troops were called in, arriving in early May, The United States Commission of Industrial Relations, a body appointed by President Woodrow Wilson, made an investigation of the massacre and concluded "the State of Colorado through its military arm was rendered helpless to maintain law and order because that military arm acted, not as an agent of the commonwealth, but as an agent of the coal operators against the striking miners.

In reality, the miners lost the strike. The fighting went on for a while but after attending the funerals in Trinidad, most of the miners went back to work in the mines. Their working situation didn't change for years. In , just three years later, a few miles north of the massacre site, the Hastings Mine blew up. It was the worst mine explosion in Colorado history with men dying in the notoriously gassy mine. Colorado finally began to enforce the state's mining safety and labor laws in Las Animas County in the 's.

As the level of state enforcement of the safety and labor laws grew, many of the coal mine operators chose to close their mines rather than make them safer places to work. And having to pay their workers fairly for their production and an eight-hour-day on top of that: They closed the mines, bulldozed the buildings so that squatters couldn't make any use of the properties and took advantage of the tax breaks offered by the Federal government The CFI dominated the Colorado coalfield, owning square miles of it and operating 39 mines, producing 6 million tons of coal annually.

Rockefeller, a devout Christian, together with the other mine owners, imposed one of the harshest labour regimes in the country. Safety concerns were routinely ignored in the Colorado coalfield, which had the worst safety record in the US, which in turn had the worst in the world. In some miners were killed in accidents, more than one in 50 of those employed. The mine companies routinely rigged the scales at the pithead so they underweighed, lowering the miners' wages. One state official weighing Ibs found that when he stood on the scales at the Eagleville mine, he added only 92 Ibs to the coal truck being weighed, at the Sopris mine only 70 Ibs and at the CF1 Starkville mine only 35 Ibs.

Miners who demanded the checking of scales were fired. Attempts to organise were confronted with a network of spies and informers and the often murderous brutality of the company guards. John Lawson, one of the strike leaders, had his home dynamited and was shot and wounded in an assassination attempt. A 70 year old striker, Joe Raiz, was brutally beaten and castrated, dying three days later. The union was defeated with its membership collapsing from 11, in to only in By the UMWA was recovering, covertly recruiting members and preparing for action.

That year over 1, miners were sacked for being suspected union members, but the organisation still managed to recruit the overwhelming majority. At one mine a union man volunteered his services as a company spy, procuring the firing of potential scabs and helping to recruit others into the union. Discovery often meant a brutal beating at the hands of the company guards and sometimes death. In August union organiser Gerald Lippiati was shot dead in broad daylight on the streets of the town of Trinidad by detectives from the notorious Baldwin Felts agency. He was the first fatality of the Colorado war.

The miners demanded union recognition, an eight hour day and 10 percent pay increase, the right to elect their checkweighmen to end company fraud, the withdrawal of the company guards, and the enforcement of Colorado's mining safety regulations which the companies had always refused to implement. On 17 September over 90 percent of the Colorado miners, over 11, men, walked out and were promptly evicted, together with their families, from company housing. The day after the strike began a particularly hated company guard, Bob Lee, who had raped a number of miners' wives, was shot dead.

The company guards routinely harassed the tent colonies, hoping to provoke incidents and bring about the intervention of the state militia, the Colorado National Guard. In October an armoured car, the 'Death Special', provided by Baldwin Felts, was used to machine gun the tent colonies at Ludlow and Forbes. The fighting that resulted was used by the governor, Elias Ammons, as an excuse to send in the National Guard. Many of the National Guard companies were made up of company guards in uniform, subjecting the strikers and their families to a reign of terror.

The National Guard attempted to disarm the strikers, regularly raided and searched the tent colonies, arrested and imprisoned union organisers without trial, escorted scabs into the mines, and either stood by or joined in when the tent colonies were attacked. Violence continued throughout the winter with fatalities on both sides. By the spring of it was clear that a crisis was approaching, that the mine owners wanted the strike broken. An all out assault came on 20 April when National Guardsmen under the command of a former mine guard, Lieutenant Karl Linderfelt, a veteran of America's bloody counter-insurgency in the Philippines, attacked the Ludlow colony.

They raked it with machine gun fire and then set fire to the tents, killing two women and 11 children. They captured a union organiser, Louis Tikas, and two strikers, who were then brutally beaten and shot. The Ludlow massacre provoked an armed insurrection throughout the coalfield with the UMWA openly arming its members and supporters for war. Mines were attacked, company property destroyed, and scabs and company guards killed in a series of ferocious attacks. At Aguilar the company men retreated underground when the strikers attacked: At Forbes, after a fierce gun battle, the strikers overran the mine, killing nine guards and burning buildings and equipment.

On 28 April President Woodrow Wilson ordered federal troops into the coalfield. He had stood by while the strikers were on the receiving end, but now that company property was at risk US troops became involved. By the time the army arrived over 70 people were known to have been killed in the conflict. The massacre provoked widespread protest throughout the US with demonstrations in many cities. Thousands of people demonstrated outside the State House in Denver, Colorado, and eventually occupied it.

In New York Rockefeller's offices and home were picketed. But while there were demonstrations and protests, what was needed was industrial action. The UMWA leadership responded to strike demands by asserting that 'we can better aid our gallant brothers in Colorado by remaining at work'. The bureaucracy put its faith in President Wilson, looking to him to secure a settlement, rather than to the rank and file and militant action. The opportunity to inflict a decisive defeat on the mine owners, not only in Colorado but throughout the US, was thrown away.

Putting faith in the capitalist state to curb the power of the capitalist class was a disaster and the strike went down to defeat. The strikers were starved back to work by November with thousands victimised and hundreds imprisoned. Union organisation was completely smashed and Rockefeller emerged victorious, and the bravery and determination of the miners was thrown away by a union bureaucracy which chose to put its trust in the state.

This became known as the Ludlow Massacre. Eleven thousand miners in southern Colorado Aroused by the murder of one of their organizers, they went on strike against low pay, dangerous conditions, and feudal domination of their lives in towns completely controlled by the mining companies. Aided by the United Mine Workers Union, they set up tents in the nearby hills and carried on the strike, the picketing, from these tent colonies. The gunmen hired by the Rockefeller interests -- the Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency -- using Gatling guns and rifles, raided the tent colonies.

The death list of miners grew, but they hung on, drove back an armored train in a gun battle, fought to keep out strikebreakers. With the miners resisting, refusing to give in, the mines not able to operate, the Colorado governor referred to by a Rockefeller mine manager as 'our little cowboy governor' called out the National Guard, with the Rockefellers supplying the Guard's wages. They soon found out the Guard was there to destroy the strike. The Guard brought strikebreakers in under cover of night, not telling them there was a strike. Guardsmen beat miners, arrested them by the hundreds, rode down with their horses parades of women int he streets of Trinidad, the central town in the area.

And still the miners refused to give in. When they lasted through the cold winter of , it became clear that extraordinary measures would be needed to break the strike. On the morning of April 20, a machine gun attack began on the tents. The miners fired back. The women and children dug pits beneath the tents to escape the gunfire.

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