Brautschau auf Italienisch (Romana) (German Edition)

Benutzer:Konrad Stein/Musikbücher

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David Rubio, who was asked to built a suitable instrument, arrived at an inspired solution by basing it on the Renaissance model of the Orphareon which was unique amongst fretted string instruments in that it gave a staggered, rather than uniform, length to the strings, which was achieved by using a slanting bridge and nut, opening up in length towards the bass, with the frets 'fanning out' over the complete length of the fingerboard. Rubio's prototype was an outstanding success: The whole instrument was amazingly full and rich in tone over its entire range, and very natural to play because of some fine adjustments to the width between the strings and thus to the overall width of the neck.

During performance, it is supported by a metal spike, similar to that of a cello, which rests on a wooden acoustic box. After the thirteenth century, braies become shorter in the leg as the hose grew longer and, by the later fifteenth century, became short underpants. Each braille character or "cell" is made up of six dot positions, arranged in a rectangle containing two columns of three dots each. A dot may be raised at any of the six positions to form sixty-four combinations, counting the space in which no dots are raised. For reference purposes, a particular combination may be described by naming the positions where dots are raised, the positions being universally numbered 1 through 3 from top to bottom on the left, and 4 through 6 from top to bottom on the right.

For example, dots would describe a cell with three dots raised, at the top and bottom in the left column and on top of the right column. It is linear in nature, similar to a printed language and different from the two-dimensional nature of standard printed music notation. The auditory cortex, which is the part of the brain concerned with hearing, contains per cent more "grey matter" in professional musicians than in non-musicians.

Professionals musicians showed per cent more activity in their auditory cortex than non-musicians. Activity in the brains of amateur musicians was on average 37 per cent higher than in those who did not play an instrument, the researchers said in a report in Nature Neuroscience The scientists found startling physical differences between the three groups. Those with musical experience had larger amounts of grey matter in the region called the Heschl's gyrus.

The structure contained to cubic millimetres of grey matter in professional musicians, to cubic millimetres in amateurs, and to cubic millimetres in non-musicians. Musicians found to have 'more sensitive brains'. BWV cover the set of six concertos written by J. Bach and presented to the Margrave of Brandenburg in as a bound manuscript for chamber orchestra, works based on the Italian concerto grosso style. The arms should hang quite loosely but not allowing the elbows to touch the sides. The zinc makes brass stronger and harder than copper is alone.

It is malleable and ductile, though variations in its composition make its properties variable. The alloy of copper and tin is bronze, while alloys with both zinc and tin are called gunmetals. Many of the alloys that are described as bronze are actually brass. ArtLex Art Dictionary this extract being taken from the entry entitled 'brass'. English, Brassband German f. We would classify a band featuring both brass and woodwind as being a Blasorchester , a Harmonie or a wind-band. In the earliest years, bands often used a tuba for outdoor playing and a double bass for indoor jobs.

In this context, the tuba was sometimes called 'brass bass', as opposed to the double bass, which was called 'string bass'; it was not uncommon for players to double on both instruments. West Indian poet and cultural historian, who used calypso, work songs and other verse-forms to explore the relationship between the legacy of slavery and West Indian ritual, music and dance. He combines spoken word with modernist techniques, and new spellings, and uses rhythms from jazz and folk music. But in Brathwaite, play with words and linguistic inventions are not a manifestation of self-absorbed individualism or postmodern ironic attitude toward aesthetic practices.

His poetry is a part of the collective search of Caribbean identity and racial wholeness. Feelings of rootlessness emerge often from Brathwaite's poems, and in an interview he has confessed that his travels have given him a sense of movement and restlessness. Edward Brathwaite Kamau Brathwaite from which the comment above has been taken.

German usable, useful, suitable, convenient, acceptable, efficient, expedient, practicable, serviceable, viable, workable. German to need, to require, to want, to be in need of, to consume, to spend, to take time [corrected by Michael Zapf]. German to roar wind, water, etc. German good, well-behaved, prissy dress, hairstyle , virtuous child , honest, dutifully, honestly. Brazilian funk from which this extract has been taken. Brazilian hip hop from which this information has been taken. The style is sometimes seen as a Brazilian outgrowth of cool jazz as many of the early populists of jazz in Brazil were associated with that sub-genre.

It was noted for the bossa nova, which mixes samba and jazz, and a greater use of guitar then in North American jazz. Brazilian jazz from which this information has been taken. This is known as 'hard soldering'.

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A flux such as borax is necessary to aid the flow of the alloy. The rest of the band is said to 'lay out'. The equivalent phrase in German is Hals- und Beinbruch! Theater terms from which this entry has been taken. Break-a-Way from which this information has been taken. You can trace the movement back to the days when James Brown, Curtis Mayfield, and Isaac Hayes ruled, through the electro explosion led by Afrika Bambaataa and the Soul Sonic Force, up to the present day nu-breaks movement engineered by Adam Freeleand et al.

The early '90s rave boom in Europe was built on it, the West Coast is obsessed with it, and drum and bass to some extent grew out of it. Breakbeat gained popularity in the U. In the late 90s the commercial success of bands like Fatboy Slim, Chemical Brothers, The Crystal Method, and The Prodigy has both attracted the attention of the major labels and has made the music available to a much wider audience.

Many believe that it is this genre that will break electronic music in the U. Contemporary Breakbeat - mp3s - from which the extract above has been taken Contemporary Breakbeat. Breakbeat hardcore from which the extract above has been taken. Breakcore from which the extract above has been taken. All other parts may be gradually stripped away or suddenly cut out. Pier Francesco Tosti in his Opinioni de Canbtori Antichi e Moderni Bologna, Lelio dalla Volpe wrote 'the maestro may [instruct the pupil so that he] learns to use the breath well, to provide..

He should also enable [the pupil] to recognise in any composition the points at which to draw breath without becoming tired, for there are singers who, to the distress of their audience, struggle like asthmatics, and laboriously catch their breath from one moment to the next or reach the last notes expiring from breathlessness.

German to crack, to burst, to breach, to break, to diffract, to fracture, to infract, to infringe, to rupture, to override, to vomit, to bear down, to crush. This approach is derived from the theories of the German dramatist Bertholt Brecht Closely fitting breeches offered audiences an unparalleled opportunity to view the female form in a culture where women's shapes from their waist to their feet otherwise remained hidden from view. As an added bonus, most of these roles derived much of their erotic appeal from the inevitable discovery or unmasking of their gender deception.

In Dryden's The Rival Ladies two cross-dressed women - each of whom thinks the other is a man - simultaneously reveal their breasts as they unbutton their jackets ready to fight each other. By contrast, a female opera character who dresses in male clothing to deceive other characters - that is, who plays a woman pretending to be a man e. Gilda in Rigoletto - is not considered a breeches role. Breeches role from which the second entry has been taken Girls and boys come out to play from which the first short extract has been taken. Breguet overcoil spring invented in , a balance spring whose terminal curve is raised and turned towards the centre so that the spring expands and contracts concentrically.

German, literally 'broad' or 'wide' largo Italian , large French , in a stately manner, broad as in bowing or tempo , broadly, wide, stoned on drugs , spaced out on drugs. German to retard, to apply the brake, to arrest stop , to brake, to close brackets, to put on the brake, to put on the brakes, to slow down, to stop, to baffle, to set the brake, to limit, to restrict, to cushion, to rein in, to pull up, to check stop , to curb, to inhibit, to act as a brake, to slow things down, to moderate slow down , to cut down on things, to ease up.

German to burn a CD, etc. German burning, fervent figurative , ardent, parching, smarting, stinging, firing, blazing, keenly figurative , lighted candle. Many of his finest hymns, — as, for instance, " Vom Himmel hoch da komm ich her," " Eine feste Burg ist unser Gott " one of the most splendid things he ever wrote , " Gelobet seyst du Jesu Christ," " Herr Gott dich loben wir," have become classical " Kirchenlieder. Among the "geistlichen Liederdichter," Luther, Musculus 1 , and Aendt, chiefly distinguished themselves. Jo- hann Arndt was a mystical writer who gave to the world his "Vier Biicher vom wahren Christenthume," a work of great eminence, which has been in high repute among all pious and religious persons from that day to this.

The author most known of those poets we have styled " weltliche-Dichter " was Hans Sachs , the learned shoemaker, who has bequeathed us many an amusing and excellent "Fastnachtsspiel" and " Schwanke. Hans Sachs was, unquestionably, the cleverest of the numerous body of the " Meistersanger " Herder calls him "den Meistersanger Meister" , who, fired with a poetic genius, wrote many a clever joke and striking coup d'esprit. Gebauer, Luther und seine Zeitgenossen, als Liederdichter. One of his most received productions has the following very curious title,—" Affen- theurlich Raupengeheurliche Geschichtklitterung, Von Thaten unci Rah ten, von kurzen langen weitem Vollen beschreiten Helden und Herren Grandgusier Gargantua und Pantagruel.

Georg Rollexhagen, who flourished between the years and , is to be ranked in the same class of writers; he was, moreover, endowed with a fine cast of wit, and he produced that very original and humorous poem, entitled " Der Froschmeusler. Martin Luther, however, had broken through the rules the trammels, we had almost said , of the old school of composition, and thus became the founder of the new.

He put off from him the antiquated manners, so to speak, of the old masters of letters, and the body of German liter- ature gains an entirely new and original-minded member from the date of his appearance. The labours of Luther were not barren ; on the contrary, they exerted a vast in- fluence over the onward progress of his own language ; and as one of the first fruits of the same, we must greet the poetry of the first Silesian School, the leader of which was that great reformer of our language, Martin Opitz von Boberfeld Others of his contemporaries, as J.

Moscherosch , A.

Oleaeius , set themselves to improve and enrich the dialectic form to which Opitz had given in his adhesion. Many of his poems are quite standard compositions, espe- cially his celebrated and moving hymn, " Befiehl du deine Wege," which he composed on his way from Berlin, from which town he was ostracised, and cast forth a houseless wanderer. The thirty years' war which had desolated the whole of Germany, coupled with the accumulated power and influ- ence which the house of Bourbon still retained in its hands, could not fail to produce great results upon that empire, to which that royal branch was approximate.

At this epoch it was that poetry of every kind vanished at once from the arena of letters ; nay, it seemed as though the obsequies of all true poetical thought and feeling had been already solemnized. Gerhard's Leben unci Lieder herausgb. The views of Opitz were no longer ac- counted correct ; and the taking the classical writers for models, soon became, by reason of the supposed hardness of their style, a lost and discarded custom: Thus, the poetry extant in this age was inflated, crowded with sounds with- out sense, the ars scribendi being accurately modelled and ruled according to prevailing French fashions.

Hoffmann von Hoffmanns waldau , and D. Kasper von Lohenstein , are to be looked upon as the heads and chief promoters of this literary Sect, which styled itself the "second Silesian School of poetry. Darum entschwand ihnen das Schone, das sich nur dem einfach-frommen und be- scheidenen Gemiithe kund thut, und sie schrieben schlecht, weil sie besser schreiben wollten als gut. The entire German nation, at this time, was so infected, or rather overlaid, with French terms of expression and habits of thought, that even that illustrious founder ot a new school of philosophy — we mean Leibnitz — composed several of his works in that language.

There was a declamatory and very eccentric writer, named Abraham a Sancta Clara Ulrich Megerle, , a clergyman, who produced a body of humorous and excellent satirical works, under very curious titles, as for instance: But now it is high time for us to find the poetry of our land enfranchised from that flagrant servility of imitation into which it had fallen ; and, at last, there did actually arise, at this time, two men who may well challenge our wannest admiration, inasmuch as, directed by their own talents, they diffused over that section of literature the force of their original conceptions.

These men were Bod- 3ier and Gottsched, a notice of whose works will open our second section upon " Modern German Literature. Yon der Hagex, die deutschen Minnesanger. Pischox, Denkmaler der deutschen Sprache von den friihesten Zeiten bis jetzt. Die Volkslieder der Deutschen.

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Eine vollstandige Samm- lungder vorziiglichsten Volkslieder von der Mitte des 15 ten bis zur l ten Halfte des 19 ten Jahrhunderts. We mentioned, in the preceding section, that Lohenstein and Hofmannswaldau stood forth as leaders of the Ger- man poetry. This sect, however second-rate in point of talent, stood without a rival, until Gottsched arose at Leipzig- and Bodmer at Zurich ; and in good time it was that these two came forward, the poetry of Germany being then in a most deplorable state.

In fact, the literature in general was, at this period, rather imitative than original. Those calling themselves poets had in them a vein of un- naturalness, which had been carried to the very acme of pos- sibility. However, a step was at last made in the right direction, and Germany became more intellectually active than it was before. Its great king, Frederick II, himself a philosopher and poet too, seconded by his own wise insti- tutions, and by the fair development of the arts and sciences, raised the national mind and character to a height, which indeed cannot fail to astonish every one, who takes into account the feeble and prostrate condition in which the greatest part of Germany then was.

Gottsched of Leipzig and Bodmer of Zurich severally succeeded in establishing schools of their own, and a great literary war was fought between the discipulary writers of each. English for the formation of their literary taste and cha- racter. A paper war was carried on in their respective journals, which at length ended favourably to the Swiss school, which, although the smaller party, obtained a splen- did victory over her antagonist. The characteristic of this period is a prevalent imitation of French literature. The vernacular tongue became cleared and sifted from the rubbish that had weighed it clown, growing gradually more and more refined, until at last the dialect known as the " Hochdeutsch " was the sole medium of books and of correspondence, all other idioms being banished from the stage of literature, or, if used at all, employed merely in the construction of jeux-d' 'esprit and bon-mots, or as a study of dialects.

This school is developed by a body of men of a marked poetical talent. A periodical magazine, which they put forth under the title of " Beitrage zum Vergniigen des Verstandes und Witzes," was at once the channel of their communications, and the point around which they centered. In this body of men, and in the school they founded, we find, individually and collectively, the type of another order of writing, all tending to raise the literature, and favorable to a consentaneous operation.

Rabener undertakes the didactic, supplying prose-satire, Zacharle gives heroics and satires, Gellert is the fabulator, Giseke devotes his talents to song, G. Schlegel favours the ode, while the dramatic elements are advocated by J. Once the favorite of the German public, was born the 17th of September , at Wachau, a country seat near Leipzig, the property of his father, a lawyer of wealth and eminence.

By his productions, which were printed in a periodical entitled, " Beitriige zu den Belusti- gungen des Verstandes und Witzes," the public became acquainted with his powers in satire. He died holding a high rank in the Customs, the 22nd of March, , at Dresden. The " Satiren" of this writer, wherein was evinced a rich fund of wit, as well as a strong power of observation and a tact and facility in describing things, is a capital production.

The cheerful strain of wit that runs through his works, and the correctness of his language and style, succeeded in ren- dering him very popular. The following are very entertaining to read: He studied theology and philosophy at Leipzic, and became in Professor at the same University. He died on the 13th December, His fame is neither founded on his genius nor on his philosophical qualifications ; his literary reputation will there- fore always be considered to depend upon the highly moral tone of his productions, the grand, religious fervour which prevails in his hymns and poems.

Almost every thing that he wrote is more or less adapted for the generality of the people. He wrote in a language so simple and correct, that no body could fail to understand him. It is not too much to assert that nearly the whole of Germany mourned his loss. Gellert's " Fabeln" have become the " real-work" of the German nation. They contain undoubtedly great moral truth and appropriateness of philosophy, with comments upon men and manners, and wise rules for their correction. The pictures of life are vivid, full of sprightliness and taking humour, and are expressed in a style of extraordinary ease and clearness, so that no one indeed need be at much pains at conceiving his meaning.

The greater number of them are exceedingly amusing, while the most popular are: In the department of novel writing, however, Gellert cannot be said to have possessed any talent ; his " Schwe- dische Grafin," although translated into several languages, being a very inferior production. Of even less value are the comedies of this writer, w hich, to say the truth, are abso- lute failures. KvEstner was a celebrated and acute mathematician, the J. And even those pieces in this Collection which refer to local and personal occasions, and are scarcely to be understood without a key, are more caustic than almost any other production in the whole circle of German litera- ture.

His elegies, odes, and songs are not without merit. Born at Meissen, 28th January, He showed very early talents for poetry, and translated while at college the " Electra" of Sophocles. The " Iphigenia" of Euripides he published under the title of " Die Geschwister in Taurien," which was acted with applause on the Leipzic stage, at the time he studied Jurisprudence at that University.

He died as Doctor of History at Soroe, the 13th August, Schlegel had unquestionably great talents for dramatic composition, and a considerable force and variety of ex- pression. His dramas approach, as may be easily supposed, the style of Gottsched ; nor can Schlegel himself be consi- dered as at all in fault, that his works have at last been, in a great degree, passed by ; for in them a strong vein of imagination is discoverable, added to a poetical habit of mind, of which, indeed, the other writers of that age are much in want. We may style him almost the only play- wright deserving of our mention in this, the new birth of German literature.

The best of Schlegel's dramas are, " Hermann" and " Canut ;" while he also evinced some talent for comedy: Doctor of Theology and Counsellor of the Consistory on the 16th September, He addressed himself more particularly to the composition of fables and hymns. His choice at the time was com- mendable, certainly, however indifferently he may have been remunerated for his literary labours. It is but fair to add, that he discovered a dearth of poetical talent, while, again, his " Ode to Klopstock," and his poem entitled " Die Un- zufriedene," may be accounted his most perfect productions.

Born the 1st May, , at Frankenhausen, where he studied the science of Jurisprudence. He is the last author we have to mention as a member of this school. Zacharia was endowed with a poetical and witty invention, which confluence of intellectual gifts he put certainly to the most advantageous use.

His comic epopees of " Der Renomist 1 ' The Roisterer , " Das Schnupftuch," " Murner in der Holle," and particularly his " Phoeton," earned him that meed of praise which was really his due. Then again his descriptive poems entitled: Zacharia also translated into German Milton's " Paradise Lost," in which, however, he may be considered to have failed. Zacharia died at Braunschweig, when holding the office of Professor of Poetry, on the 30th of January, The language of Hagedorn is simple and cor- rect in the highest degree.

It is on this account that Wieland styles him, — " the poet, who, in the single article of refinement of style, has no worthy successor in the litera- ture of any country ; the author, who has wrought up his productions to the highest degree of finish ; the man, whom few, if any, writers will ever equal in the matter of industry. They are told with a liveliness and vigour truly characteristic.

His " Seifensie- der" soap-boiler is an excellent poem, few even of his own works having been so successful and popular.

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In- deed we must, in historic justice, allow, that Hagedorn, acting in concert with a kindred spirit, named Haller, did more for the amelioration of the style of this period, than all the other writers put together. What is the exact dis- tinction between these two writers? Hagedorn is the poet of men and manners ; Haller, of nature and her scenes.

The songs of the former are full of spirit, — in fact, they are exultation combined with jocularity in a most amusing manner. Hagedorn's " Lehrgedichte " are valuable frag- ments of moral truth, but he had more talents, certainly, for simple lyric poetry. Some epigrams, however, by this writer, are scrupulously correct ; so much so, as to be para- digms in those times. In more extended metrical compo- sition, — the long ode, for example, — he was not so success- ful.

Indeed, Hagedorn's inspiration, if we may so speak, was scarcely equal to this class of composition ; he was unable to exert a sufficient sway over his subject. But in smaller efforts, — in little tales, for instance, — he works with great clearness and skill: There is extant a work by him, entitled, " Betrach- tungen iiber Malerei," which is considered to possess con- siderable value.

Hagedorn died on the 28th of October, In the year , Haller responded to an invitation that was made him to accept the office of professor of medicine at Goettingen, where he eventually became established, and the president also of the academy of science. So great was Haller's fame at this time, that the emperor Francis I ennobled him adelte ihn.

He died on thel2th of December It is no easy matter to define, accurately, the boimds of j human attainment, in a person of such varied endowments as the author now under review ; he certainly was one of the most accomplished and original-minded men of this era. Immortal at once as a poet, anatomist, physiologist, botanist, and man of letters, he seemed to be an adept in almost all the different branches of human enquiry. The epoch in which Haller first started as a poet, was both a trying and a critical one to the resources of his genius ; for he had to steer clear, on the one hand, of the false taste in literature, introduced by Lohenstein, and to beware, on the other, of falling into the error of emulating the un- intellectual, nay, unmeaning versification, then so much in fashion.

Accordingly, under circumstances so inauspi- cious, Haller commenced his poetical career, and in him a new period was opened in the annals of our vernacular learning. Haller's poetry is, no doubt, raised upon a didactic foun- dation. The religious feelings and pious sentiments which attended him at all times, in his studies of nature, conspired to invest his descriptions with an unstudied solemnity and artless splendour.

All his poems abound with ideas, all possess a notable prosodaic harmony ; while the moral interest is so habitually predominant, as to take off, in no HALLER. It was written during a progress over the Alps ; so that nature herself must needs have suggested to our poet the scenery he so justly and so eloquently describes. His soul is inspired by a love for the ideal, and his glowing appreciation of what- ever is true, assists him to pourtray, in the quiet valleys of the Alps, that primeval innocence, which has long since vanished from the busy, bustling world.

Profound, yet touching, are his sorrows ; he sets forth the errors of the mind and heart in a strain of vigorous and almost bitter satire: Haller is great, bold, impetuous, and sublime ; but that which constitutes the essence and reality of beauty, it has not, in his poems, been his fortune to attain.

Haller's "Song to Doris" is a heartfelt and beautiful poem. Haller himself considered his didactic paper, " Vom Ursprung des Ubels" as his masterpiece, and liked it the best of all he ever did. It is, in fact, that exalted theme, about which the philosophy of that age perplexed itself in vain. His unfinished poem, "An die Ewigkeit" contains some grand and truly poetical conceptions.

In one of his letters to Bodmer, Haller volunteers the admission, that, " in himself, he is no poet at all ; but that great quickness of observation, when a youth, had, to a certain extent, made him one": The most striking scenery that mountain regions afford, is given by him, while actually traversing their vasty, cloud-compelling steeps, with great fidelity and skill ; still more finely, and with even a larger measure of success, does Haller pourtray the manners and customs of those races, who dwell in the Alpine district.

This poem has, upon the whole, "made" the name of its author, and will always be read with the greatest pleasure and advantage. Coincidently, almost, with the above date in , two writers appeared in the university-town of Halle, — Gleim and Uz we mean, who worked their way up into notice ; the former acquiring such a measure of popularity as, in fact, no Gennan author ever obtained before. He was educated at the Leipzic university, where, in conjunction with Goetz and Uz, he became a follower of the muses. Gleim attended the Prince Leopold of Dessau, in the second Silesian war, in the quality of his secretary.

Shortly afterwards, Gleim was so for- tunate as to obtain the secretaryship of the cathedral of Halberstadt, which office he continued to fill for the space of fifty years, until the period of his demise, February 18, Gleim w T as the man upon whom the German nation bestowed, communi consensu, the appellation of " Vater," — " Vater Gleim," he is generally called ; a title that shews, at once, how high he ranked, and how much he was esteemed and noticed.

Now, it used to be the fashion to extol the poetical gifts of this writer above, no doubt, the GLEIM. Gleim is a man who almost seems to invite us to draw a comparison betwixt him and Gellert Both authors earned and secured their reputation rather from their amiable private characters than from anything they wrote. And is it not a choice and goodly pranomen, and one that has some heart in it, this notable and noble denomination of " Vater"? The most known of Gleim 's literary products are his " Fabeln," which are, nevertheless, of very various pretensions ; some of them may be fairly accounted elegant realizations of poetry, while others, we must in critical justice allow, may be styled, " weary, stale, flat, and unpro- fitable," on account of the monotony of the political bias, or theological aims, with which they are invested.

Preussens Held Gekrbnt mit Ruhm und Sieg! Dem Adler gleich erhebe dich, Der in die Sonne sieht! So he began, and went on, with the whole powers of his mind, pealing the war note and singing the songs of free- dom. Lessing greets these " Kriegslieder " with the hono- rable affixture of " Bardengesang," — no mean proof, this, of the high value that these productions had won in his eyes.

Here we will introduce a small parallel we met with in Gervinus' " Deutsche Literatur," characteristic of the various writers of apologues, which have appeared from time to time. Gleim discriminates between their pro- ductions in the following way: He died when president of the provincial courts of justice, on the 12th of May, Uz produced a collection of odes and songs, which, although they rank among the higher compositions of his day, contain but little that would be satisfactory to us now.

He took Horace for his model, and imitated the Roman lyrist as far as his abilities allowed him to do. That Uz was possessed of a certain degree of talent, no competent judge will ever think of disputing ; he evinced a turn for poetry, of which his " Theodicee " may be alleged as a sample, only he did not work up his powers to any point of even comparative perfection. His descriptive poem, "Sieg des Liebesgottes " the Conquest of Cupid , has been always looked upon as something peculiarly happy and clever.

Two odes by Uz, severally entitled, "Das bedrangte Deutschland" and "An die Deutschen," are, certainly, among the most successful efforts of his ethical pen. KLOPSTOCK, In that memorable and glorious epoch, when Frederick the Great ascended the Prussian throne, there was born, in the good city of Quedlinburg, a poet of a most original cast, who, surpassing in eloquence and in acumen all the bards, epic-writers, and master-spirits of foregoing times, had also sufficient genius to set rythmical fashions, alto- gether new and unessayed, while he wrote in a most un- wonted foundry of words, and incited intellectual endeavour to grasp at the highest topics that can, by any possibility, fall within the contemplation of the human mind.

His father was a " Kom- missionsrath. Accordingly, he left Jena for Leipzic, where we find him making one in the metrical confederation organized by Zacharia, Rabener, and the two Schlegels, — all of whom we have already reviewed. They were received with enthusiasm. Klopstock's " Mes- sias" appears, indeed, to be the very baptism of our national poetry, — the greatest and worthiest of our men of letters attending as scholarly sponsors around the consecrating-font of this new and beautiful style.

But before considering this magnificent pro- duction somewhat more at large, we must be permitted to digress shortly into some interesting particulars of its author's life.

Our poet, at the outset of his career, had no means of triumphing over the obstacle of narrow cir- cumstances ; but a great admirer of poetry, Count Berns- torf, made himself acquainted with the " Messiad," and hearing of Klopstock's poor estate, recommended him very strongly to the notice of the king Frederick V, who forth- with granted him an annual pension of four hundred dol- lars. His latter days were passed at Hamburg, where he died, when holding the office of councellor of legation, on the 14th of March, The funeral obsequies of the author of the "Messias" might justly rank amongst the most splendid pageants of the kind, that have ever been awarded to any poet of our fatherland.

The German nation, the standard of whose literature he had so undeniably raised, and raising, had adorned it with the beauty of holi- ness, mourned, in Klopstock's demise, the loss of one of the most pious, the most humble-minded, and the most gifted of her virtuous children. Die deutsche poetische Literatur seit Klopstock und Lessing. In the little village of Ottensen, near Hamburg, unpretending enough on the page of history, yet memorable ever after from this one circumstance, amidst the chaunting of that most beautiful and touching of his own hymns, beginning: Merely from his salient genius, his unimpeachable character, his zeal in the cause of religion, and the pure and noble quality of his mind, we may easily recognize in Klopstock the poet who hymned the reverential stanzas of the " Messiad.

The idea of this poem was evidently suggested to Klop- stock by the Holy Scriptures, where indeed he found his whole scheme unfolded. England can certainly boast of a " Messiad" of another sort, yet of a poem no less sterling and valuable, in Milton's " Paradise Lost," and we are naturally led by our subject to institute a comparison be- tween the two works. Klopstock found in Milton the way prepared and the paths made straight for the delineation indispensable to both plots of heaven and of hell ; but the incidents attaching to his human personages, it was left for him either to invent or to alter.

In these, the human parts, Klopstock' s poetry displayed its highest beauties. The cha- racters of the apostles and of the rulers of the Jewish san- hedrim, with many others, are delivered in a few pithy but masterly words. In the portraiture of the demons in hell, Klopstock has not equalled Milton, but the angels of the latter, compared with those of the former, are but meagre outlines.

Should any of our readers be desirous of forming an estimate of the " Messias," we would recommend those parts in especial, wherein the distinctive quality of Klop- stock's muse is evidenced with peculiar success, and where the great force of this writer is the most conspicuous. Such specimentary portions are: The way in which Klop- stock wrote, and what he himself thought of the " Messias," as well as the tone of mind at which he had arrived upon the completion of this wonderful performance, are all finely shown in that Ode by him entitled: The cast of language in this magnificent epopee is emi- nently well chosen and select, and wrought up more and more to the highest point of literary finish.

Klop- stock was a devoted admirer of the German language ; he was not insensible of its great and manifold beauties, and was, in fact, so proud of it, that we are indebted to him for many a fine Ode, which he has written in its behalf, replete with that warmth of feeling, he ever evinced towards his mother-tongue. Klopstock was also a sublime odiac poet, and classical therewithal, blending, in his first odes especially, the genius and habitudes of antiquity with the spirit of the modern time. In this description of literature, Klopstock is certainly without a rival ; in fact, he is the greatest ode-writer that any age can show, and may be styled the Pindar of modern lyric verse.

But in richness and in depth of feeling he surpasses the harmonious Theban. Klopstock is so genuinely German, so faithful, yet so profound, as, perhaps, no bard of our fatherland ever was before. Sulzer, one of the earliest of German critics, says of him with great truth: Other fine sacred pieces by him, such as his " Ach, wie hat mem Herz gerangen," " Wenn ich einst von jenem Schlummer," may also rank among the most creditable efforts of his pen.

He studied theology at Leipzic, in , but the theatre in that town awakening in him a leaning towards dramatic lore, he forthwith addressed him- self to this department of letters. Lessing, when in Berlin, lived in intimate friendship with Mcolai and Mendelsohn. Einiges zur Erinnerung an Lessing. Lessing was the man who set himself to abolish all those mannerisms, at once artificial and without sou], which had risen up in the writings of former poets. He was the first of the modern versemen who combined the poetical Ideal with the poetry of real life: In this labour, which we can easily imagine was a very difficult one, his genius proved his best assistance: Lessing also united in his own person the three leading qualifications of poet, philosopher, and critic.

All the varieties of his writings are highly finished, while in every one of them we can discover an onward progress. He threw down the gauntlet to his an- tagonists ; and triumphed over inveterate habits, creating, at the same time, something new and better. In Lessing' s argumentative works, an investigating power and philoso- phical spirit is evident ; while in his essays upon poetry, an artistic structure and aesthetical knowledge is striking. His " Miss Sarah Sampson " is a lachrymose and heavy drama ; but the leading dramatic pieces by his pen are, — " Minna von Barnhelm," " Emilia Galotti," and " Nathan der Weise.

By its dolorose scenes, which excel the comic ones, it ought, perhaps, rather to be classed with the tragic drama than with comedy. The character in it of Major Tellenheim, is generally taken to be an ethical portrait of the poet Kleist. Lessing's tragedy, again, of " Emilia Galotti," finished in the year , charmed the public voice into a tone of general admiration. The human passions are exposed in this play with an extraordinary measure of sagacity ; there is not a single scene that could be pointed out as uninte- resting or sluggish ; no over-expanded dialogue ever pro- tracts the rapid progress of the dramatic action ; but the characters are thrown into masterly relief, and graced with the highest degree of artistic finish.

Borne remarks of it: The sketches of character, as well as its famous vein of dialogue, are above all praise. William Taylor has given, in his " Survey of German Poetry," a copious translation of " Nathan der Weise," and a full account of Lessing's life and works. Lessing's correct taste and profound skill in the elegant sciences, are manifested by his " Laokoon," remarkable for the beauty of its style.

This is a noble monument of Les- sing's philosophy and erudition, possessing an equal value to the mere poetical aesthetician, to the antiquary, the phi- losopher, and to the connoisseur of Art. The composition of this extraordinary disquisition arose out of an expression of Winckelmann, that the priest " Laokoon," in that celebrated group, cried aloud with pain, like the " Philoctetes " of Sophocles. Lessing held, however, that Laokoon ought to be taken for a idealisation of suppressed human agony, and that the sculptor works by rules altogether different from those regulating the classical poet.

Our author then proceeds to institute a comparison between fine statuary and fine poetry, in the treatment of one and the same subject. But, after all, Lessing's true greatness is to be found in the fact of his having created an entirely new path of criti- cism. It can scarcely be expected that Lessing should, at the first outset, promulgate an sesthetical system, perfect and complete in all its minute features. Folge meiner Lektiire, als durch die methodische Entwi- ekelung allgemeiner Grundsatze angewachsen.

Es sind also niehr unordentliche Collectanea zu einem Buche, als ein Buch," shows us all he pretends to effect. Lessing was, no doubt, the greatest and most sagacious intellectual ruler of his day ; he had, in fact, studied with great zeal and perseverance whatever was to be known, and had acquitted himself so stalwarthily in consequence, that the whole circle of German critics, — who, at the outset of his career, were in an exceedingly depressed condition, — forth- with recognized in him that greater light, which was to eclipse whatever abilities they might themselves possess.

It is hardly necessary to add, that, under these circum- stances, our author came in for quite his full share of party- attack; howbeit, his acutely-polemical, and yet elegant pen, speedily put all his antagonists to silence. Lessing's " Dramaturgic" is an abounding golden mine of sterling criticism on the drama of his own day, includ- ing excellent and valuable comparisons of dramatic com- positions in general, which tended to refine the public taste, to favour the formation of a competent judgment, and, by an erudite examination, and by far-reaching insights into the classical and national drama, to ameliorate the style of the Comedist.

In this work it is, therefore, that Lessing's ire against the French drama is completely unmasked ; while it was to this production, perhaps, that Germany, at that period, owed her enfranchisement from the thrall of a servile imitation of the literary style of that kingdom. Lessing's " Fabeln " are mostly in prose, yet in the choicest and cleverest prose imaginable ; being all of them artistical, and replete with acumen and significance.

As a very spirited inkling, or fragment of Lessing's thoughts in philosophy, we may also instance his " Erziehung des Menschengeschlechts. Ueber Lessing's Genie und Schriften. This was one of our classical poets, and, accordingly, ought to be mentioned in a parallelism with Klopstock and Lessing. The embryo bard of " Oberon " received, from the wise solicitude of a parent's love, the advantages of an excel- lent religious education, and being, moreover, gifted with a feeling heart, his thoughts were early directed to the study of divine things.

His first essay at versifying, made when only ten years old, was to this effect: In , our poet responded to the invitation of the duchess Anna Amalia von Weimar, to fulfil the office of preceptor to the young Princes. Here he lived in intimate connexion with Goethe, Herder, and Schiller, until the period of his demise, which event took place on the 20th of January Wielaxd may be reckoned one of the greatest names in the whole circle of German literature.

He wrote all kinds of poetry: Wieland's Muse is a creature of extraordinary ease and grace, both in Her tones and in Her numbers. His fancy is most luxuriant. In his prose works he is natural and vivacious, and exhibits a good store of wit ; only a kind of Gallic attitudinism is Bbtticher's Literarische Zustande.

But then his idiom is so ornate, and his expressions so nobly-aspiring, that we must fain lose our demurring surprise in a jubilee of admiration. Wieland's delineations are replete with the power of pleasing. Goethe observes, that "the whole of northern Germany is indebted to Wieland for its literary style. His " Oberon," completed in , is his chef-d'oeuvre, there being in this poem a beauty that may be felt, rather than described. The whole thing revels in a phasis of poetic fancy, and is coloured with the most strikingly-romantic hues. In its draught and execution it is redundant in classic grace, while it is so very perfect and complete in itself, that this one accomplishment of Wieland's genius-directed pen, will render his name immortal.

Can we say more than Goethe did, in the lines that here- inafter follow? What, then, did Goethe say and do? Ich habe Wielanden dafur einen Lorbeerkranz geschickt, der ihn sehr gefreut hat. Lavater, to the following effect: Our author has, perhaps, been most successful in this order of didactic poetry ; his manner therein is easy, and his satire, with which it is not sparingly mixed, is, nevertheless, always good-tempered. A specimen of an almost unrivalled flu- ency chartered, likewise, with the grace of classic lore is uniformly discernible in these compositions.

Howbeit, we feel constrained to add our testimony to what was alleged at the beginning, viz.: As one of the most charming novels in verse, we ought to account his poem of " Clelia und Sinibald "; as the two merriest pos- sible twin tales, his fairy tales of " Das Winterrnahrchen," and " Das Sommermahrchen.

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Is it the construction or. Tuesday 29 November Credits: Wer bin ich - und wenn ja wie viele?: Eine philosophische Reise Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Wer bin ich - und wenn ja wie viele?: Eine philosophische Reise Wer bin ich - und. Monday to Friday Episode - Please take a number Focus: November 9, , ten thirty am.

You ve got 75 minutes, 2 lives and some help: Anna, Ihre Mission ist riskant. Sie sind in Gefahr. Security of Pensions by Prof. Heinz-Dietrich Steinmeyer - Pensions are of essential importance for people and security of pensions important for them for a number of reasons - People depend on pensions. Dieser Einstufungstest soll Ihnen dabei. Mock Exam Behavioral Finance For the following 4 questions you have 60 minutes. You may receive up to 60 points, i. You may use a pocket. Episode 10 In der Sackgasse Der Spieler findet heraus, dass der August das Datum des Mauerbaus in Berlin ist und der 9.

November der Tag, an dem sie fiel. Exercise Part XI Notes: The sign is you personal number to be used in all exercises. All EDSO affiliated member. Mobility trends in the Baltic Sea Region Conference on promoting strategic and innovative mobility for students and researchers 23 November in Copenhagen by Dr. Birger Hendriks Outline Forms of mobility. Checks and balances in sport organisations Dr.

In such an event, it s essential to be able to cope with the new arrangements. Oedberg Veranstaltungs GmbH, Neureuthstr. Im Fluss der Zeit: The success of the mission depends on something to do with those dates. Friday 4 December Credits: Wednesday 23 November Credits: What is the role of prepositions? Prepositions are words that give information to the reader.

They can tell us where something takes place when something takes place why something takes place or give a. Exercise Part II Notes: Germany s preeminent centre of foreign trade and major hub for trade with the Baltic Sea region 8. Trams Can we support both?

The Berlin Wall Create a presentation that will represent the history of the Berlin Wall Era. Select one of the following formats to illustrate the. What is the unique proposition of digital learning? What is the right digital. Die besten Chuck Norris Witze: August 13, , six ten pm. You've only got 45 minutes left to save Germany. Das ist ja gleich um die. Histor y Ancient Rome: The Plebeian Revolt Fach: Klasse 6 Zeitlicher Umfang: She loses more time when the men on motorcycles arrive and shoot at her.

Handbuch der therapeutischen Seelsorge: Doch damit nicht genug. Es ist nicht genug Zeit,. Schulaufgabe aus dem Englischen Klasse Take the given adjectives in brackets and use the comparative once and the superlative once. Unit 1 Motivation and Basics of Classical Logic Fuzzy Logic I 6 Motivation In our everyday life, we use vague, qualitative, imprecise linguistic terms like small, hot, around two o clock Even very complex.

The band members are: Ich habe Schmerz gesehen. Die sich auf den Schultern deines Namens ausruhen. Kann einfache literarische Texte z. Teaching notes This resource is designed to revise the use of modal verbs in the present tense and includes a starter card sort, PowerPoint presentation and Word worksheet. Episode 21 Meanwhile in Anna goes back to to find that pastor Kavalier has been kidnapped by the woman in red.

As there is no way of discovering the pastor's whereabouts, she sets off for November. Episode 01 Rude Awakening Anna's mission is to save Germany from a disaster. She has to keep the secret, solve the puzzle, and watch out for men on motorcycles. She's got minutes. But where's her first. Welcome to The Mrs. Sporty Story Founders and History Sporty is formulated Sporty franchise concept with Stefanie Graf Stefanie. Theory What is a Gadget? I have known him for two years. Harry s Holidays Name, Vorname: Seite 1 von 6 Harry s Holidays Read the text. Last year Harry was on holiday in Cornwall.

Comenius meeting in Enns from Nov. The meeting started on Nov, 4 th with the arrival of the participating schools. The teachers and students from Bratislava. Justus Fertig vor 1 Jahren Abrufe. Where are we now? The administration building M 3. Voransicht Let me show you around 9 von 26 Where are we now? The administration building M 3 12 von 26 Let me show you around Presenting your company 2 I M 5 Prepositions of place and movement There are many prepositions Mehr.

Materialien zu unseren Lehrwerken Word order Word order is important in English. The word order for adverbial and prepositional phrases is more flexible, but their position Mehr. Do you know what you are looking Mehr. August 13, Five-fifty five pm. You've got 60 minutes to accomplish your mission.

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Mobility trends in the Baltic Sea Region Mobility trends in the Baltic Sea Region Conference on promoting strategic and innovative mobility for students and researchers 23 November in Copenhagen by Dr. Birger Hendriks Outline Forms of mobility Mehr.

Cooperation Project Sao Paulo - Bavaria. Checks and balances in sport organisations Less is more? Fachbereich 5 Wirtschaftswissenschaften Univ.

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