The paper bridge: The 20 rules for emotional learning
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Get fast, free shipping with Amazon Prime. Get to Know Us. English Choose a language for shopping. Amazon Music Stream millions of songs. Amazon Advertising Find, attract, and engage customers. Amazon Drive Cloud storage from Amazon. Alexa Actionable Analytics for the Web. AmazonGlobal Ship Orders Internationally. It can be hypothesized that, in the UK, students performing well in the National Curriculum subject of English whether at GCSE or A-level will have acquired — and be able to successfully apply — skills in reading and writing that will hold them in good stead should they wish to pursue a degree or career in translation.
Another study of interest to the translating and interpreting community is the work of Dewaele, Petrides et al. In addition to employing the trait EI test TEIQue, the study uses a questionnaire to take account of a number of extra variables, such as age, gender, education level, number of languages known, age of onset of acquisition, context of acquisition, frequency of use etc. The results of their study are therefore quite complex and best interpreted in the context of their own analysis. However, one can extract from their discussion some noteworthy findings. Results show that out of the multilingual individuals in the study, those with higher than average levels of trait EI suffered significantly less from communicative and foreign language anxiety, and that a higher level of self-perceived proficiency in a language i.
According to the authors Dewaele, Petrides et al. Firstly, the observed link between high levels of trait emotional intelligence and low levels of anxiety in certain language learning situations is particularly relevant for interpreters who need to be able to cope with their anxiety when speaking in public. If trait EI plays a role in communicative anxiety, then it clearly needs to be further researched in the context of translator and interpreter training.
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The authors observe that self-perceived speaking proficiency provided them with a rough indication of oral proficiency, and that a strong self-belief in the ability to regulate stress levels and to express oneself clearly might well lead to lower levels of both communicative and foreign language anxiety In this paper, I am focusing more specifically on trait EI measures due to the greater empirical support they have attracted Petrides and because it is my belief that non-cognitive emotion-related dispositions should be studied alongside cognitive abilities in translation process research.
However, some studies that have made use of measures based on ability models have also found positive associations between EI and academic performance see Di Fabio and Palazzeschi , and between EI and care-centred or affect-related subjects e. Zysberg, Levy et al. These findings could usefully be reflected upon in the context of translator and interpreter training, and merit further investigation.
As mentioned earlier, the role of personal and emotional characteristics in translation and interpreting performance has been acknowledged for some time. The capacity of translators to understand and transfer sensitive and context-bound information, to accurately reflect the meaning of source culture texts, and to have the necessary interpersonal skills to adapt to different working situations are all acknowledged as key skills of competent translation professionals National Occupational Standards in Translation These skills and attitudes relate to the concept of emotional intelligence as defined in personality psychology, and are clearly of increasing importance to professional bodies.
It therefore seems likely that exploring the emotional intelligence of translators and interpreters could add something to our understanding of their working processes. In turn, this information could have important repercussions on — and feed into — the ways translators and interpreters are currently being trained. One area where the importance of personal qualities in translation performance has perhaps been more obvious is within the field of literary translation, where discussions of translator style and individual characteristics are prominent Munday b; Winters ; Saldanha Many have also discussed the links between translation and creativity, highlighting the fact that literary translators are required to possess a creative streak for the production of successful target texts Jones ; Lin ; Ellender In their view, the psychology of creative writing is arguably one area where creative writing research might provide insight into the translation process.
In fact, research in the field of creative writing has generated a number of interesting findings on the role and impact of emotions and affect on the writing process. A number of studies Barron ; Pourjalali, Skrzynecky et al. They asked 56 outstanding creative writers to undergo a battery of tests Piirto , including the popular personality test known as the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator MBTI and discovered that a great majority of these authors shared an intuitive trait on the MBTI scale.
Other studies Barron ; ; Piirto have since confirmed this correlation between success in creative writing and possessing an intuitive personality trait. Interestingly, the MBTI function of intuition has been found to be significantly and positively related to higher levels of emotional intelligence e. This correlation between high EI and high levels of creativity amongst writers is in line with findings from studies which indicate a much greater likelihood amongst this population of suffering from affective disorders, depression and anxiety Pourjalali, Skrzynecky et al.
Creative writing research has therefore produced evidence that individuals with high EI are more likely to produce creative written work, and it would not be inconceivable that high levels of EI might also have an impact on the creative potential of literary translators. If there are certain emotional and personality-related attributes e. In her article on the interaction of cognition with emotion in the processing of textual material, Davou Differences in levels of creativity amongst translation students or practitioners might conceivably be linked to the different emotional significance that a text might hold for each of them.
Successful translators have sometimes been described as emotionally engaged individuals Fraser Different texts are also likely to elicit different emotional responses from translators, and a legal translation will not have the same potential for emotivity than, for example, translating a love poem.
As such, the role that EI plays in the process will vary and different levels of EI are required from translators depending on text-types. According to Joseph and Newman As previously indicated, research in TS has for some time indicated a potential relationship between emotional phenomena, creativity, and translation competence.
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Studying whether there may be correlations between emotional intelligence and translating or interpreting competence is a controversial enterprise but, as Pourjalali, Skrzynecky et al. Although studies in non-cognitive individual differences are relatively few and far between in TS, there is evidence of explorative work currently being undertaken which attempts to borrow measures from the field of psychology to better understand translating and interpreting processes.
This recent work is testimony to an expansion of the scope of translation research and sheds light on the value of understanding the emotional intelligence and individual differences of translators and interpreters. An interesting and first of its kind study in the field of interpreting has recently been conducted by Karen Bontempo.
Bontempo argues that there is renewed interest in evaluating the characteristics, personal qualities, and traits necessary for success in a signed language interpreter education programme, and that research points to the potential role of personality in successful occupational performance. More specifically results show that emotional stability, i. However, those high in negative affectivity, i. In a subsequent publication, Bontempo and Napier report in more detail on their efforts to gauge both sociological and psychological variables amongst accredited signed language interpreters in Australia.
The researchers compared personal parameters e. Another study using self-report measures to explore attitudinal profiles of student translators and interpreters was recently undertaken by Rosiers, Eyckmans et al.
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Their investigation of individual difference variables led them to obtain information regarding linguistic self-confidence, motivation and language anxiety. In translation process research, a few studies have explored non-cognitive psychological and behavioural processes. Despite not always drawing on psychological constructs as understood in the field of personality psychology, these and subsequent process studies are particularly valuable as they serve to highlight the significance of studying personal and individual traits of translators and interpreters.
One such study presents a strong case for building a bridge with the psychological construct of EI. My doctoral work investigated the effects of personality features on the performance of twenty French to English student translators while they worked on the translation of a short literary piece.
The study aimed to demonstrate the influence of personalities and individual differences during translation, and to better understand how attitudinal behaviours affected the loss or gain of certain elements during the process of translating. As part of the methodology employed to obtain personality-related data on student translators, a version of the above-mentioned MBTI personality measure was used. Results indicated a potential correlation between success in the task and the presence of an intuitive trait amongst successful participants, generally perceived by an increased sensitivity to target readership requirements during the translation process.
In my study, self-perceived intuition and emotional traits were found to impact positively on translation performance, suggesting that successful and creative literary translators might also be distinctly intuitive and emotionally intelligent. Studies briefly reviewed in this section highlighted the value of studying personal and emotional aspects of translators and interpreters. In the field of creative writing, we have seen that various psychometric measures have already been employed within process studies to shed light on aspects of creativity and competence. It is my contention that empirical studies in TS would also benefit from further incorporating non-cognitive psychology-based concepts and measures in their work.
It is important to remember that process research conducted to date has not always delivered consistent results and has involved relatively small samples of participants, rendering it difficult to generalize findings. The use of psychometric testing to tap into the feelings and emotions of translators and interpreters, alongside other methodologies, may go some way towards providing a level of consistency and validity to empirical studies in TS.
In the next section, some concrete ways in which EI can be studied in TS research will be provided. However, EI has not — to my knowledge — been investigated thus far, and researchers may well wonder how best to scientifically investigate the topic of EI, i. The construct of EI has already generated a significant body of research and issues of validity, reliability, factor structures and convergence have been discussed at length, resulting in two favoured, widely marketed and commonly used EI instruments for each school of thought.
Researchers interested in the subjective nature of emotions and personality facets related to affect will often choose to operationalize trait EI with the TEIQue, or Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire Petrides a. The latter covers the sampling domain of trait EI comprehensively Petrides, Pita et al.
In addition, for those interested in using trait EI measures, the research team that created the TEIQue family of measures have made these available free of charge for academic research on their programme Website. There is increasing acknowledgement in TS of the advantages that an interdisciplinary approach brings, such as sensitizing scholars to questions not normally asked, or helping to interpret and explain the object of study Brownlie Nonetheless, concern has also been raised regarding the importing of concepts and methodologies from another discipline at a superficial level Chesterman , cited in Munday a: Although this may seem obvious, different methodologies will be required depending on what is to be studied.
In this way, it would be possible to test the hypothesis that literary translators may have higher levels of trait EI than other professional translators. Results could also be compared with those of students on non-literary translation programmes. Amongst other benefits, employing the TEIQue instrument in these cases would enable the production of statistical data, something likely to add an element of accuracy and reliability to this type of research. However, trait and ability instruments are not the only appropriate ways to investigate the emotional intelligence of translators and interpreters, and it would be unwise to rely entirely on these tools.
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Whereas TS scholars have increasingly sought to bring objectivity to their research and to use scientific measures that are accurate, precise, reliable and valid, it would seem that the tradition in psychology of employing mainly positivist methods is raising as many questions as it answers. Using a mixed-method approach for studying the EI of translators and interpreters, with a focus on both the process and the product, will produce rich narratives and, in many cases, be a more fruitful method of investigation than the sole use of a self-report questionnaire. In his discussion of EI measurement, Fineman makes the following argument:.
It is necessarily partial, meaningful only in terms of the philosophy that informs it, the medium through which it is conveyed and the receiving audience. In this paper, an attempt was made to highlight the value of exploring individual and emotional traits of translators and interpreters, and emotional intelligence more specifically. A number of studies from both psychology and TS were discussed, and recommendations were made regarding adequate methodology to employ for the future study of EI in translation and interpreting studies.
This line of research might offer clues about boosting student motivation and enhancing translator and interpreter training mechanisms. Amongst the different skills valued by translator and interpreter professional associations and clients, effectiveness in the communication and handling of emotional information and emotionally charged thoughts is an important and necessary one for competent performance.
An important discovery in the study of trait EI is that there are situations in which possessing high trait EI is not beneficial. A number of studies Petrides and Furnham ; Sevdalis, Petrides et al.
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How translators and interpreters can learn to handle these situations and enhance their competence in these areas should therefore be the object of further research. Although it can be surmised that decision processes for both translating and interpreting are influenced by emotional factors, particularly if we take into account recent work in brain research demonstrating that experience and emotion can never be removed from thoughts Damasio , it can also be assumed that the activities of translating and interpreting require different emotional competencies and skills.
In addition, the different types of translations e. Exploring emotion identification and emotion management abilities of translators and interpreters in these different contexts would therefore shed light on their significance for task performance.
Very recently, an attempt was made to improve levels of EI and make use of EI development methods Nelis, Quoidbach et al. The study in question was the first to test in practice the impact of a theoretically-based training programme in EI by encouraging 37 participants to apply in their daily lives what was taught during formal sessions where techniques were provided to enhance various EI skills. Lectures, role-plays, group discussions, readings and personal diaries were all methods employed alongside a global trait EI measure and a battery of other psychometric tests.
In addition, it is noteworthy that positive changes remained significant in the long-term, implying that focused training can have real effects on behaviour modification. As Bontempo and Napier suggest These aspects are clearly relevant for the practice of translation and interpreting and it is felt that emotional intelligence research can provide an additional framework for our investigations into the reasons why translators and interpreters act and behave the way they do.
Abstracts Abstract This paper presents a case for the study of non-cognitive psychological processes in Translation Studies TS. According to Salovey and Mayer, emotions can be defined as such: In his discussion of EI measurement, Fineman makes the following argument: