Le Négrier, Vol. IV Aventures de mer (French Edition)

Le Negrier, Vol. IV Aventures de Mer (French, Paperback)

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An important self-justification then follows: Savez-vous qui vous implorez? A man thrown out of his country, despotically exiled, far from his wife, far from his children, dead of suffering For the last time, keep quiet!

Le Negrier, Volume I

Then, after the submarine has passed through the ship, a horror-stricken but fascinated Aronnax observes the underwater death-throes. The manuscript again contains more melodrama: A veritable statue of hatred, such as I had he had already appeared to my eyes in the seas of India. It is interesting to compare these variants with the correspondence.

Nor does he entirely keep his promise, for, although Aronnax does not attend the attack how could he, since it is underwater? Perhaps predictably, MS1, where it can be deciphered, is more forthright. Perhaps surprisingly, however, it appears less complete than both MS2 and the published version.

It was, above all, French. In the earliest version of the climactic episode, then, Nemo is an ardent supporter of the French Revolution and Republicanism—and a fierce opponent of the current regime and what it has done to France. Only now does the wrongheaded Aronnax surmise: We have caused a slight problem. After this brief analysis of chapter 21, the difficulties of studying variants over an extended text may have become apparent. For reasons of space and, sometimes, legibility, one cannot cite the manuscript versions in extenso.

However, listing the changes in isolation may undermine the continuity of the literary text. One alternative, of course, is to accept the discontinuity, to produce an edition with the variants indicated in notes the method adopted in the four OUP critical editions of Verne. Another is to show the variants within a single text, distinguished by typographical means. It is this latter solution that I now attempt for MS2, encouraged by the brevity of the last chapter of Twenty Thousand Leagues.

Conclusion Voici la conclusion de ce voyage sous les mers. Le capitaine Nemo vit-il encore? Saurai-je enfin le nom de cet homme? Le capitaine Nemo et moi. What happened that night, how the boat escaped from the formidable undertow of the Maelstrom, how Ned, Conseil and I got out emerged from the deep, I cannot say. My two companions were safe and sound beside me, squeezing my hands. I was in a bad state.

At this moment, we cannot think of returning to France. There are not many means of transport between the north and south of Norway. I am therefore forced to wait for the steamship which makes the fortnightly run to North Cape. So it is here, in the midst of the good people who saved us, that I have revised am revising the tale of these adventures; they give me the.

Not a single fact has been omitted, not the slightest detail exaggerated. It is the faithful narration of an incredible expedition through an element inaccessible to man, although progress will open it up one day. Will I be believed? I do not know, but it is not that important. But what became of the Nautilus? Did it resist the terrible embrace of the Maelstrom? Is Captain Nemo still alive? Is he continuing his terrifying reprisals under the ocean, or did he stop at that last massacre? Will the waves one day wash up the bottle the manuscript containing the entire story of his life?

Will I finally discover his name? If this is the case, if Captain Nemo does still inhabit his adopted oceanic homeland, may hate die down in that wild heart! May the contemplation of so many marvels finally extinguish his desire for Vengeances vengeance! May the lawgiver disappear and the scientist continue his peaceful exploration of the seas! For If his destiny is strange, it is xxx also sublime. Do I not understand it myself? Have I not lived ten months of that extra-natural existence? Captain Nemo and I. The importance of the final chapter of any novel is of course to pull the threads together, to resolve the enigmas, to effect the transition from the fictional to the real world.

It is no coincidence that Roland Barthes, in a famous article, analysed the opening and closing chapters of The Mysterious Island and how the plot gets from one to the other. Some of the details help clarify points that exegetes have long puzzled over. Verne may be citing the closing Biblical quotation from memory—which would explain why it is so difficult to place. The two changes of tense are a delicate balancing act, with narrative and fictional time precariously converging.

Since Aronnax is using the present to describe his own writing process, what events can he narrate without disappearing up his own temporal vortex, how can the narration present its own demise? The past tense, in contrast, makes Aronnax the author of the book the reader is holding.

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The publisher may not have wanted to kill the captain off, not because of any affection for him but because he may already have been planning a sequel. Although Verne later stated he had no plans to bring him back, Nemo was in reality resuscitated after only four years, in a very late draft of The Mysterious Island.

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As for Verne, despite his sympathy, he may have considered that underwater burial was the kindest fate for his massacred character—and the best way to avoid him being dug up again. It thus provides a key to the most important misunderstanding about the novel, for many more naive readers, especially in America, have taken the captain to be a villain.

But this is a narrative trap. Fortunately, my idea is supported by MS1: But we did get out of it. But in the morning, we were on dry land, and I was coming out of my faint in the hut of a Lofoten fisherman. And it is from here that I have written these charming xxx, and it is from here that I am sending them to Paris.

But perhaps also its formidable construction allowed it to resist and to emerge from the abyss.

I do not think anyone will ever know. As for me, who have assisted at so many scenes, how can I forget him. As for him, is he still alive, with his Nautilus and his companions, the man of the waters, in his fabulous abode. On the basis of our examination of two manuscript chapters of Twenty Thousand Leagues, we have found, in very brief summary, that in them Captain Nemo supports the French Revolution and Republican ideas, and the ship he attacks, in legitimate self-defense, is French.

Several general conclusions follow on.

The novel where, with Hatteras , Verne most revealed his soul, one of the great masterpieces of western literature, only saw the light of day in hacked-about and censored form. Nevertheless, the question of whether MS1 and MS2 should be considered superior to the final version is a complex one, involving considerations of style, structure, and ideology. The answer must take into account the stylistic improvements Verne made, of his own free will, over the successive drafts.

Some of the substantive changes may also fall into the category of spontaneous changes of mind. But we shall probably never know which of the categories most of these changes fall into.

Even if we wished to use the earliest draft, it is not clear if it can ever fully be deciphered. Might it not then be advisable to mix and match from the later versions? Also, can the correspondence be adduced as evidence? It would be dangerous, in sum, to conclude that MS2 or, a fortiori , MS1 should always be used for future editions of the novel. To reverse the underlying question, it would seem clear that the Hetzel text can no longer be accepted as accurate or authentic.

Much less famous novels are available in competing versions. Why not for the only French author of world renown? Equally clearly, all future interpretations of the novel must take the manuscripts into account. The sandy bed of the English Channel, the medieval cliffs of Le Havre, and the sea where the beloved submarine bathes in perfect harmony henceforth form part of our vision of Nemo.

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The final conclusion concerns the urgency of establishing a reference edition of Vingt mille lieues. All the current French texts contain obvious faults of logic, fact, and spelling. A properly researched and annotated French edition is essential. What we should remember of Nemo is not the Hollywood version, betraying a truncated mistranslation of a bowdlerized text. We should think instead of a musician playing his own compositions in his self-constructed submarine. It is a shame, though, that the journey has taken years.

In some dark corner of the French National Library, Nemo still freely rides the ocean. Let us hope that a publisher will, one day, be brave enough to let him out. On a cumulative basis. XV, no 1, janvier , p. Bartholomew -- a Little Known French Possession. Nya Kyrkans Tidning , Stockholm, no 4, , p. Traduction anglaise en ligne ''The west indies, slavery, and swedenborgianism'': A selection of printed documents: A History of St.

The French Dialect of St. Bart, French West Indies: Institutional and societal bases of rural development: Language and economic history on St. Consuls, Corsairs, and Commerce: The Past is not Dead: En Svensk Koloni Lyon - a West Indian Photo Artist. Pictures in connection with Gustavia, St Bartholomew [ C. Lyon - Un photographe antillais. Colton and Company, , p. Who was who in St Bartholomew during the Swedish epoch? Universidad de Estocolmo, Instituto de estudios latinoamericanos, , p.

Vetenskaps-Akademiens handligar, , p. Reassessing the evidence regarding the variety of English spoken on St.

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