Geografia: Teoria e prassi (Italian Edition)

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Each court had a narrative of its own, but all took part in a common story: This competition for prestige is not a negligible aspect in the history of Italian courts and it drew in all the players whose strengths varied according certain factors: Beyond the formal legitimization that an investiture might bring from one or both of the two universal powers Cosimo I sought recognition from both Charles V and Pius V, first for his ducal then his grand ducal title princes also aspired to emulate models and win consensus and this meant their image needed to be portrayed heroically.

An entourage had to form around the prince that was not only capable of performing bureaucratic and governmental functions, but also of taking diplomatic initiatives and producing "ideology". I use this latter expression not only in the sense of creating an image of courtly life that expressed itself through festivals, theatre, etc The princely mythology needed to be "documented" by means of writing - and whether these documents were false from the strictly "scientific" point of view had no bearing on their power to elicit belief It needed to be visualized through the reconfiguration of urban, ecclesiastical and residential spaces and also through the great cycles of paintings that decorated the interiors.

In the planning of cities and buildings, major and minor princes alike found an effective tool to construct identity in emulation of the figure of the architect-prince who was legitimized by a classical tradition that had been restored by the Renaissance's rediscovery of Magnificence Perhaps the aspect that has been most extensively documented by the research of the past decades has to do with the models of the city- court, both in the case of micro-courts 52 Carpi Sabbioneta and the larger Po courts such as Ferrara of the Este, a city whose forma urbis 53 underwent complete renovation, or Mantua under the Gonzaga where the diet convoked by Pius II in for a crusade against the Turks can be seen as the symbolic inauguration date for a series of urban and architectural initiatives planned by Alberti and Luca Fancelli Research has drawn attention to the complex process of resignifying "republican" spaces in Florence, which led to the construction of a new residence, the Palazzo Pitti Several studies stressed on the specific chronology of the Savoy court.

In Turin during a reign of Carlo Emanuele, projects were launched to establish a real princely residence in the palace acquired from the city's episcopal curia and to redefine the city's general profile Through studies on the prince's urban and architectural policy the complex phenomenology of Italian courts has become clearer to us, as well as how the courts evolved from Renaissance modules to those of the Baroque driven by intrinsic changes. These were more than merely personal programmes for the consolidation of power. What we have here is a strategy of state-building that based itself on the court as a contact point, a strategy that relied on the coopting of local aristocracies into the city, on the circulation of intellectuals, on the investment of resources.

At the end of the 's and during the 's it was common practice among scholars to speak of a gap between the prince's munificence, the refined development of the spectacle of the court, the extraordinary knowledge court intellectuals had of the great cultural traditions of the classical world and of their own and the fragility of the court's political and administrative apparatus.

For example, Cesare Vasoli observed how the "prince's patronage, his munificence, wealth, pomp and the great spectacle of the court were to a large extent the forms through which a power that was often weak and precarious began to develop it own administrative frameworks" This idea was repeated for the Sforza court 58 and the Mantuan court 59 , but we would do well to reconsider it, particularly in the light of the numerous studies that have looked at the ranks of personnel within both the state and the court and at the real movement of courts and courtiers in space.

In the structure of their respective Households the various Italian courts share the same roles and functions that could be found in the households of the great monarchies And as in the case of the latter, the Italian courts did not gel into immobile structures. Fantoni has shown how the Medici court responded to the growth of the granducal familia and to a changing etiquette by evolving and transforming instead of crystallizing The court also had to adapt to the particular profile of the prince's own blood kin who came with their own entourages, palaces and residences.

The demographics of the princely houses had no small influence on what kind of situations they produced. In Turin the junior branch of the Savoia, the Carignano, who became the main line in , had their own court, their own palace in the centre of the city. In addition, numerous Savoia bastards were employed in the service of the court and held diplomatic positions, a fact which helped to maintain equilibria in court power network. The court of Savoia was a court in expansion - also for demographic reasons - and its ascent compensated for the disappearance of many minor courts The interest in the world of small or "regional" states that is such a distinct characteristic of the historiography of early modern Italy 63 is one reason why the papal court and the court of Naples have received rather less attention.

Of the limited work that has been done on the Aragonese court, up to the recent studies by Giuliana Vitale and Francesco Senatore 64 , nearly all has been produced by English speaking historians such as George Hersey 65 , Alan Ryder 66 and Jerry Bentley 67 , the exception being a group of scholars of humanistic literature working around Francesco Tateo who have made extensive forays into that world of letterati , Neapolitan humanists, great courtiers and advisers to the Prince, one of the most notable being Pontano This lack of interest, which is also the result of particular trends in the historiography of southern Italy has meant that a gap still remains to be filled, and we can now point to a flurry of recent work that has been done to this very end - particularly to the research on the viceregal courts during the Spanish period, an object of renewed interest in the context intense exchange between Italian and Spanish scholars A somewhat different situation exists with regard to the papal court.

In an article published in "Studi Romani" back in , Amedeo Quondam launched a open call 70 for more research to be devoted to the court of Rome, which, as a study topic, had languished under nineteenth century antipapal prejudice, and even before that as a result of an internal operation within the Church that substituted the worldly term of court for curia, making the use of the latter mandatory.

To be sure, if we look through the titles published by "Europa delle Corti" we find a number of excellent edited works and discussions of sources: Fabrizio Cruciani's extensive and thoughtful collection of documents on festivals, ceremonies and theatrical occasions from Pius II to Paul III 71 ; the re-edition of Il ruolo della corte di Leone X 72 with a long preface by Vincenzo di Caprio, an important document on the court viewed as the pope's familia and which contains specific profiles of individual domestic prelates; Cesare Mozzarelli's edition of a forgotten work of the sixteenth century, Giovanni Francesco Commendone's Discorso Yet we have to wait until the 's before Rome came generally to be regarded as a great laboratory for the study of courts, also the result of a close relationship between German and Italian historians.

The papal court which had already assumed its "modern" physiognomy during the Avignon period 74 , once it was back in Rome, established itself as a place where every segment of Italian society could represent itself, and this was especially true for the emerging classes But Rome was also strategic centre of European politics, a hub where information was processed and disseminated 76 and where ceremonial rules were created and formalized In conclusion, the research currently being done on the courts continues to be rich and innovative.

Although this topic was initially viewed with a degree of skepticism it is now a respected and necessary field in the history of early modern Italy. But what questions are scholars interested in today? Without claiming to provide an exhaustive survey, we might say that recent interest in the symbolism of power that marks contemporary historiography has breathed new life into the theme of religio principis. Indeed, the question appeared in the Italian historiography of the courts from the earliest days 83 , but it was never treated as a topic of central importance at a time when as we have attempted to show most studies focused on the textual tradition, on the relationship between court and state, on the princely projects of urban construction and on the theatralization of space.

The theme of religio principis is an ambiguous one, bearing two connotations: The rites, the court ceremonials, the iconography must develop and represent the superhuman figure of the prince On the other, the religio principis also refers to prince's role in relation to the urban ecclesiastical institutions and to cult objects. In this latter regard, a number of studies drawing on extensive archival research have clearly shown how religion was a "constant interest for the political authorities because of the ideological benefits associated with the image of the pious and holy prince, but also because of the economic and social value to be had by controlling the institutional structures of the church" Naturally, this relationship prince-courtly world-ecclesiastical institution varied with the size of the State, the origins of the prince's sovereignty and the particular moment in time in the state's religious history While in Florence the Medici for dynastic purposes appropriated the city's sacred symbols and cults of the SS.

Annunziata, whose miraculous painting was housed in the church of the Servite order and around which a veritable courtly and dynastic ritual evolved 87 , the situation in Piedmont was entirely different. Paolo Cozzo's recent book 88 has shown how the decision to relocate the court to Turin was accompanied by a strategy to control and hierarchize the town's devotional centres: Lawrence a Spanish martyr to whom Emanuele Filiberto was particularly devoted and the Shroud. This prestigious dynastic relic, housed since in the Saint Chapelle in Chambery was brought by sacred pilgrimage to Turin on September 15, This transfer is indicative of precisely the opposite process that had occurred in Medici Florence, since in the Sabaudian state it was the new capital that ingested and absorbed the dynasty's sacred symbols.

The case of Mantua is different again: Leon Battista Alberti's renovation of the Church of Sant'Andrea, a former Benedictine monastery converted after long opposition into a collegiate church under the patronage of the Gonzaga , meant that the dynasty was re-appropriating the relic of the Most Precious Blood of Christ which was housed in the basilica of Sant'Andrea.

The cult of the blood of Christ had a royal connotation, but at the same time one that was popular and redemptive for the entire community whose local liberties and prerogatives it sacralized The foundation in by Vincenzo Gonzaga of the Knight Order of the Most Precious Blood shows the persistence over time of this dynastic devotion which proved to be an effective instrument in rallying local elites around the prince. While from the beginning Italian historiography detected a change in the tone and language of the treatises that were produced under the influence of Christian neo-stoicism during the so-called the Counter-Reformation, this trend began to be treated as a historical process by important studies on the people who were entrusted with directing the prince's religious life: Our horizons have also been broadened by new approaches to the relationship between the court and the economy.

Study of the art market, drawing on various disciplines, has enabled us to reformulate the classic questions of economic history with regard to prices, demand and consumption, as well as to consider the production of objects from the standpoint of their material and symbolic value, social conditioning, evolving tastes, the role of numerous social players who animated the market such as commissioning patrons, intermediaries bankers, diplomats , artists and second hand dealers Guido Guerzoni has recently looked at the careers and technical skills of various craftsmen at the Este court and has shown how demand from the courts "produced beneficial effects on the city's entire system of labour and production through the spread of refined and innovative products, processes, knowledge, techniques and technologies which the Este always supported with considerable investments" 92 , not to mention knock-on effects from building policies and the festival economy.

This new attention to daily life, to the court economy with regard to the division of labour, to the history of techniques and know-how has gone hand in hand with renewed interest in an already existing field of research - that of science in the court, which extended well beyond the passion for astrology, natural history and natural museums 93 , the wunderkammer , but also included the organisation of a court medicine with its precise figures: The image of the Italian courts that the most recent studies give us is the very opposite of the stereotypically self-enclosed place where plots were hatched within a rigid political structure: New interest the role of women in princely dynasties has greatly contributed to promoting this line of research.

An important example is the project studying the woman of the Medici in the European system, originally conceived by Alessandra Contini and Riccardo Spinelli and later completed by Giulia Calvi after Prof. By looking at the real stories of the women who were given away and received by the Medici, the study shows how these women introduced different manners, ceremonial codes, objects and practices into the courts, and thus performed a great operation of cultural transfert The history of the courts from the perspective of gender is definitely an area that needs further exploration, but it shows that an important change has taken place in recent decades in the political and diplomatic historiography of the courts, which is increasingly concerned not only with Italy but with the rest of Europe as well For a wider survey cf.

Cinquant'anni di distanza , in H. On the relationship between Marxist historiography and historical research in Italy during the '' cf. Masella, Passato e presente nel dibattito storiografico. Mozzarelli, Principe e Corte nella storiografia italiana del Novecento , in Id. Immagini e posizione tra Otto e Novecento , Rome , p. On how Elias was received in Italy see S.

Le scelte culturali di N. Elias , ivi, pp. Visceglia, Corti italiane e storiografia europea. Linee di lettura , in F. Tenenti, Introduzione all'edizione italiana , in N. Certainly the present work can only serve to make a significant contribution to clarifying and refining reflection on this type of problem, while the caution of historians will no doubt continue to aid in the production of "models" pursued by other cultivators of the human sciences" ivi, p. Olmi, Premessa , in Id. On the concept of self-control cf.

On the rationality implicit in Elias' interpretation cf. La politique et l'histoire , Paris , pp. See by the same author the introduction to Vienna and Versailles. The Court at the Beginning of the Modern Age c. I, La scena del testo , edited by C. II, Un modello europeo , edited by A. Quondam, Introduzione , in B. Castiglione, Il libro del Cortegiano , Milan , pp. Castiglione, Il Cortegiano , Milan , pp. Castiglione, il libro, la storia , Roma Giovio, Dialogo dell'imprese militari e amorose , edited by M.

Doglio, Rome ; G. Doglio, Rome ; C. Sigonio, Del Dialogo , edited by F. Pignatti, Rome ; G. Un modello italiano , Rome Hinz, I mezzi umani e i mezzi divini. Un seminario per il centenario , Rome Bottari, "Galateo" e Galatei. Frigo, Il padre di famiglia. Governo della casa e governo civile nella tradizione dell'"economica" tra Cinque e Seicento , Rome Espamer, La biblioteca di Don Ferrante. Duello e onore nella cultura del Cinquecento , Rome Donati, A project of "expurgation" by the Congregation of the Index: On the subject of duelling from a European perspective: Kiernan, The Duel in European History.

Honour and the reign of Aristocracy , Oxford ; U. Prospettive storico-culturali , Rome Beer, Romanzi di cavalleria. Il Furioso e il romanzo italiano del primo Cinquecento , Rome and R. Alhaique Pettinelli, Forme e percorsi dei romanzi di cavalleria da Boiardo a Brusantino , Rome ; on the model of the knight as an enduring European model: Domenichelli, Cavaliere e gentiluomo. Saggio sulla cultura aristocratica in Europa , Rome and A. Quondam, Cavallo e cavaliere. L'armatura come seconda pelle del gentiluomo moderno , Rome ; on the decline of the "knightly science", C.

Donati, Scipione Maffei e la "Scienza chiamata cavalleresca". Ferroni, Il testo e la scena. Saggi sul teatro del Cinquecento , Rome ; F. Ruffini, Teatro prima del Teatro. Visioni dell'edificio e della scena tra Umanesimo e Rinascimento , Rome ; F.

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Cruciani, Teatro nel Rinascimento. Roma , Rome ; R. Ciancarelli, Il progetto di una festa barocca. Alle origini del teatro Farnese di Parma , Rome Grubb and Edward W. Un problema storiografico , in Chittolini, Molho, Schiera eds. Tenenti, La Corte nella storia dell'Europa moderna , in M. Romani, Le corti farnesiane di Parma e Piacenza , vol. Ossola, Il "luogo" della corte , ivi, p.

Gentile, Terra e poteri. Parma e il Parmense nel ducato visconteo all'inizio del Quattrocento , Milan On papal Parma during the first decades of the sixteenth century cf. Arcangeli, Gentiluomini di Lombardia. Ricerche sull'aristocrazia padana nel Rinascimento , Milan , pp. Studi in onore di Aldo Stella , Vicenza , pp.

Ferrara estense , Rome ; E. Politica, cultura, istituzioni di un antico Stato italiano , Roma-Bari Folin, Officiali e feudatari nel sistema politico estense , in Fregni ed. Grubb, Firstborn of Venice. Elliott, A Europe of composite monarchies , "Past and Present", , pp. Romani, Le corti parallele: Folin, Rinascimento estense , cit. On the relationship between institutional framework and the production of documents in the Este dominions cf.

Fregni, Assetti istituzionali, organizzazione amministrativa e produzione documentaria nei territori estensi , in Id.

Chittolini, Su alcuni aspetti dello stato di Federico , in G. Lo Stato, le arti, la cultura , Rome , vol. I, Lo Stato , pp. Molho , American historians and the Italian Renaissance. Discussioni e ricerche storiche , Florence ; L. Mannori, L'amministrazione del territorio nella Toscana granducale. Teoria e prassi fra antico regime e riforme , Florence ; Id. Pluralismo istituzionale e accentramento amministrativo nel principato dei Medici , Milan ; A.

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Ricerche, linguaggi, confronti , Pisa Fantoni, La Corte del Granduca. Forma e simboli del potere mediceo fra Cinque e Seicento , Rome , p. Barbero, Il ducato di Savoia. Amministrazione e corte in uno stato franco-italiano , Bari , pp. Il ducato di Savoia , cit. Merlin, Tra guerre e tornei. For the period that followed, T. Obsborne, Dynasty and diplomacy in the Court of Savoy. Political culture and the Thirty Years War , Cambridge Folin, Rinascimento estense , pp. Merlin, Tra guerre e tornei , cit. Cozzo, Fra militanza cattolica e propaganda dinastica.

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Reviewed by Janneke de Jong. Reihe B, Studien und Perspektiven, Bd Reviewed by Benjamin Anderson. Spinning Time in Ancient Greece. Reviewed by Brendan Burke. Geschichte als Element antiker Kultur: The First Hall of Fame: A Study of the Statues in the Forum Augustum. Reviewed by Domitilla Campanile. Hellenism in the East: Studies on Greek Intellectuals in Palestine. Reviewed by Bruno Rochette. Reviewed by William E. Domitius Corbulo und Ser. Die Antike und ihr Weiterleben, Bd.

Reviewed by Paul Edmund Stanwick. Storytelling in Late Antique Epic. Amsterdam studies in classical philology, Reviewed by Emma Greensmith. Runia, Philo of Alexandria: Introduction, Translation and Commentary. Philo of Alexandria commentary series, 4. Reviewed by Yakir Paz. Science, Technology, and Medicine in Ancient Cultures, 2. Reviewed by Gioele Zisa. Reviewed by Timo Stickler. Der Politiker und Staatsmann Neudruck der Ausgabe von Reviewed by Richard Westall.

Reviewed by Andrew R. Reflections, Social Contexts and Genres. Reviewed by Nathan Carlig. Kritische Studien zur Philologiegeschichte. Reviewed by Han Baltussen. Reviewed by Luca Fezzi. Sciences historiques et philologiques - III. I santuari rurali nella Calabria greca. Reviewed by Ingrid E. From Homer to the Fifth Century. Bruno Gentili, Franca Perusino, La colometria antica dei testi poetici greci. Bruno Gentili, Franca Perusino, Medea nella letteratura e nell'arte.

Reviewed by James J. Bruno Gentili, Liana Lomiento, Metrica e ritmica: Reviewed by Joel B. Con la collaborazione di Salvatore Monda. Reviewed by Antonis K. Bruno Gentili, Carmine Catenacci, Polinnia. Reviewed by Lucia Athanassaki. Christian Kopff of edition. Studi di metrica classica Reviewed by Andrea Tessier. Quaderni urbinati di cultura classica, Nuova serie 99, N. Reviewed by Tosca Lynch. Atti del Convegno della S.

Reviewed by Adolfo J. Jyl Gentzler, Method in Ancient Philosophy. Muckensturm-Poulle, Traduire les scholies de Pindare De la traduction au commentaire: Reviewed by Gregor Bitto. Reviewed by Catalin Pavel. Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur des Altertums, 1. Greek, Past and Present. Reviewed by Panagiotis Filos. Reviewed by Gerald Cadogan.

The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Introduction, Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts, 2 vols. Reviewed by Eleanor Robson. Expressions of Agency in Ancient Greek. Reviewed by Jonas S.

Italian Historiography on the Courts: A Survey

Expressions of Time in Ancient Greek. Reviewed by Simon Oswald. A Latin Poet in Merovingian Gaul. Reviewed by William Klingshirn. Reviewed by Betty Rose Nagle. Legende - Lehre - Lebensgestaltung. Reviewed by Peter Lautner. Rome, Italy, and Beyond. Reviewed by Aglaia McClintock. Phoenix supplementary volumes, Reviewed by Jean Christian Dumont.

Barbarian Asia and the Greek Experience. Reviewed by Antony G. Liverpool Interdisciplinary Symposium in Antiquity South-Eastern Bulgaria during the 2nd -1st millennium B. Reviewed by Petya Ilieva. Giorgos Georgiou, Jennifer M. Webb, David Frankel, Psematismenos-Trelloukkas: Reviewed by Thomas Kiely. Reviewed by Sergio Knipe. Religions in the Graeco-Roman world, Reviewed by Giulia Sfameni Gasparro. Reviewed by Andrew L. Style, Genre and Literary Technique. Reviewed by Jane Heath. Douglas Gerber, Greek Elegiac Poetry.

Reviewed by Emily Katz Anhalt. A Commentary on Pindar, Olympian Nine. Reviewed by Shirley Darcus Sullivan. The Tomb of Agamemnon. Reviewed by James P. Knossos and the Prophets of Modernism. Reviewed by Nicoletta Momigliano. Domitian, dominus et deus? Der Tod des Peregrinos. Reviewed by Pieter W. Nonnos de Panopolis, Les Dionysiaques.

Reviewed by Gianfranco Agosti. Art and Artifice in Terence's 'Eunuch'. Bad Women, Mad Women: Reviewed by Chiara Thumiger. More Neoplatonism after Derrida. Ancient Mediterranean and Medieval Texts and Contexts. Studies in Platonism, Neoplatonism, and the Platonic tradition, Reviewed by Dylan Burns.

Stephen Gersh, Interpreting Proclus: From Antiquity to the Renaissance. Gerson, The Epicurus Reader: Selected Writings and Testimonia. Reviewed by Pamela Gordon. A Study in Plato. Reviewed by Lee Trepanier. Aristotle and Other Platonists. Reviewed by Dirk Baltzly. Key Themes in Ancient Philosophy. Reviewed by Colin Guthrie King. The 'Enneads' of Plotinus with Philosophical Commentaries.

Reviewed by Gerard O'Daly. From Plato to Platonism. Reviewed by Jens Halfwassen. The Past from Above: Aerial Photographs of Archaeological Sites. Reviewed by Paul Christesen. Towards an Ecohistory of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Translation with an Introduction and Commentary. The Enneads of Plotinus with philosophical commentaries ii. Reviewed by Sui Han. Gertz, Sebastian Ramon Philipp: Death and Immortality in Late Neoplatonism: Studies on the Ancient Commentaries on Plato's Phaedo. Ancient mediterranean and medieval texts and contexts.

Reviewed by Sarah Klitenic Wear. Gervais, Brill's Companion to Statius. Brill's companions in classical studies. Reviewed by Andrew M. Edited with an Introduction, Translation, and Commentary. Introduction, texte critique, traduction et notes. Reviewed by John Moorhead.

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