El crimen de lord Arthur Saville ( Traduccion Reciente ) (Spanish Edition)

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Remove from wishlist failed. Adding to library failed. Free with day Trial. El oficinista del corredor de bolsa [The Clerk of the Stockbroker] By: Santiago Noriega Gil Narrated by: Santiago Noriega Gil Length: Eric Frattini Narrated by: El oro de Mefisto [Mefisto's Gold] By: Emilio Villa, Sonolibro Length: Emilio Villa , Sonolibro Length: La squaw [The Squaw] By: Bram Stoker Narrated by: Edgar Rice Burroughs Narrated by: El gato negro [The Black Cat] By: Edgar Allan Poe Narrated by: Unos ratones traviesos By: Beatrix Potter Narrated by: Marina Clyo, Sonolibro Length: Marina Clyo , Sonolibro Length: El barril de amontillado [The Cask of Amontillado] By: Ivan Canet Moreno Narrated by: Daniel Oliver Salgado Narrated by: Charles Dickens Narrated by: It is a special pleasure to acknowledge, most notably, the role of two old friends and colleagues: Finally, it goes very nearly without saying that the responsibility for the end product is mine alone.

Henry Ettinghausen ettinghausen telefonica. Eisenstein repeatedly decries the failure of historians to give due weight to the revolutionary effects and implications of the invention of printing. In her book, however, she mentions printed news a mere three times, and then only remarkably briefly. It characterises the grip printing had on readers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

From Gutenberg to the Internet, 3rd ed. Although his meaning is far from clear, Marshall McLuhan appears to swallow this notion: In , in his preface to the second edition of The Anatomy of Melancholy, Robert Burton tells us so, in so many words: I heare new newes euery day, and those ordinary rumors of warre, plagues, fires, inundations, thefts, murders, massacres, meteors, Comets, spectrums, apparitions: But how did the news that Burton learned of every day reach him? The Daily Courant, first published in , was the first British daily paper.

Davies and Puck Fletcher, eds. For a guide to material concerning the study of early Spanish news pamphlets, see R. Its purpose is to sketch out the remarkable variety and the conceptual cohesion of the earliest printed news publications and to indicate the extent to which, virtually from the outset, the news that came off the presses was the product of a Europe-wide industry, in terms of the kinds of events being understood as making the news, and the translation and publication of news virtually simultaneously in many different countries, so that, in the century and a half prior to the creation of the corantos and gazettes, similar — and even the same — news stories were often read from one end of Europe to the other.

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Thanks, however, to the work undertaken in the past decade or two to create online databases of extant early printed material, the situa- tion has been transformed. Avvisi a stampa, relaciones de sucesos, ed. As such, it will include data for all extant pre-periodical news pamphlets. Nor, indeed, is its goal anything like completeness.

Instead, on the basis of data currently available, it aims to map out how, from the start, the nature of news was understood in early modern Europe and the extent to which it crossed natural and national frontiers. Inevitably, given the immense mass of material available, it is highly selective in its choice of illustrative cases, and it concentrates especially on the products themselves. By deliberately and unfashionably adopting a thematic approach, it seeks to present a panoramic view of the kinds of events that were made into news.

Its aim is to prepare the ground for detailed research on the themes and issues that underlay the dynamic of the ear- liest attempts at mass communication, including the multidirectional nature of news within and beyond Europe, the routes by which information travelled, the roles of particular authors, translators, illustrators, publishers and printers, and the political control and the consumption of the press by individual and collective audiences and readers.

This very nearly first word on the subject is not, and cannot pretend to be, anything like the last. For reasons set out in Appendix II, I use the term relation as a synonym for news pamphlet. In general, when quoting the titles of news pamphlets, I do not cite them in full and I do not indicate my shortening of titles with ellipses. In quoting or referring to secondary literature, I include the full titles of books and articles only the first time they are mentioned, thereafter giving only the surname s of the author s and the year of publication of the item.

The full titles are repeated in the Bibliography. Letters, Posts, the earliest European Press T hroughout medieval and early modern Europe the diffusion of information via networks of official and private correspondence was crucial to people who exer- cised power and influence — rulers, administrators, soldiers, churchmen, bankers, merchants In early modern Europe the news came to stay in a numberless variety of forms.

One fact in particular, however, brought about a qualitative change in communication in the last third of the fifteenth century: Thanks to the press, news became, for the first time, the raw material for a mechanised, mass-producing industry, one that could satisfy the political and personal motives of those who provided the copy and could stimulate the curiosity and the needs of the unprecedentedly substantial public who consumed it, as well as offering the possibility of a livelihood to those who worked in the printing shops and to those who distributed and sold their wares.

To most of the populace at large, news may have been less than crucial, but its diffusion via the printing press made it ever more available, and its availability made 1 See Raymond, ed. It was publication that turned news into the press, trans- forming the intended individual addressee of a private letter into an anonymous mass readership and audience of industrially produced media.

Far more than private correspondence, or the handwritten copies of newsletters produced in specialist offices, the news that came off the presses helped to mould public opinion with unmatched speed, and on a scale previously unimaginable. By the sixth century BC, the Persian Empire had organised a long- range relay system for transporting information, setting up staging posts for couriers to change horses.

With the Roman Empire, heavy investment in international communication was made in the form of road building and in the postal service known as the cursus publicus that joined the various provinces and also catered for the movement of goods. The epistles of Cicero, Pliny and Seneca attest to the high status that the writing of letters acquired as a literary genre, alongside the no less highly valued art of rhetoric.

Letter writing was taught as a specific skill in Classical, medieval and Renaissance times, and it has flourished nearly up to the present day. And some well-established newspaper titles — The Daily Mail, The Telegraph, The Washington Post, to name but three — still stress the logistics involved in getting the news to their readers, even if the mechanisms that they refer to now sound somewhat dated.

Correspondence, national and international, flourished in the early years of the printing press. The phenomenon is epitomised by such compulsive letter writers as Erasmus, whose extant epistles fill a dozen volumes. Vicent Baydal Sala discusses municipal correspondence, going back to the 14th c. Erasmi Roterodami, 12 vols. And, in that sense, Erasmus was by no means unique.

At the end of the fifteenth century, the Tuscan businessman Francesco Datini declared that he had spent the whole of his life corresponding with his agents in cities scattered across Europe. Nor did letter writing diminish in the sixteenth century: Warhafftiger bericht von einer erschrecklichen und abschew- lichen misgeburt. Regier in his review of vols.

Mario Infelise has amply documented the importance in Italy of the avvisi a mano, copied by professional scribes who in Venice were known as reportisti, in Rome as menanti, and in Genoa as novellari. Most of these letters ran to numerous editions, despite the fact that the anonymous author repeatedly makes a show of exhorting his equally anonymous correspondent to make sure his missives did not fall into the hands of printers. Egmond, Cambridge University Press, , The improved postal and commercial routes were exploited, amongst many other things, in order to support an increasingly thriving international book trade which would also favour the export and import of news in oral, handwritten and, most especially, printed form.

Some writings of this kind, however, were published as early as the middle of the previous century. Armando Serra gives as the earliest such work an anonymous book published in Paris in Written by the postmaster of the Republic of Genoa, the book was reprinted repeatedly. The road map below Fig. Thus, official or royal or extraordinary posts could be expected to be far more efficient and speedier than ordinary posts, but they were also far more expensive. As of , the operators reckoned that the time it took for the ordinary post to travel in summer from Brussels to the following destinations was: This is highlighted by Jean-Pierre Seguin, who notes an account of the taking of Tournehan, near Calais, dated 15 August that was printed at Rouen only a fortnight later.

An even more impressive performance is also recorded by Seguin: But a prize of some kind should surely go to Jean Lhomme, the Rouen printer who, in a relation published on 25 June , includes news dated that very 19 See Serra Briggs and Burke I am most grateful to Alastair Duke for this and several other references to Dutch pamphlet publication.

See also his 'A Legend in the Making. Spicer, Aldershot, Ashgate, , By , printing presses had been set up in well over two hundred cities throughout the continent. The best financed and most ambitious presses were capa- ble of producing costly and handsomely printed books, but they, and especially the very many lesser presses throughout Europe, also brought out products that involved far less investment in manpower, paper and ink.

Andrew Pettegree cites the case of the Lyon publisher, Benoist Rigaud, who, in the second half of the sixteenth century, was responsible for producing over a thousand editions of news pamphlets, many of which reported on the French Wars of Religion and on the attempts to contain the Turks in central Europe and the Mediterranean, as well as on natural disasters, such as floods and other catastrophes.

Andrew Pettegree calculates at around , the number of editions of all the books and pamphlets printed in Europe prior to of which copies survive. That would imply that, on average, just over four copies of each edition have been preserved. The fact that an average print run, for books and for pamphlets, was somewhere between 1, and 1, copies makes it clear just how incredibly easy it was for the vast majority of editions to disappear in their entirety and without trace.

What is more, the kinds of printed matter most dramatically destined to total extinction included, by their very nature, precisely those that we shall be dealing with, namely cheap, occasional, ephemeral prints, such as broadsides and news pamphlets. For pamphlets the figure is even lower. Assuming doubtless gene- rously that the number of editions of which copies have survived represents as much as a tenth of the total number of editions produced, we should be thinking in 36 Pettegree Febvre and Martin It should be noted that the figure dates back to the first edition of that book, published in The scale of production of the early news industry is very hard to appreciate today, not least because news pamphlets were short items that were cheap to reset in type in order to produce new editions if particular publications turned out to be especially suc- cessful.

Because new editions were generally word-for-word resettings, it often takes a considerable effort to differentiate one edition from another. The probabilities are that well over twenty edi- tions of that particular pamphlet were published, with a total of at least 20, copies printed. Furthermore, in some cases, notably reports of monsters, crimes and natural disasters — as we shall see in chapter 7 — the same story could be resuscitated and reoffered, years later, by canny printers as the very latest news.

Private collections doubtless include more than the 18 copies and the 9 editions known at present. Thereafter, the extant material indicates a gradual increase in production in the first half of the sixteenth century, a growing impetus in the second half and then, for the most part, a much greater output from the final decade of the century onwards. The USTC contains details of newsletters that indicate the number of surviving editions in each language that have been catalogued.

To judge by the data provided by Tullio and Sandro Bulgarelli, the production of avvisi a stampa in Italy reached a peak between and , a feature that coincides closely with what we know about the Spanish relaciones de sucesos. The Early Study of Early European News Pamphlets Roughly half a century ago — the simultaneity would appear to have been for- tuitous — several important works, most of them bibliographies, were published on the earliest news pamphlets printed in England, France, Italy and Spain.

The major breakthrough in the study of the earliest English newsletters was made widely available in the s, when M. In the case of France, too, we find that pioneering work was also published in the s: Naissance du fait divers, n. Seventy years later, Georges Weill devotes just over four pages to the pre-periodical printed news Le Journal.

Far more recently, the texts of 63 canards have been published in Lever Avvisi a stampa e periodici italiani conservati nelle biblioteche romane, Rome, Bulzoni Editore, Both of these bibliographies are based solely on the holdings of libraries in Rome. It is, therefore, hardly surprising that they did not all adhere to the same criteria. We should also mention the Low Countries. The vast majority of them were printed in Antwerp, the next most important centre of production being Amsterdam, followed by Delft.

Of the total, over half came out in Dutch, over a quarter in French, and one tenth in Latin. As regards formats, roughly the same number were printed in octavo as in quarto. The earliest pamphlets listed were nearly all printed in Antwerp, almost all of them in Dutch, and they were predominantly in octavo. The majority cover military and political news. One of the main reasons why that is the case is, no doubt, the fact that the pre-periodical press in the different languages and countries goes by very different names.

These pamphlets are generally referred to as newsletters or news books in England, as occasionnels or canards in France, as avvisi a stampa in Italy, as relaciones de sucesos in Spain, and as Flugschriften or Neue Zeitungen in Germany. They were, almost in their entirety, one-off products that owed their existence to the initiative of a printer or a publisher who acquired access to actual or supposed eye-witness or official accounts of what he or she con- sidered to be newsworthy events whose publication seemed likely to represent a money-making proposition.

Roman type began to become common from early in the sixteenth century, especially for printing books in Latin, but only slowly for works in the vernaculars, including ballads and news pamphlets. Gothic type was still predominant in France and Spain up to the late sixteenth century, and in England up to the beginning of the seventeenth, when it was still used for the first corantos in the s.

The format of newsletters varied considerably from one country to another. German Flugschriften were nearly always printed in quarto, Spanish relaciones in quarto or folio, Italian avvisi, English newsletters and Dutch news pamphlets in quarto or octavo,62 and French occasionnels and canards, at first in small quarto, but then, in the sixteenth century, in small octavo.

As for length, Italian avvisi and Spanish relaciones were usually either four or eight pages long, whilst the French occasionnels mostly ran to either eight or sixteen pages, especially when printed in octavo. In Germany Flugschriften varied normally between four and sixteen pages, the commonest length being eight. As for England, newsletters generally ran from eight to twenty-four pages or more. In between the title at the top of the page and the place, printer and date of publication usually at the bottom, first pages very often used woodcuts to fill the middle of the page.

The images displayed vary 61 For France, see Seguin Front page of a French occasionnel reporting the brilliant French victory over Papal and Spanish troops at Ravenna in and the death of the French commander, Gaston de Foix-Nemours. Scenes of action 66 See Seguin First page of a Spanish news pamphlet Valencia, bearing the text of a letter from the commander of the Spanish galleys to the viceroy of Valencia. The use of the royal coat of arms to indicate an official Spanish document was to continue well into the following century.

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The woodcut frame and the decorated capital C are reminiscent of illuminated manuscripts Biblioteca del Palau, Peralada. A typical example of the recycling of woodcuts in Spain is noted by Lyell It also appea- red printed on one side of single sheets. They generally employed engra- vings, sometimes made especially to illustrate their content, with German printers, in particular, manufacturing products that dramatically highlighted their visual impact with sophisticated figures or scenes that usually filled the top third or half of the page, the bottom being occupied by a text in prose or in verse Fig.

Their subject mat- ter is often similar to that of the pamphlets — especially battles, monsters and natural disasters. Questions of layout and illustration are discussed in more detail in the captions attached to the reproductions of broadsides and news pamphlets throughout this book and in Appendix III. Historical and Iconographical Studies, II: A German broadside, or Flugblatt, printed at Augsburg in , with a lengthy account and a woodcut evidently made to order to illustrate the news given here of conjoined twins with two heads and three arms Zentralbibliothek, Zurich.

The impact of broadsides was, first and fore- most, visual. It was also, in fact primarily, a song to be sung, or an image to be pasted on the wall. Indeed, in the s, in the flea market in Madrid, peddlers of 82 Watt Wilkinson makes the same point about the low survival rate of printed ballads in France. But there was also, for the most part, a difference in content, with news- letters mainly in prose including a very wide range of topics, and broadsides very often in verse concentrating on the whole on sensational news.

Illustrated with a large woodcut by Alardo de Popma, it provides details of the artil- lery pieces captured and of the most significant dead and wounded. Una historia social de la escritura en los Siglos de Oro, Madrid, Akal, Whilst it would be splendid to be able to track precisely how the concept of news fit to be printed came to be established at the start of the printing revolution, we are greatly hampered by not even beginning to be able to estimate to what extent the rare early news pamphlets still extant reflect anything like the entire picture.

At the beginning of the USTC listed extant incunable news pamphlets for the whole of Europe. However, they do not include all of the incunable pamphlets that are known to have survived — for a start, no pamphlets printed in Spain are mentioned. None the less, it is certainly worth taking note of what the principal news stories are that those first news pamphlets carry.

The main topics — and this was to continue to be the case — are war and the public activities of rulers. As Margaret Meserve has shown, amongst the earliest news pamphlets to be published in Italy, just as the printing revolution began to get under way there, were more than a dozen known texts that, within months of the capture of Negroponte by the Turks in July , commented on, analysed or lamented the disaster that had befallen that Venetian colony. The fall of Negroponte was thus one of the first events in Renaissance history to be recorded in print more-or-less immediately after the fact.

For decades such ballads had been recited or sung to live audiences in Italian city squares, sometimes by the poet himself, sometimes by a professional crier cantastorie, cante- rino, cantambanco , sometimes by a peddler cerretano, ciurmatore who might also sell paper copies of the text alongside his usual stock of devotional images, patent medicines, and charms. However, it is not so much the account of a battle as an appeal to the conscience of good Christian rulers to support the onslaught on the Turks Fig.

The news in Latin largely followed the practice of news communication in the pre-printing age, when, apart from oral ballad-type kinds of popularising information intended for a general public, hard news was primarily aimed at an elite of educated readers who used Latin to communicate internationally. However, vernacular printed news pamphlets were to become the 91 See Meserve For the impact of peddled pamphlets on Venetian culture in our period, see Rosa Salzberg, Ephemeral City.

The doings of rulers are prominent in the printed news virtually from the begin- ning, including their signing of peace treaties, such as the one agreed by Louis XI and the Archduke of Austria in , and so too are reports of geographical discovery. As Robert Burton made clear, a century and a half after the first known printed news appea- red, it had become comparable to what we understand by news today: The events that became news, then as now, can be described as happenings that are either half expected or fall within an accepted repertoire of newsworthy occurrences, or else can be presented, on the contrary, as breaking the established order by virtue of being either marvellously or horrifically unexpected.

They can also be described as favouring the powers that be, or else, at least at first sight, as challenging the established order. Within the former category, we could include news about royalty or reports of battles which are, almost without exception, accounts of victories ; within the latter, plots, murder, witchcraft and heresy.

By the time Burton is writing, news stories in the non-periodical press concern everything from war to sport, from miracles to martyrdoms, from royal weddings to natural disasters, from crime to entertainment. News was, as always, inevitably determined by the circumstances of the time. Thus, it was powerfully coloured by ideological conflict — predominantly, between Catholics and Protestants, Christians and Muslims — and by the competing interests of rival political powers.

Dominated by the reporting of war and by events that involved church and state, news was inevitably propagandistic, and it had its media heroes — headed by princes, churchmen and generals — and its media villains, including enemies, traitors, infidels, heretics, sinners and common criminals. What is more, in the age of discovery, the press opened up new worlds for its European consumers, as well as carrying news from Europe and beyond to the colonies. The opinions expressed in the news pamphlets represented the Establishment.

The press did not just pretend to provide information, but structured reality, with a view to astonishing, sermonising or shocking its readers and listeners. And, although scarcely a single history of literature so much as mentions them, news pamphlets and broadsides were doubtless amongst the most widely read kinds of printed matter, much as newspapers are today. The extent to which the news printed across Europe was, in broad terms, of a kind becomes clear if we compare the results expressed in works that deal with the press 97 Seguin As regards England, in M.

Collins catalogued a total of newsletters, in whose production almost entirely in London over a hundred printers and booksellers were involved. See also Joop W. Over extant English news pamphlets published before the Civil War are translations, with roughly dealing with war and with peace negotiations, about with the affairs of sovereigns and around 60 with sensational news see S. Practices, Perceptions, Connections, ed. Thus, Seguin lists eight different extant occasionnels on the French conquest of Genoa in , ten on battles against the Venetians in , eleven on military operations in Italy in , eleven more on the capture of Thionville in , and ten on the taking of Calais from the English that same year.

For their part, French canards correspond to one variety of English newsletters, See Shaaber As regards the content of the printed avvisi, he makes it clear that in the sixteenth century they provided news from the entire known world, the topics that he highlights being: War looms very large in the avvisi a stampa, in particular the Turkish threat to Christendom, the struggle between Spain and France for supremacy in Europe, and the wars between Catholics and Protestants.

One particularly active publisher of avvisi in Rome in the last decade of the sixteenth century, Bernardino Beccari, produced a spate of newsletters on the wars against the Turks in Transylvania, many of which were translated and published elsewhere. To be sure, very few relaciones de sucesos deal with conspiracies or lawsuits, and most of the Spanish accounts of voyages of discovery — like most of those published elsewhere — are book-length, rather than newsletters.

The topics she specifies are: Few of the authors whose names are given are known to be the authors of more than one or two items. In fact, for the most part, it seems clear that news pamphlets were written by people who did not regard themselves principally as purveyors of news.

Many of them were persons in positions of authority, often in the army or the church, or else more ordinary indivi- duals who, once or twice in their lives, discovered that they had a news story to tell that they happened to have witnessed. Such, for instance, is the case of Juan Serrano de Vargas, a native of Salamanca and one of the most prolific printers in Seville of news pamphlets between and Rome and Venice marked the commonest starting points in Europe for the spread of news from the east, and Italian was the language in which such reports usually first appeared, with translations into German, French, Spanish, English, etc.

In the last quarter of the sixteenth century, some news from China was published in England translated from Spanish. Translated out of the Castlyn tongue, by T.

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One such reports the canonisation of a Spanish saint and was published in Rome in , no doubt intended for sale to Spaniards who attended the cere- monies at the Vatican and perhaps also for export to Spain. Censoring, Selling and Reading the News The fact that, from the beginning of the sixteenth century, news pamphlets were generally subject to a greater or lesser degree of governmental or ecclesiastical control made it possible for their readers, and for those who listened to them read or recited, to regard those texts that were published with official approval as autho- ritative, or at least not contrary to the interests of the powers that approved them.

In Pope Alexander VI published the bull Inter multiplices, which laid down the requirement for works to be censored prior to publication. His lead was followed in Spain by Ferdinand and Isabella the following year for all kinds of texts, whether long or short, and the Inquisition was thereafter to control censorship with increasing eagerness and efficiency. A true relation brought by the Lord of Buisson, and sent by the French King concerning the defeat of the Lord Soubizes army, his Maiestie being there in person […], supposedly published in Paris in It is, therefore, instructive to examine just how the pre-periodical press advertised itself.

Weller describes of those published between and that include the term Neue Zeitung in their titles, most of which went into several editions. The vast majority use the term Neue Zeitung without adding any kind of qualifier.

Whereas it could be thought that Neue Zeitung implies the latest news, it seems more likely that it was taken to mean simply new i. Thus, in , the Nuremberg printer Jobst Gutknecht was putting out a Flugschrift entitled, in one edition, Neue warhaffte gezeittung, and, in another, Ein newe warhafftige gezeyttung.

European History Online, published , , http: First page of an account, received from Antwerp, of English participation in Italy in the course of the Italian War of For the most part, those Neue Zeitungen listed by Weller up to that do not introduce into their titles the notion of truthfulness, or stick with the bare expression Amongst these variations, we can name the following: As for the Netherlands, whilst titles beginning Nyeuwe tydinge are common from at least onwards, that same year we also find the claim to truth being included, as in Warachtige nieuwe tiding and in Gherechtighe copie van der nieuwer tijdinghe, both printed in Antwerp.

Almost simultaneously, it appears, we find Nouvelles standing in titles as a sub- stantive. Pre occasionnels that qualify Nouvelles are: La ter- rible et merveilleuse bataille? La vraye et Briefve declaration? Li veri Particulari de la felice Vittoria, printed in Ultimo et vero raguaglio. From around , the chief claims are to truth or to brevity, but the majority of titles use no adjective. The next comparable items listed by Bulgarelli are Nuovo aviso del piu horrendo et miserabil Diluvio , Aviso nuovamente venuto di Costantinopoli , Novi avisi venuti da Messina and Ultimi avisi Venuti da da Messina see Bulgarelli Verdadera relacion Seville, , Relacion muy verdadera?

The noble triumphaunt coronacyon of quene Anne London, and A joyfull new tidynges of the goodly victory London, , whilst three mark it as bad: A lamentable and piteous treatise London, , Heuy [i. Dolan investigates in great detail how the question of truth is presented in English relations see True Relations. A discourse of that which is past, since the kings departure from Gouy, to pursue the prince of Parma. Sommaia traded news with a profusion of correspondents across Europe and received handwritten gazettes, and manuscript and printed rela- tions, from Italy and elsewhere, including news of the Gunpowder Plot and the trou- bles in Ireland.

Tessa Watt cites examples of itinerant book peddlars who sold ballads in remote parts of the English countryside. Besides, some library holdings suggest that there were contemporaries who made a habit of collecting them. As for specific instances, a unique collection of sixteen Valencian relaciones dating from the s and s, now in the library of Peralada Castle, near Figueres, can hardly have been put together much later than the time that they were published, and the same goes for a collection of over a hundred relaciones printed in Barcelona nearly a century later and housed at the Biblioteca Nacional in Lisbon.

In particular, we shall highlight the kinds of news stories that reached readers and listeners in several different countries and, most especially, the prevalence of virtually identical information provided by the publication of translations. Births, Journeys, Marriages, Festivities, Deaths T hroughout early modern Europe festivals and ceremonies accompanied city life throughout the year.

In Catholic countries, every town and village, every profession and occupation, celebrated the day of its patron saint. Most festivities were fixed events, part of the church calendar, but others occurred on special or unplanned occasions, such as births, marriages, visits and the deaths of monarchs and, in Catholic countries, beatifications, canonisations and the acquisition of relics.

Church and state discovered very early on that the press provided possibilities for disseminating suitably chosen and presented information on a scale previously inconceivable, and they were not slow to exploit the new technology. News that featured rulers represents most clearly the crucial role of the press in promoting the public image of secular power. Thus the press became a crucial adjunct to the prestige of power, turning Renaissance and Baroque ceremonial into widely diffused news, eternalising the ephemeral details of decorations, dress, church services, processions, triumphal arches, elaborate carriages, illuminations, firework displays and tournaments.

Some aspects of courtly and even religious ceremonial were often covered in their own right, such as tourneys and jousts. A tournament put on by Charles V in Augsburg in that began on Corpus Christi, is described at length in a French Relation de la tournee excellente tenuee par la maieste de lempereur: Dauspourg, a pamphlet that has a woodcut of the Crucifixion under the title on its first page, whose appropriateness is not immediately apparent.

Proposte per gli mantenitori, con tutto l'ordine di essa giostra, cosa stupenda da udire, tanto per le grandissime ricchezze, quanto per l'infinito popolo ivi radunato USTC The literature on Renaissance and Baroque festivals is huge, but Strong encapsulates the essential points. Copia de vna letra venida de la Corte Donde cuenta toda la cerimonia que ha passado en el Baptismo del Principe nuestro S.

The book-length account of the festivities put on to celebrate the birth was: Relacion de las fiestas que la imperial ciudad de Toledo hizo al nacimiento del principe N. The Tryumphant and princlie newe ballad Declaringe the royaltie and magnificence performed at the Baptisinge of the prince of Scotland. The baptism also inspired a page book published in Milan in on the festivities held there: The page is dominated by the woodcut of the Spanish royal coat of arms, very much in the style of official Spanish relaciones of the period cp.

Both couples were under age at the time, but the marriage contracts were signed amidst public rejoicing in , giving rise to profuse relaciones describing the costly and colourful ceremonies performed in Madrid and in Paris and the celebrations held in Naples and Messina. Huntington Library and Art Gallery. Amongst the news pamphlets published that year in London in honour of the marriage were at least three, whose elegantly wordy titles described the entertainments put on for the royal couple, as well as a mock sea battle and firework displays and the brilliant reception offered to them on landing on the Continent, the first of them written by the poet and com- poser Thomas Campion.

The other two pamphlets are: One item not mentioned there is: Together, with a relation of his magnificent entertainment in Madrid, and on his way to St. In England the possibility that Charles might marry the infanta was the subject of heated controversy, and the successive accounts of his splendid reception at the Spanish court that crossed the Channel ran alongside unofficial news and rumour concerning the difficulties that stood in the way of the match, given that the pope and the Spanish Crown insisted that Charles would have to convert to Catholicism.

Thus, as well as panegyrics in prose and in verse that looked eagerly on the prospect of the marriage, there were also far more negative reactions, including those put out by the Hispanophobic author of the pamphlet Considerations upon the treaty of Marriage between England and Spain, who roared: The fatall vesper, or A true and punctuall relation of that lamentable and fearefull acci- dent, hapning on Sunday in the afternoone being the Together with the names and number of such persons as therin vnhappily perished, or were miraculously preserued.

With many strange deliueries of captaines, and souldiers in the tempest, and other remarkable accidents, worthy the obseruation. A facsimile edition was published in Boston by the Massachusetts Historical Society in The accession of new sovereigns and their ceremonial reception by the people provided, by definition, news of national and international interest. First page of a relation printed in Dutch at Antwerp in , whose title can be translated as: About the assemblies of princes, counts and lords in Frankfurt to elect the King of the Romans. And how the king was crowned and anointed at Aachen and what great state and magnificence took place there.

L'entree, sacre et couronnement du roy Charles neufiesme faicte en la ville de Reims. Homenaje al Profesor Klaus Wagner, ed. A large number of avvisi on the journey appeared in Rome and Ferrara. Bonner Mitchell notes that the earliest livret i. Bonner Mitchell provides an account of the festivities in Ferrara, together with facsimiles of some of the relevant news pamphlets.

Dutch relations on her entry into Ferrara were published in Delft and in Amsterdam, as well as in Antwerp. One, published in Brussels in , summarised her travels through Italy. Dedicated to the Lord Chamberlain, the translation ran to pages and gave as its place of publication: The passage of the queen. The quenes maiesties passage through the citie of London to Westminster the daye before her coronacion. A royal progress performed by her nearly twenty years later is recorded in two newslet- ters printed in See also Shaaber Detailed depiction of features and clothes in the superb handsomely coloured engraving in a Flugblatt on the embassy from Moscow that was received by the Holy Roman Emperor in Regensburg in , with a commen- tary in verse below Zentralbibliothek, Zurich.

The Muscovite embassy to the Holy Roman Emperor in was commemorated in a spectacularly illustrated Flugblatt which portrays the features and the attire of the seven ambassadors in convincing detail and briefly tells the story of the event in verse Fig. An Italian report published in Bologna spoke of the funeral service held in Brussels, as did one published in Cremona in , and one printed in Milan reported on the ceremonies For the first item, see Shaaber A copy of the second, at British Library, The funeral services held in his honour were recorded in pamphlets that came off the presses in many languages: Diego de Yepes, printed by Plantin and Mourentorf in Antwerp in , and in a Dutch translation of the same account, printed at Rotterdam.

Mitsgaders d'overeveringhe syns rijcx USTC The title is elegantly laid out, entirely in roman capitals, with the opening words highlighted in larger italic, and accompanied by an engraving of a crowned eagle Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Rome. In addition, Shaaber Such was the case of Selim II, who died in November , an event recorded and illustrated in a Flugblatt published the following year in Strasbourg which claims that the Turkish sultan had been poisoned, together with his five sons Fig.

Whilst nearly all festivities were organised by the ecclesiastical and civil administrations, carnival typically implied tension between popular celebration of pre-Lenten license — feasting and drinking, the wearing of masks, role reversal, social rule-breaking, etc. A virtually annual event was the publication of avvisi in Rome giving accounts of the carnival feasts of Agone and Testazzo, held in February, the earliest examples catalogued by Tullio Bulgarelli dating from Vncle to the Count Palatine.

The death of the Turkish Sultan Selim II and also, supposedly, of his five sons, illustrated in a dramatic Flugblatt, printed at Strasbourg in , which highlights, in the background, the Cathedral of St Sophia and the gate to the seraglio Zentralbibliothek, Zurich. Whilst the Spanish match was, in the end, a non-event, it was emblematic of public celebration. To the extent that discovery generally led to conquest, and that conquest usually involved war, it is convenient to survey the treatment of these topics together.

Discovery and Conquest The opening years of the printing revolution coincided with the early decades of the age of discovery — the rounding of the Cape of Good Hope in , the crossing of the Atlantic in , the opening of the sea route to India in , the recognition of the Americas as a separate continent in , the circumnavigation of South America in First published in Paris in , three years later it had gone into no less 1 In addition, the letter was published in Latin in Rome, Antwerp, Basel and Paris.

Thanks especially to the printers, news regarding the discovery of the New World swept rapidly across the Old. Copia der Newen Zeytung auss Presilg Landt i. Another account in German of the main lands and islands newly discovered by the Portuguese, but whose title makes use of no generic term, is: Weller lists three editions of this relation, all published in The only typographical gesture towards decoration on the page is the woodcut block initial capital letter, still in the style of medieval manuscripts, and the following four capitals that complete the first word New York Public Library.

Otherwise, The voiage of Anthony of Espeio who in the yeare The true and perfecte newes of the woorthy and valiaunt exploytes, performed and doone by that valiant knight Syr Frauncis Drake not onely at Sancto Domingo, and Carthagena, but also nowe at Cales, and vppon the coast of Spayne. Vpon Cales, and also since that in the Cape S.

The German newsletter is: Another German relation on Drake was printed at Munich in In hochteutsche Spraach transferirt Munich, ? The woodcut illustration is made up from two separate blocks: Hawkins by the Spaniards in what today is Ecuador, as does one published in Lima, and a letter from the captive to his father, John Hawkins, came out in Spanish trans- lation. Two Italian avvisi on the expedition were printed in Rome in The first of these is: With an answere briefely confuting the Spanish lies, and a short relation of the fight according to truth.

A true relation of a wonderfull sea fight: And a small and not very well prouided English ship. However, doubtless due, in part, to the restrictions imposed on their publication from the middle of the sixteenth century,19 only a score of Spanish relaciones on the Americas printed in Spain in the course of the sixteenth century are still extant — a trickle, when compared with more than four times as many on the Turkish threat, or as we saw in chapter 2 at least twenty just on the travels and marriage of Philip III and Margaret of Austria at the end of the century.

By the mid-sixteenth-cen- tury relations sent from India by the Jesuits were being published in Spain, such as a letter written to the Jesuit College in Coimbra and published in Actas del Segundo Coloquio Internacional Madrid , ed. The first page of the English newsletter is reproduced in Chris R. Kyle and Jason Peacey, Breaking News. A German relation on what appears to be the same Dutch incursion into the Philippines was published c.

Jars wider etliche hollendische Raubschiff, so in dieselben Inselne inge- fallen, vnd jhren General Obristen, Frantz Witt Henricson erhalten hat. More news from the East Indies was published in London at the beginning of the seventeenth century, such as an eight-page newsletter printed in A True and perfect relation of the nevves sent from Amsterdam, the The eighth of his petitions was published in Madrid in It was then reprinted in Pamplona and Seville in , and in Valencia in That same year it was published in German in Augsburg. First page of a newsletter, published in , that sets out what it advertises as a most dangerous and memorable adventure, in which five men rowed from London to Bristol, and back.

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In it was published in German in Oppenheim, and in in French in Paris, and in English in London, and it went on being published internationally for decades thereafter. One instance of how an intrinsically insignificant act of derring-do could get into print is the newsletter written by James Sargent and printed in London in under a title that begins: The most dangerous and memorable adventure of Richard Ferris, a pamphlet published by Richard Ferris himself Fig.

With a mere handful of exceptions, news of war meant news of victories, with the defeated party simply keeping mum, at least in print. Generally speaking, no news was bad news.

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As a result, then as now, the press of opposing nations, parties or coalitions tended to be complementary: News of war that came off the presses was, then, nearly always good news, and occasionally it is actually presented precisely as such, for instance in a pamphlet printed in London in entitled: Good newes from Fraunce. A true discourse of the winning of sundry cheefe townes, castles, and holdes in Fraunce, which tells of 28 The front pages of these various editions are reproduced below, Appendix III, Figs.

War, then, occupies the majority of extant news pamphlets across Europe, virtually from the outset. As Shaaber points out, military news was also amongst the first to appear in print in England, with the first English printed newsletter that he documents being an account of the English victory over the Scots at the Battle of Flodden Field in USTC ; Shaaber For English newsletters on war, see David Randall, ed.

However, the USTC lists eight undated French news pamphlets which it ascribes to the period prior to , and one, printed at Gent by Arend de Keyser, which bears the date The relation includes a three-page list of the principal French prisoners and one page with the names of the principal French casualties Real Biblioteca del Monasterio, El Escorial. Reports of the war inspired several early Neue Zeitungen. The stock woodcut of a nobleman reading could have been used for the title page of any number of different pamphlets or books — Seguin At least half a dozen were published in Catholic Germany and in Vienna, celebrating the Imperial defeat of the French at Saint-Quentin, in Picardy, in , and the news was also reported in Italy.

Relaciones on the signing of the treaty were published in Seville, whilst its terms were printed in Ferrara, Rome and Verona; in Bologna, in a text that had previously appeared in Brussels, Lyon and Turin; and also, in a version translated from a French original printed in Paris and in Vicenza, Ferrara, Turin, Rome and Orvieto. Collins provides synopses of these pamphlets.

Voss, Elizabethan News Pamphlets. It also figures in a French pamphlet printed at Arras, as well as in another, also in French, published in Antwerp by Plantin, and in a Dutch pamphlet, also printed at Antwerp see USTC , , Lambert, Pamphleteering in France during the Wars of Religion. Equally naturally, Spanish victories — notably the Sack of Antwerp in , also known as the Spanish Fury, which left ten thousand dead — were reported as atrocities in Flugschriften published in Protestant German cities, and also in a newsletter by George Gascoigne published in London under the title: The spoyle of Antwerpe.

Another typical atrocity story is: A true discours of the most horrible and barbarous murthers and massacres committed by the troupes of the Duke of Sauoye […] without respect or exception of person, sexe or age, as wel of men and women, as of poore infants and children, printed in London in see Collins Dutch troops burnt down parts of the local castle, the Protestant victory being cele- brated in England.

Truly translated out of the Dutch copie cited in British Library catalogue. Partly because the defend- ing force included English soldiers, the course of the siege inspired many English news pamphlets. Und Relation printed in Augsburg. The military opera- tions mounted during the period we are concerned with, and later, with a view to countering the expansion of the Ottoman Empire into both continental Europe and the Mediterranean occupy hundreds of news pamphlets throughout the continent, representing perhaps the largest number of surviving editions on a single issue in the early German press.

And the flash points were not confined to Europe. A Glaubhafftige zeyttung vnd bericht i. Most of this news first arrived in Italy. For very early printed news of military actions against the Turks, see Meserve In all, Cabrera is known to have printed at least fifteen pamphlets on the war between and It consisted mainly of reports of Turkish defeats,92 but also of ceremonies and processions held at the Turkish court, and the appearance in Turkey of such ill omens as untimely deaths, comets, signs and monsters.

War at Sea One of the first events to get into print on a large scale internationally was the Turkish siege of Rhodes in For Germany, see Roth It is the subject of an Italian pamphlet published in Venice, of a Warhafftige Newe zeytung and Ain sendbrief printed in Augsburg, and of a pamphlet printed at Erfurt. News of action on the North African coast, and of battles fought at sea, abounded in the press, most especially in Spain and Italy.

A copy of an Italian relation of the successful Spanish campaign was purchased in Rome for Ferdinand Columbus in December , and a copy of a different relation of the same events was bought for him at the same time in Viterbo. For the change from news in Latin to news in the vernaculars, see above, chapter 1.

Estudio cultural y literario, Doctoral thesis presented at the University of Salamanca, a: They are reported in an avviso published in Rome Fig. It was reported in several Neue Zeitungen, as well as in other German pamphlets not so entitled, such as the translation of a letter sent from Malta by the Spaniard Francisco de Guevara, who was wounded in the fighting, printed at Augsburg.

One avviso, published in Naples, had arrived via Syracuse, in Sicily; another had reached the printer in Bologna via Rome; and two more, which do not specify where they were printed, had originated in Messina, the title of one of them, Novi avisi, suggesting that the printer expected his readers to have had access to previous news of the siege. Cagliari, de septiembre de , ed. Copie d'une lettre fraischement arrivee de Malte. Copie du troisiesme advertissement nouvellement venu de Malte.

Certayn and tru good nues, from the syege of the isle Malta wyth the goodly vyctorie, wyche the christenmen, by the favour of God, have ther latlye obtayned, agaynst the Turks. Such was the case with the siege of Malta. See also USTC , Relacion de lo que svcedio en la isla de Malta, auiendo llegado de improuisso alli la armada Turquesca, y echado gente en la dicha isla BUS Naturally, there was a spate of Spanish relaciones on Lepanto, as the combined Christian forces had been commanded by Don John of Austria, the illegitimate son of Charles V.

The victory at Lepanto was, however, only a momentary reverse for the Turks. Whilst the Christian reconquest of Tunis in is recorded in several occasionnels, such as La conqueste de Tunis and La prinse de Biserte et nouveaux advertissemens du succes des affaires de Tunes, both printed at Lyon, the Turkish conquest of Cyprus, in the same year as Lepanto, is reported in a Neue Zeitung published in the Protestant cities of Basel and Strasbourg, and the recovery of Tunis and La Goleta by an Ottoman fleet of over ships in is reported in a Neue Zeitung printed in Protestant Nuremberg.

Surprisingly, Barbarics and Pieper Encounters with Turkish and Barbary shipping in the Mediterranean — as well as with English and Dutch pirates — occupy many Spanish relaciones, notably in the first quarter of the seventeenth century.

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