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Added to NRS by , As used in this chapter, unless the context otherwise requires, the words and terms defined in NRS B. The term includes a clause that:. Disposes of all property subject to disposition by the powerholder. The term does not include a power of attorney. Includes a power of appointment not exercisable until the occurrence of a specified event, the satisfaction of an ascertainable standard or the passage of a specified time only after:. Unless the terms of the instrument creating a power of appointment manifest a contrary intent:. The common law and principles of equity supplement this chapter, except to the extent modified by this chapter or law of this State other than this chapter.
Subparagraph 2 of paragraph a of subsection 1 does not apply to the creation of a power of appointment by the exercise of a power of appointment. A power of appointment may not be created in a deceased individual. Subject to an applicable rule against perpetuities, a power of appointment may be created in an unborn or unascertained powerholder. A powerholder may not transfer a power of appointment.
Exercise of a power of appointment; manifestation of intention of donee (a) Subject to paragraph (b), an effective exercise of a power of appointment does. In a new statement, Mr. Amidu said the appointment of new heads for the Commission for Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ).
If a powerholder dies without exercising or releasing a power, the power lapses. Subject to NRS B.
Except as otherwise provided in NRS B. Unless the terms of the instrument creating a power of appointment manifest a contrary intent, the power is nongeneral if:. If a powerholder may exercise a power of appointment only with the consent or joinder of an adverse party, the power is nongeneral. If the permissible appointees of a power of appointment are not defined and limited, the power is exclusionary. A donor may revoke or amend a power of appointment only to the extent that:. The instrument creating the power is revocable by the donor; or.
The donor reserves a power of revocation or amendment in the instrument creating the power of appointment. A power of appointment is exercised only:.
If the instrument exercising the power is valid under applicable law;. To the extent the appointment is a permissible exercise of the power. Unless the terms of the instrument exercising a power of appointment manifest a contrary intent:. Except as otherwise provided in subsection 2, a blanket-exercise clause extends to a power acquired by the powerholder after executing the instrument containing the clause; and. If the powerholder is also the donor of the power, the clause does not extend to the power unless there is no gift-in-default clause or the gift-in-default clause is ineffective.
The powerholder knows of and intends to exercise the power; and. Unless the terms of the instrument creating a power of appointment manifest a contrary intent, the powerholder of a nongeneral power may:. Subject to NRS Unless the terms of the instrument creating a power of appointment manifest a contrary intent, a powerholder of a nongeneral power may exercise the power in favor of, or create a new power of appointment in, a descendant of a deceased permissible appointee whether or not the descendant is described by the donor as a permissible appointee.
An exercise of a power of appointment in favor of a permissible appointee is ineffective to the extent the appointment is a fraud on the power. To the extent a powerholder of a general power of appointment, other than a power to withdraw property from, revoke or amend a trust, makes an ineffective appointment:. The gift-in-default clause controls the disposition of the ineffectively appointed property; or.
If there is no gift-in-default clause or to the extent the clause is ineffective, the ineffectively appointed property:. To the extent a powerholder releases or fails to exercise a general power of appointment other than a power to withdraw property from, revoke or amend a trust:. The gift-in-default clause controls the disposition of the unappointed property; or.
If there is no gift-in-default clause or to the extent the clause is ineffective:. To the extent a powerholder releases, ineffectively exercises or fails to exercise a nongeneral power of appointment:.
If there is no gift-in-default clause or to the extent the clause is ineffective, the unappointed property:. Unless the terms of the instrument creating or exercising a power of appointment manifest a contrary intent, if the powerholder makes a valid partial appointment to a taker in default of appointment, the taker in default of appointment may share fully in unappointed property. If a powerholder makes an appointment to a taker in default of appointment and the appointee would have taken the property under a gift-in-default clause had the property not been appointed, the power of appointment is deemed not to have been exercised and the appointee takes under the clause.
A powerholder may revoke or amend an exercise of a power of appointment only to the extent that:.
The powerholder reserves a power of revocation or amendment in the instrument exercising the power of appointment and, if the power is nongeneral, the terms of the instrument creating the power of appointment do not prohibit the reservation; or. The terms of the instrument creating the power of appointment provide that the exercise is revocable or amendable. As provided by chapter of NRS:. A powerholder may disclaim all or part of a power of appointment. A permissible appointee, appointee or taker in default of appointment may disclaim all or part of an interest in appointive property.
A powerholder may release a power of appointment, in whole or in part, except to the extent the terms of the instrument creating the power prevent the release.
Oral candidiasis and infections are also common due to the usage of corticosteroid which is used in the treatment of SLE [ 4 ]. Among the oral manifestations is periodontal disease PD , which is an infection of the tissue supporting and surrounding tooth structure [ 19 ]. In an earlier study, Rhodus and Johnson showed a high prevalence of oral lesions among SLE patients, including angular cheilitis, ulcers, mucositis, and glossitis.
A high prevalence of oral complaints such as dysphagia, dysgeusia, and glossodynia was also present [ 15 ]. A recent systematic review reported a significant association between periodontitis and SLE [ 13 ]. A more recent study as well showed that treatment of periodontal disease aids in reducing the symptoms of SLE [ 22 ]. On the contrary, Mutlu et al. A recent review reported conflicting results as well [ 24 ].
Al-Mutairi reported no significant difference in periodontal findings between 25 SLE patients and 50 healthy controls. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of oral manifestations among systemic lupus erythematosus patients in Qatar in order to warrant future studies that would investigate each one of these manifestations with detail and further scrutiny.
The study took place between November and April All patients visiting the outpatient rheumatology clinics at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar, were asked to participate. The inclusion criteria for the study included subjects a meeting the American College of Rheumatology ACR criteria of SLE, b willing to participate in the study, and c able to tolerate study oral and dental examination procedures.
The exclusion criteria excluded subjects who a did not meet the ACR criteria of SLE, b were unwilling to participate in the study, and c were unable to tolerate study oral and dental examination procedures. The patients were examined initially by a rheumatologist and were later scheduled for an appointment with the same dentist at the same institution, for an oral and dental examination.
The rheumatologist consented subjects checked that they meet the ACR criteria for SLE and recorded the following information: A clinical oral and calibrated periodontal exam was done by the same dentist. The dentist was requested to document the following oral manifestations on a data collection sheet that was designed for the study: No biopsy was taken.
Only 42 patients appeared for their dental appointments. The findings in those 42 patients are presented and discussed in this publication. Anonymous data were collected and entered into a standard electronic database designed in view of study design and objectives. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize all demographic, clinical, and other characteristics of the participants.
Associations between two or more qualitative variables gender, different oral manifestations with dichotomous categories of disease duration, etc.
Quantitative variables age, SLE duration, etc. Pictorial presentations of the key results were made using appropriate statistical graphs. The sample had a mean age of years and was mainly comprised of females, with a female to male ratio of 9. Table 1 summarizes other demographic and medical data. Four oral manifestations were observed in more than half of the study sample: A summary of other oral manifestations is listed in Table 2.
The dental examination revealed that Figure 1 displays the number of cases with gingivitis as well as the type. Furthermore, periodontal disease was observed in The current study investigated the presence of oral manifestations among SLE patients in Qatar. The mean age of our study sample was years, and the mean disease duration was years.
A study conducted in Saudi Arabia on SLE patients reported a mean age of years, and a mean disease duration of years [ 26 ].
The female to male ratio in our study was 9. This is similar to the ratio reported in China 9. Lower ratios were reported in Spain 8: The results of our study showed varying prevalence rates for the different oral manifestations, ranging from 2. Soft palate ulcers are one of the criteria for diagnosing SLE and are usually found more commonly in patients with active disease.
The results of this study also showed a prevalence rate of A study conducted in Saudi Arabia reported that there was no difference in periodontal parameters between 25 SLE patients and 50 healthy controls [ 25 ]. An older case report involving a patient with active SLE reported that the patient suffered from severe and generalized gingival recession and periodontal involvement [ 34 ]. An older study showed that A study conducted in Brazil recently showed a higher rate of missing teeth among 75 SLE patients compared to 78 participants without SLE.
Among the challenges that this study faced was the scarcity of SLE patients.