Die Spaziergänge in den Gärten der Frau NoLe´ (German Edition)
Contents:
Wie ihr doch tut! SACHS earnestly continuing For that reason you might never regret that each year on St John's Day, instead of letting the people come to you, from your high Masters' clouds you yourselves should turn to the people. You want to please the people; well, I should have thought it in your interest to let them tell you themselves whether they took delight in it.
So that people and Art may bloom and thrive equally do it in this way, say I, Hans Sachs. So I ask if the Masters are pleased to accept the gift and rules as I have stated them? Und ob ihr der Natur noch seid auf rechter Spur, das sagt euch nur, wer nichts weiss von der Tabulatur. Gassenhauer dichtet er meist. Die Meister erheben sich beistimmend. He must be a bachelor. Of younger wax than you and me the wooer must be if Eva is to bestow the prize on him.
Has anyone seeking trial announced himself? Back to the agenda for the day! And hear me report that I, following a Master's duty, recommend a young knight who wishes to be elected, and this day seeks to become a Mastersinger! Sir Stolzing, come hither! Is that the way it's heading, Veit? Should we be glad? Or is there a danger? In any case it carries much weight that Master Ponger speaks for him. Ein Junggesell muss es sein. Fragt nur den Sachs! Ist jemand gemeld't, der Freiung begehrt?
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Mein Junker Stolzing, kommt herbei! Geht's da hinaus, Veit? Though I wish him good fortune I do not overlook the rules. Masters, put the questions! The last of his line, he recently left his estate and castle and came hither to Nuremberg to become a burgher here. WALTHER At the quiet hearth in winter time, when castle and courtyard were snowed up, I often read in an old book left to me by my ancestor how once Spring so sweetly laughed, and how it then soon awoke anew.
Walter von der Vogelweide he was my master. Tut, Meister, die Fragen! Herr Walther von der Vogelweid', der ist mein Meister gewesen. WALTHER When the meadow was free from frost and summertime returned, what previously in long winter nights the old book had told me now resounded loudly in the forests' splendour, I heard it ring out brightly: So your song will be in this vein? I think the knight is in the wrong place.
Von Finken und Meisen lerntet ihr Meisterweisen? Das wird denn wohl auch darnach sein! WALTHER Was Winternacht, was Waldespracht, was Buch und Hain mich wiesen, was Dichtersanges Wundermacht tried in secret to disclose to me; what my horse's step at a trial of arms, what a round-dance at a marry gathering gave me to attend to thoughtfully: Therefore, Master Beckmesser, shut yourself in alone!
Sixtus Beckmesser is the Marker; here in the box he silently performs his strict task. Seven faults he allows you, he marks them up with chalk there: Drum allein, Meister Beckmesser, schliesst euch ein! Wohl gibt's mit der Kreide manche Qual. Er verneigt sich gegen Walther. Sixtus Beckmesser Merker ist; hier im Gemerk verrichtet er still sein strenges Werk.
Sieben Fehler gibt er euch vor, die merkt er mit Kreide dort an: He seats himself in the box He listens very carefully; but so that he doesn't undermine your courage, as might happen if you saw him, he leaves you in peace and shuts himself up here. May God be with you. With the last words he stretches his head out with a scornfully familiar nod, then pulls across the front curtains, so that he becomes invisible KOTHNER to Walther What the guiding principles of your song should be, learn from the Table of Rules. The apprentices have taken the "Leges Tabulaturae" from the wall and are holding it out to Kothner, who reads from it Reading "Each unit of a Mastersong shall present a proper balance of its different sections, against which no one shall offend.
A section consist of two stanzas, which shall have the same melody; the stanza is a group of so many lines, the line has its rhyme at the end. Thereupon follows the Aftersong which is also to be so many lines long and have its own special melody which is not to occur in the stanza. Each Mastersong shall have several units in this ratio; and whoever composes a new song which does not for more than four syllabies encroach upon other Master's melodies - his song may win a -master's prize. Darauf so folgt der Abgesang, der sei auch etlich' Verse lang, und hab' sein' besond're Melodei, als nicht im Stollen zu finden sei.
Like the clanging of bells the throng of jubilation rings out! The forest, how soon it answers to the call which brought it new life, and struck up the sweet song of spring! During this, repeated groans of discouragement and scratchings of the chalk are heard from the Marker. Walther hears them too, and after a momentary pause of discomposure continues.
In a thorn-hedge, consumed with jealousy and grief, winter, grimly armed, had to hide himself away: That was the call in my breast when it was still ignorant of love. Der Wald, wie bald antwortet er dem Ruf, der neu ihm Leben schuf: In einer Dornenhecken, von Neid und Gram verzehrt, musst' er sich da verstecken, der Winter, grimmbewehrt: Er steht vom Stuhle auf Doch: So rief es mir in der Brust, als noch ich von Liebe nicht wusst'.
I felt it rising deep within me as if it were waking me from a dream; my heart with its quivering beats filled my whole bosom: He holds out the slate, completely covered with chalk marks. My lady's praises am I only now reaching with my melody. Masters, look at the slate: I shouldn't belive it, even if you all swear to it! Am I to remain unheard by all? Die Brust mit Lust antwortet sie dem Ruf, der neu ihr Leben schuf; stimmt nun an das hehre Liebeslied. Hier habt ihr vertan! Ihr Meister, schaut die Tafel euch an: Doch dass der Junker hier versungen hat, I'll first show before the Masters' assembly.
To be sure, it will be a hard task: Of false number and false grouping I'll make absolutely no mention: Who would seriously call this a unit? I'll accuse him only of Blind Meaning; say, could a meaning be more meaningless? I must admit no one could descry its end. It made one uneasy! ZORN And nothing behind it! Or declare outright that he has sung his chance away? Not everyone shares your opinion. Zwar wird's 'ne harte Arbeit sein: Wer meint hier im Ernst einen Bar? Auf "blinde Meinung" klag' ich allein, Sagt, konnt' ein Sinn unsinniger sein? Es ward einem bang!
ZORN Auch gar nichts dahinter! Nicht jeder eure Meinung teilt. If you wish to measure according to rules something which does not agree with your rules, forget your own ways, and first seek its rules! Now you hear it: Sachs is opening a loop-hole for bunglers who come and go as they please and follow their own frivolous course.
Sing to the people on the market-place and in the streets; here admittance is only by the rules. Why so little calm? Your judgement, it seems to me, would be more mature if you listened more carefully. That's why I'll finish by sayng that we must hear the knight to the end. But it is written: Des Ritters Lied und Weise, sie fand ich neu, doch nicht verwirrt; verliess er unsre Gleise, schritt er doch fest und unbeirrt. Wollt ihr nach Regeln messen, was nicht nach eurer Regeln Lauf, der eignen Spur vergessen, sucht davon erst die Regeln auf!
Singet dem Volk auf Markt und Gassen! Hier wird nach den Regeln nur eingelassen. Was doch so wenig Ruh'! Doch da nun steht geschrieben: Rather should he take care that nothing pinches my toes! But since my cobbler is a great poet thinas look bad for my footwear! Look how sloppy they are, they flap everywhere! All his verses and rhymes I'd glady have him leave at home, histories, plays, and farces too if he'd bring me my new shoes tomorrow!
SACHS You do right to remind me; but is it fitting, Masters, tell me, that, if I make a little verse for even the donkey-driver's soles, I should write nothing on those of our highly learned town clerk? Walther, much put out, remounts the Singer's seat The little verse which would be worthy of you I with all my humble poetic gifts have not yet found; but it will surely come to me now, when I've heard the knight's song - so let him sing on undisturbed!
What more should we hear? Unless it were to delude you? Each mistake, great and small, see it recorded exactly on the slate. A "Patch-Song" here between the stanzas! A quite incomprehensible melody! A confused brew of all the tones! If you aren't put off by the toil, Masters, count the faults with me! He'd have failed with his eighth, but no one has yet got as far as he: Say, do you elect him Master? I see it clearly!
It looks bad for the knight! Let Sachs think of him what he will, he must be silent here in the Singing-school! Is everyone of us not at liberty to decide whom he wishes as colleague? If every stranger were welcomed what worth would the Masters then have? How the knight is toiling away! Sachs has chosen him for his own. So put a stop to it!
Up, Masters, vote and raise your hands! If I yield to superior forces here I foresee it will trouble me. How gladly I should see him admitted. He'd be a worthy son-in-law. If I am now to bid the victor welcome, who knows if my child will choose him! I admit that it torments me - will Eva choose the Master? Jeden Fehler, gross und klein, seht genau auf der Tafel ein. Ein "Flickgesang" hier zwischen den Stollen!
Mag Sachs von ihm halten, was er will, Hier in der Singschul' schweig' er still! Bleibt einem Jeden doch unbenommen, wen er sich zum Genossen begehrt? Drum macht ein End'! In vast nocturnal horde how they all begin to croak with their hollow voices - Magpies, crows and jackdaws! There rises up on a pair of golden wings a wondrous bird: My heart swells with sweet pain, in my need wings sprout; it soars in bold progress to fly through the air up from the tombs of cities to its native hill to the green Vogelweide where Master Walther once set me free; there I sing bright and clear in honour of my dearest lady: Farewell, you Masters here below!
With a gesture of proud contempt, Walther leaves the Singer's Chair and the building. There is general confusion, augmented by the apprentices, who shoulder the benches and Marker's box, causing hindrance and disorder to the Masters who are crowding to the door SACHS Ha, what spirit! What glow of inspiration! You Masters, be quiet and listen! Listen when Sachs beseeches you! Master Marker, favour us with some peace!
Every endeavour is in vain! One can scarcely hear oneself speak!
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No one will heed the knight. There's spirit for you, to carry on singing! His heart's in the right place: If I, Hans Sachs, make verse and shoes, he's a knight and a poet too! Ade, ihr Meister, hienied'! Kaum vernimmt man sein eig'nes Wort; des Junkers will keiner achten: Das Herz auf dem rechten Fleck, ein wahrer Dichter-Reck! The flowery garland of fine silks - will it be granted to the knight? Sachs remains alone in the front, looking pensively at the empty seat: Between the two houses is a narrow alley winding towards the back of the stage.
One house, grand in style, is Pogner's; the other, simple in style, is Sachs's. In front of Pogner's house there is a lime-tree, in front of Sachs's an elder. It is a pleasant summer evening and during this scene night falls. Flowers and ribbons in plenty! Sing your silly songs alone! If you weren't so proud you'd look round - if you weren't so silly! Turn round to me! That's for my dear little treasure. But first, quickly, how did the knight fare? You advised him well? He won the garland? It's a sad sory: Singt allein eure dummen Lieder! Kehr' dich zu mir! Erst aber schnell, wie ging's mit dem Ritter?
Du rietest ihm gut? Er gewann den Kranz? Da steht's bitter; der hat vertan und versungen ganz! No titbits for you! She goes back into the house, wringing her hands in despair. How successfully he has wooed! We all heard, and saw it too: Hold your tongues this minute! Every man woos as he wishes. There's much flirtation and cuddling! The old man woos the young maiden, the apprentice the old maid! David is about to fly at the boys in his temper, when Sachs, who has come down the alley, steps between them.
Do I catch you fighting again? Heil zur Eh' dem jungen Mann! Gleich haltet das Maul! Da freit ein jeder, wie er mag. Der Meister freit, der Bursche freit, da gibt's Geschlamp' und Geschlumbfer! Der Alte freit die junge Maid, der Bursche die alte Jumbfer! Treff' ich dich wieder am Schlag? They're singing coarse songs. Learn better than they! Lock up and light a lamp. Put the new shoes on the last for me! Zur Ruh', ins Haus! Schliess und mach' Licht! Die neuen Schuh' steck' mir auf den Leisten!
I'd like a word with him. Shall I go in? David comes out of the inner room with a light and sits down to work at the bench by the window EVA He seems to be at home: He turns away If someone is about to risk something unusual what advice would he accept? And if I left the beaten track was it not in his way? But was it perhaps vanity, too? EVA An obedient child speaks only when asked. Come, sit down here for a while with me on the bench. He sits on the stone seat under the lime-tree EVA Won't it be too cool? It was very close today. That suggest that tomorrow will be the most beautiful day.
Er wendet sich ab Will einer Seltnes wagen, was liess' er sich dann sagen? Er sinnt nach War er's nicht, der meint', ich ging' zu weit? Und blieb' ich nicht im Geleise, war's nicht auf seine Weise? Doch war's vielleicht auch Eitelkeit? Er wendet sich zu Eva Und du, mein Kind? Du sagst mir nichts? EVA Ein folgsam Kind, gefragt nur spricht's. Komm' setz' dich hier ein' Weil' noch auf die Bank zu mir. Er setzt sich auf die Steinbank unter der Linde. O child, don't your heartbeats tell you what happiness may be yours tomorrow, when Nuremberg, the whole city with burghers and commoners, with guilds, people, and high council, shall assemble before you so that you may award the prize, that noble garland, as consort to the Master of your choice?
EVA Dear father, must it be a Master? But just go in - I'm coming, Lena, I'm coming! EVA as before The nobleman, I thought? EVA Haven't you seen him today? EVA Come, dear papa! EVA zerstreut ja, meiner Wahl. Doch tritt nur ein - laut, zu Magdalene gewandt gleich, Lene, gleich zum Abendmahl! EVA wie oben Wohl den Junker?
EVA Sahst ihn heut' nicht? Geh', kleid' dich um. What's going round in my head? EVA He was still and silent. EVA disturbed The knight? God help me, what am I to do? How can we find out? EVA Ah, he's fond of me! Of course, I'll go to him. Your father would notice if we stayed any longer.
Then I shall have more to say that someone has secretly entrusted to me. EVA That should be good! They go into the house Hm! Was geht mir im Kopf doch 'rum? EVA Blieb still und stumm. EVA erschrocken Der Ritter? Was fing' ich an? Ach Lene, die Angst! Der hat mich lieb: Dann hab' ich dir noch was zu sagen, im Abgehen auf der Treppe was jemand geheim mir aufgetragen.
EVA sich umwendend Wer denn? EVA Das mag was Rechtes sein! Sie gehen in das Haus. He turns to David, who is still at his work-bench Show me! Move my table and stool up by the door there! Be up in good time, sleep off your folly and be sensible tomorrow! Why's the Masters staying up late tonight? David goes into the inner room which overlooks the street Sachs arranges his work, sits on his stool at the door, and then, laying down his tools again, leans back, resting his arm on the closed lower half of the door SACHS So mild, so strong and full is the scent of the elder tree!
It relaxes my limbs gently, wants me to say something. What is the good of anything I can say to you? I'm but a poor, simple man. If work is not to my taste, you might, friend, rather release me; I would do better to stretch leather and give up all poetry. He tries again to get down the work, with much noise.
Er wendet sich zu David, der an seinem Werktische verblieben ist Zeig her! Leg' dich zu Bett', steh' auf beizeit: Warum wohl der Meister heute wacht? Was gilt's, was ich dir sagen kann? I feel it, and cannot understand it; I cannot hold on to it, nor yet forget it; and if I grasp it wholly, I cannot measure it! But then, how should I grasp what seemed to me immeasurable? No rule seemed to fit it, and yet there was no fault in it. It sounded so old, and yet was so new, like birdsong who heard a bird singing and, carried away by madness, imitated its song, would earn derision and disgrace!
Spring's command, sweet necessity placed it in his breast: I noticed that particularly. The bird that sang today had a finely-formed break; if he made the Masters uneasy, he certainly pleased Hans Sachs well! Und doch, 's will halt nicht geh'n: Doch wie wollt' ich auch fassen, was unermesslich mir schien? Kein' Regel wollte da passen, und war doch kein Fehler drin. Dem Vogel, der heute sang, dem war der Schnabel bald gewachsen; macht' er den Meistern bang, gar wohl gefiel er doch Hans Sachsen!
And yet, I know why so late: EVA How wrongly he guesses! I have not yet even tried the shoes yet; they are so beautiful and richly adorned that I have not yet dared put them on my feet. EVA Who then might the bridegroom be? EVA How do you know then that I am to be a bride? The whole town knows that. EVA Well, if the whole town knows, then friend Sachs has good authority!
I thought he knew more. Will I have to tell him? Am I so stupid? Sie setzt sich dicht neben Sachs auf den Steinsitz. EVA Wie wisst ihr dann, dass ich Braut? Das weiss die Stadt. EVA Ei, seht doch! Ich bin wohl recht dumm? EVA Then might you be shrewd? EVA You know nothing? Well friend Sachs, now I truly perceive that pitch is not wax. I would have thought you sharper. Both wax and pitch are familiar to me: EVA Who is that?
A master proud, intent on wooing, plans to be sole victor tomorrow: I must finish Herr Beckmesser's shoes. EVA Then take plenty of pitch for them: EVA Why he then? EVA Might not a widower be successful? EVA How so, too old? Art is what matters here! Das sag' ich nicht. EVA Ihr wisst nichts? Ei, Freund Sachs, jetzt merk' ich wahrlich: Pech ist kein Wachs. EVA Wer ist denn der? Ein Meister stolz auf Freiers Fuss; denkt morgen zu siegen ganz alleinig: Herrn Beckmessers Schuh' ich richten muss.
EVA Wieso denn der? Hier gilt's der Kunst, Let him who understands it woo me. It is you, who are making excuses! Admit that you are fickle. God knows who may dwell in your heart now! Yet I thought I'd been there for many a year. EVA I see, it was only because you were childless. EVA But your wife died, and I've grown tall. EVA Then I thought: Yes, you have thought it out well for yourself. EVA I think the Master is just laughing at me. And in the end would ha cheerfully, under his very nose and in the sight of all, let Beckmesser win me tomorrow with his song?
Your father alone might know the solution.
EVA Where does a Master keep his brains? Would I come to you if I could find the answer at home? SACHS wer sie versteht, der werb' um mich. EVA Nicht ich, ihr seid's, ihr macht mir Flausen! Gesteht nur, dass ihr wandelbar. Gott weiss, wer euch jetzt im Herzen mag hausen! Glaubt ich mich doch d'rin so manches Jahr. EVA Ich seh', 's war nur, weil ihr kinderlos. EVA Doch, starb eure Frau, so wuchs ich gross?
EVA Da dacht' ich aus: EVA Ich glaub', der Meister mich gar verlacht? I've had many cares and troubles today: EVA drawing close to him At the singing-school summoned today? A song-trial caused me distress. You should have said so at once, I wouldn't have vexed you then with unnecessary questions. Now, tell me, who was it who asked for a trial? Tell me, was he admitted? There was much dispute. EVA Then tell me, say, how did it go?
If it caused you trouble, how could it leave me in peace? So he fared badly, and failed? Might there be no way of helping him? Did he sing so badly, so faultily, that nothing can help him to become a Master? Hab' heut' manch' Sorg' und Wirr' erlebt: Eine Freiung machte mir Not. Nun sagt, wer war's, der Freiung begehrt? EVA wie heimlich Ein Junker? Und ward er gefreit? Macht's euch Sorg', wie liess' mir es Ruh'? Sang er so schlecht, so fehlervoll, dass nichts mehr zum Meister ihm helfen soll? EVA Then tell me further whether he won none of the Masters as a friend?
He before whom everyone felt so small! Squire High and Mighty, let him go! May he fight his way through the world; what we learned with dificulty and labour, let us savour in peace; let him not run amok among us, but may Fortune smile upon him somewhere else. EVA rising angrily Yes, it shall smile upon him somewhere other than among you nasty, jealous little men; where hearts still glow warm, in despite of all malicious Master Hanses!
What comfort could I take from here? It stinks of pitch here, may God have mercy! Let him burn it, then at least he'd grow warm! She crosses the street hastily to Magdalena and remains in agitation at her own door SACHS with a meaningful nod of his head I thought so. Now we must find a way! During the following he closes the upper half of his door too, so as to leave only a little crack of light showing. Where are you, so late?
Your father was calling. EVA Go in to him: Say I'm in bed in my little chamber. Let me have my word. Den Junker Hochmut, lasst ihn laufen! EVA erhebt sich zornig Ja! Da riecht's nach Pech, dass Gott erbarm'! Wo bliebst du nur so spat! EVA Geh' zu ihm ein: EVA That's all I needed! If only he would come! EVA What's he to me? EVA Do you see nothing yet? EVA Would it were he! EVA Not until I've seen the dearest of men! Come now, or your father will notice something! EVA You'll go to the window in my place. EVA Das fehlte auch noch! EVA Was soll mir der? EVA Siehst du noch nichts?
EVA Nicht eh'r, bis ich sah den teuersten Mann! Jetzt komm', sonst merkt der Vater die Geschicht'! He sleeps on the alley side! That would be fine! EVA I hear footsteps there. It's nothing, I'll wager, Oh come! You must, till your father's in bed. She tries to drag Eva indoor by her arm Do you hear? Your knight is far away.
Du musst, bis der Vater zu Bett. Dein Ritter ist weit! EVA sees Walther There he is! Now we must be cunning! She hurries into the house EVA Yes, it is you, it is you! I'll tell everything, for you know it; I'll bewail everything, for I know it; you are both hero of the prize and my only friend.
I'm only your friend, not yet worthy of prize, not the equal of the Masters: EVA How wrong you are! Your friend's hand alone will award the prize; as her heart has discovered your courage, only to you will she give the garland. My friend's hand, even if it were destined for no one in particular, would, bound by her father's will, still be lost to me. EVA erblickt Walther Da ist er! Alles sag' ich, denn ihr wisst es; alles klag' ich, denn ich weiss es: EVA Wie du irrst!
That's what gave me courage; though everything seemed strange to me I sang full of love and ardour that I might win the rank of Master. The gluey, sticky nature of these rhyming laws! My gall rises, my heart stands still, when I think of the trap into which I was lured! That's where I belong - where I'm Master in the house! If I'm to woo you today, I beseech you now, come, and follow me away from here! There's nothing to hope for, there's no choice!
Everywhere Masters I see like evil spirits, ganging up to mock me: Should I suffer this, should I not dare doughtily to join in the fight? Das eben gab mir Mut: Dieser Reimgesetze Leimen und Kleister! Mir schwillt die Galle, das Herz mir stockt, denk' ich der Falle, darein ich gelockt. Fort, in die Freiheit! Nichts steht zu hoffen; keine Wahl ist offen! Eva takes him soothingly by the hand EVA Beloved, spare your anger!
It was only the night-watchman's horn. Beneath the lime-tree hide yourself quickly: EVA From the Masters' court. He comes forward singing, turns the corner of Pogner's house, and goes off Hear, people, what I say, the clock has struck ten; guard your fire and also your light so that no one comes to harm! Praise God the Lord! SACHS who has listened to the foregoing from behind his shop door, now opens it a little wider, having shaded his lamp Wicked goings-on, I see: Lobet Gott den Herrn!
Das darf nicht sein. Eva turns from the house in Magdalena's dress But yes! Woe is me, no! Eva sees Walther and hurries towards him It's the older one! EVA The foolish child: Yes, now I surely know that I've won the Master-prize. EVA But no time for thought now! Away, away from here! Oh, if only we were already far away!
Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg libretto (English/German) - opera by Richard Wagner
As they turn towards the alley Sachs places his lamp behind a glass bowl and sends a bright stream of light through the new wide-open door across the street, so that Eva and Walther suddenly find themselves illuminated EVA hastily pulling Walther back Oh dear, the cobbler! If he were to see us! Don't go near him! EVA Through the street there: EVA Not till the cobbler leaves his window. EVA Doch nun kein Besinnen! EVA Don't show yourself to him: EVA Don't belive it! Ho could only speak ill of you. EVA Zeig dich ihm nicht: EVA 's ist Sachs.
I'll put out his light! EVA Ah, what trouble! On hearing the first sounds of the lute, Sachs has, as if struck by a new idea, withdrawn his light and gently opened the lower half of his shop-door WALTHER What, are you afraid? Someone else has come and taken up this position. What does he want here so late at night? EVA It's Beckmesser here already! SACHS has placed his work-bench on the threshold. He now hears Eva's exclamation Aha! I'll knock that good-for-nothing cold! EVA For God's sake! Will you wake my father?
He'll sing a song and then he'll go. Let's hide there, in the bushes. What trouble I have with men! She draws Walther behind the bushes which surround the bench under the lime-tree Beckmesser impatiently tinkles on his lute, waiting for the window to open. Siehst du denn nicht? Ein andrer kam, und nahm dort Stand. EVA in Verzweiflung 's ist Beckmesser schon! Den Lung'rer mach' ich kalt. Willst du den Vater wecken? Er singt ein Lied, dann zieht er ab. Make shoes for the poor sinner! How come he names you? EVA I've heard it before: But there's mischief behind it.
So late at night? What, you're keeping watch? The shoes are causing you much worry? You see, I'm at it; you'll have them tomorrow. He continues his work Hallo allohe! Wie nennt er dich? Die Zeit geht hin! Die Schuh' machen euch grosse Sorgen? Ihr seht, ich bin dran: EVA I'm afraid it's meant for all three of us.
I fear some ill. SACHS there was no gravel: EVA The song is making me sad. O weh', der Pein! Mir ahnt nichts Gutes. If I were not a pure angel - the devil could be a cobbler! Are you playing tricks on me? Are you day and night the same? The shoes must be finished, eh? If I'm to keep awake I need air and lively song; so hear how the third verse goes: Spielt Ihr mir Streich'? Bleibt Ihr tags und nachts Euch gleich?
Schritte zurück in das Leben: Gedichte (German Edition)
Die Schuhe sollen doch fertig werden? The works of art which a cobbler created, the world treads underfoot! If an angel did not bring comfort who has drawn the lot of similar work and did not often call me into Paradise, how gladly I'd leave shoes and boots behind! But when he has me in heaven the world lies at my feet, and I am at peace - Hans Sachs, a shoemaker and a poet too! EVA The song grieves me, I don't know why! His first publication, a volume of extremely short, fragmentary sketches and poems entitled Wie ich es sehe , with an emphasis on the moment and on everyday, seemingly insignificant characters, conversations, gestures, and events, created a sensation in Germany as well as Austria.
Twelve collections of sketches, aphorisms and poems followed. The little town of Gmunden figures in several of these and was clearly a place to which he was strongly attached. All were published, with one exception, by the highly respected S. Fischer Verlag in Berlin and all went through several — up to twenty — editions. Always eager to be enchanted, Hofmannsthal explained, Altenberg saw the world as a scene of enchantment. To Thomas Mann, the young Viennese combined the childlike, magical vision of Hans Christian Andersen with the talent and penchant for the short form and for aphorism of Nietzsche.
Another friend, the well-known cultural historian Egon Friedell, devoted a book to him Ecce Poeta [] , the aim of which was to present him, with his disdain of conventional rhyme, meter, and subject-matter, and his choice of the fragmentary in place of sustained, elaborated forms like the epic and the novel about which he sometimes wrote disparagingly , as the prototype of the modern writer.
Das Altenbergbuch Leipzig, Vienna, Zurich: He became despondent; his writing began to flag; and after breaking both wrists in a fall at his hotel, he was bedridden for months and began to slowly poison himself by taking vast quantities of sleeping pills. Most of his work has been republished; several books have been written about him in both English and German; and hitherto untranslated works have been translated into English. Though he painted genre scenes in his early years, by the early s he was well launched on a highly successful career as a court painter in Vienna, London, Berlin, and St.
He was a great favourite of Queen Victoria herself, as well as of Prince Albert. He made portraits of her for the various royal residences. She also had him make portraits of other members of the royal family and, as a mark of her special regard for Slatin Pasha see below , had Angeli make her a portrait of him. In addition, Angeli was much in demand in English and German aristocratic circles. When the revolutionaries were defeated by the Imperial troops, Robert Blum was taken prisoner. On November 8, he was tried and condemned to death and, a day later, executed.
He immediately became a hero and martyr in the cause of freedom for the entire German democratic movement. Ferdinand Freiligrath, the popular poet of the Revolution see the notice on him below , published a poetic tribute to him as a proletarian hero. His son Hans Blum, however, was no revolutionary but an ardent German nationalist.
A war correspondent in the Franco-Prussian War of , he continued his career in journalism by serving as editor of Der Grenzbote from to All his historical writing was directed to the German Volk and to German youth and aimed to promote patriotism and national pride in both. Do you understand what I mean? Should Messieurs les Socialistes entertain the idea of degrading your father by claiming him as one of themselves, then you are at liberty to make use of my power, in the press, to keep that picture clean.
Your father was very advanced [ sehr liberal ]. Harper and Brothers, , Poultney Bigelow comments: Les aristocrates, on les pendra. A major figure in German Romantic literature, his reputation as the author of a body of lyric poetry suffused with melancholy has remained high. His first volume of Gedichte appeared in Lenau also wrote verse epics and dramas Faust , , Savonarola , , Die Albigensier , , Don Juan — begun in and published posthumously.
His melancholy was no doubt partly due to a dark vision of human existence in general but it was also not unrelated to a negative judgment of the society and culture of his time, which led him, in , to set sail for the New World in the hope of finding more congenial conditions in what he took to be an unspoiled wilderness. Disillusioned by America and what he judged to be its materialist culture, he returned to Europe after a year. The experience led him to distance himself radically from his earlier political liberalism and to identify with the downtrodden and oppressed, represented by American Indians and Gypsies.
His first volume of poems, Gedicht e , was such a success that he was able to give up his job as a bookkeeper in Barmen. On the recommendation of Alexander von Humboldt, he was awarded a pension by Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia in , which he renounced, however, in when he aligned himself unequivocally with the democratic opposition to the established order. His next collection, Glaubensbekenntnis , established him as the poet of the struggle for freedom and social justice of the middle years of the nineteenth century and was an even greater success than the volume.
The revolutionary content was unmistakable. I adore her with all my being and follow her with sword and shield, and sing her hymns of praise — but neither now nor ever will I turn her into a sacred idol! The verse was marked by even stronger, almost military rhythms and clear, memorable rhymes. The tone was now outspokenly revolutionary.
Do I not control the ever rumbling volcano on which you walk? It is up to me; One push from me, one blow from me at this point in time, and behold, the whole edifice of which you are the summit collapses! Durch seine Lumpen pfeift der Wind! Wo nimmt es Brot und Kleider her?
Da tritt ein kecker Bursche vor; der spricht: Mir nach, wer Rock und Hosen will! The wind whistles through their rags. Where are they to get bread and clothes? A bold young fellow steps forward and says: Let whoever wants a coat and stockings follow me! There is stuff for a whole battalion! When the paper was banned in , however, Freiligrath was again out of a job. With a warrant out for his arrest, he moved from one city to another until in he again left Germany, this time for London. After working for a few years for a commercial firm he was appointed director of the London branch of a Swiss bank.
In the branch was closed and two years later, after the announcement of an amnesty for everyone charged with political crimes, Freiligrath returned to Germany. Im vollen Brand der Juliglut, Wie ziehst du frisch dein Schwert! Wie trittst du zornig frohgemut Zum Schutz vor deinen Herd! Du dachtest nicht an Kampf und Streit: Auf, meine Kinder, alle Mann! Vergessen ist der alte Span: Das deutsche Volk ist eins! No thought hadst thou, so calm and light, Of war or battle plain, But on thy broad fields, waving bright, Didst mow the golden grain, With clashing sickles, wreaths of corn Thy sheaves didst garner in, When, hark!
Down sickle then and wreath of wheat Amidst the corn were cast, And, starting fiercely to thy feet, Thy heart beat loud and fast; Then with a shout I heard thee call. Well, since you will, you may! Up, up, my children, one and all, On to the Rhine! Hurra, Germania, stolzes Weib! Mag kommen nun, was kommen mag: Dies ist All-Deutschlands Ehrentag: Nun weh dir, Gallia! Auf, Deutschland, auf, und Gott mit dir! Denn siegen wirst du ja: Swabian and Prussian, hand in hand, North, South, one host, one vow!
One soul, one arm, one close-knit frame, One will are we to-day; Hurrah, Germania! Woe worth the hour a robber thrust Thy sword into thy hand! A curse upon him that we must Unsheathe our German brand! For home and hearth, for wife and child, For all loved things that we Are bound to keep all undefiled From foreign ruffianry!
Up, Germans, up, with God! The die Clicks loud,—we wait the throw! Yet, look thou up, with fearless heart! Thou must, thou shalt prevail! Wollt einmal doch im Leben ein freies Land ihr schaun? Wollt ihr das Zepter tauschen um einen Hirtenstab? Seht auf das Land hernieder von hoher Alpenwand! O seht, es strahlt so licht! Do you want, for once in your life, to see a free country? Or do you want to find a grave in free soil? Look down on this land from the high wall of the Alps! There it lies, like a book written by the hand of God.
The mountains are the letters, the green pastures are the page. The Saint Gotthard is but a period in this gigantic text. Do you know what is written in it? Oh, look, it shines out so clearly! You do not know this script. No chancellor wrote it; it is not written on parchment.
The narrator laments their death, then asks rhetorically in whose place the living would rather sleep the eternal sleep. Schlaft sanft, ihr Zwei! Ihr aber, die ihr noch jetzo wacht: Sleep softly, you two! But you who are still awake, in whose place would you rather sleep the eternal sleep? In subsequent works — Nibelungen im Frack and Pfaff vom Kahlenberg , criticism was expressed by means of ironic humor. Auersberg also translated Slovenian folk poems into German and wrote a series of ballads on the theme of Robin Hood. Here too he made a name for himself by criticising political conditions in Austria and leading local opposition to the exactions of the central government in Vienna.
After the Revolution he represented the district of Laibach in the Frankfurt Parliament but failed to persuade the Slavic Slovenians, who desired independence, to send representatives to the German parliament. Within a year the violent turn taken by the Revolution led him to resign his seat and withdraw into private life. In , however, he was summoned to the remodeled Reichsrat by Franz Joseph and the following year was appointed a life member of the Austrian upper house Herrenhaus.
Having helped to organize the Social Democratic Party of Galicia , the forerunner of the Polish Social Democratic Party, he entered the lower house of the Reichsrat the parliament established by Emperor Franz Joseph in as a deputy from Galicia in and quickly made a name for himself as a brilliant public orator. In an attempt to intimidate the Sejm, Pilkudski sent a large group of army officers to take up positions in the vestibule and hallways on the day of the opening session. Ushers asked the officers to leave, but they refused. The theatrical stage of parliamentarism, alas, cruelly deceived us.
The charges were dropped for lack of evidence. The penalty for not getting a husband and remaining a spinster is having to work. Marriage and work are thus opposites, the former the reward of good behaviour, the latter the punishment for bad behaviour. It is still in print and has also been made into a movie and a TV series. Der Trotzkopf is a classic of the so-called Backfischroman , novels for young girls, the aim of which was to prepare their readers for a place in the conservative social order ot the Wilhelminian age. She was indeed old.
Born in and married twice — first to Johann, Graf Keglevich zu Busin and after his death to Julius, Graf von Falkenhayn — she outlived her second husband by one year and died in Vienna in Johannes Evangelista Habert , born in Bohemia and trained in Linz, settled in Gmunden in and was appointed municipal organist there in Cambridge University Press, ]. Completely forgotten now, Crommelin was a prolific and in her time popular author.
Jerome , best known as the author of the still widely read Three Men in a Boat To Say Nothing of the Dog and Idle Thoughts of an Idle Fellow , produced a number of novels as well as plays and collections of short stories and essays. A contemporary and friend of J. He quickly became one of her favourites. She translated several of his stories and also wrote his obituary for the Frankfurter Zeitung , no. Karl Kraus, the famous Viennese critic and satirist of the next generation, sometimes referred to him as his most important predecessor. Having taken part in it, he fled to Germany after it was suppressed, but soon landed in prison anyway for having allegedly participated in the Dresden uprising of the following May.
Amerikanisches Kulturbild [Frankfurt a. Yes, yes, my dear Sir, the freedom of the press is the jewel of our enlightened and happy land. An enslaved press is an excellent instrument of emancipation, for then the public forms its own judgment. But a free press is an invaluable instrument of tyranny. The mob believes it and parrots what it is told. Likewise Revolution should never allow itself to become institutionalized in a new order.
Criticism and satire are not effective in themselves, he added. Power will not yield to truth, but only to the pressure that will follow widespread recognition of the truth. Nothing on earth is greater than the German name. This was obviously a way of making her opposition to anti-Semitism public. In he was found dead, along with his latest mistress, a girl of seventeen, at Mayerling, his hunting lodge. What actually happened at Mayerling is still the subject of much speculation and many books.
He, however, renounced his succession rights in favor of his son, Franz Ferdinand, who was assassinated in at Sarajevo. According to the economic line of thought he inspired, everyone owns the product of his or her labour, but everything found in nature, above all land, belongs equally to all humanity. George supported state ownership of telegraphic communications and municipal ownership of the water supply. He was strongly opposed to private monopolies. His most famous work, Progress and Poverty , deals with inequality and the cyclic nature of industrial economies and proposes possible remedies.
A well known speaker and public figure, George ran for Mayor of New York City in and came in second, ahead of the Republican candidate, Theodore Roosevelt. Stirner is usually seen as one of the founders of anarchism. He was also an influence on modern existentialism. His writing style and mode of argumentation were distinctive and disconcerting. He relied a good deal on word play and on exploiting words with related etymologies, since he claimed that language and rationality are themselves products of human culture that have come to constrain and oppress their creators.
Der Einzige und sein Eigentum ; English trans. The Ego and Its Own , was the most important statement of his radical philosophical views. He resigned two years later, however, because of disagreements with the administration. After three years as an untenured professor of art history at Heidelberg, he was appointed to the Chair of Art History in This brought him into close contact with the Wagner family and the Wagnerites. He emphasized instead the continued importance of Christian values and ideas. This did not prevent Thode from living a high-profile social life. He and Daniela ultimately moved to a villa on the Lago di Garda in Italy where they maintained a lavish lifestyle.
Between the late s and the s he wrote both the music and the libretti for over a dozen operas, none of them much performed now, though several have been recorded. He also wrote orchestral works and Lieder. He made his debut at Bayreuth as assistant conductor in , became associate conductor two years later, and in succeeded his mother as Artistic Director of the Festival.
This did not, of course, prevent the use of an occasional Jewish singer or musician when the success of the performances required it. It has been argued, however — most movingly by his daughter Friedlinde, who emigrated in first to England, where she wrote anti-Nazi columns for the Daily Sketch , then in to the United States, where she took part in anti-Nazi radio broadcasts, in her memoir Heritage of Fire: The oldest son, referred to here as a Fascist in the late s, was Manfredi It so alarmed the British, however, who read it as a challenge to their naval power, while at the same time alienating the French, that it had the effect of cementing the Entente between Britain and France against Germany.
Abdul Aziz, whose attempts to modernize Morocco and whose personal extravagance and infatuation with Western luxury products had made him unpopular, was forced to abdicate in and yield power to his half-brother. His dates of birth and death are uncertain: Selected Essay s [New York: Ballantine Books, ], pp. Morocco That Was [London and Edinburgh: William Blackwood, ], p. In addition to constant skirmishes with the forces of the Sultan and incessant raids and cattle robberies resulting in not a few murders for which he was imprisoned at one point for several years in the dreaded dungeons of Mogador , Raisuli used kidnappings as an instrument in his struggle for power, financial resources, and recognition.
Harris later described his captor as a handsome, chivalrous, well educated, and intelligent tribal chief with a keen sense of honour, even if he shrank from no act of violence. Varley, some grandchildren, some tame pheasants, a demoiselle crane, and several monkeys. A Study in the Old Diplomacy [London: The kidnapping of Perdicaris caused an international incident.
The Sultan was pressured by Britain, France, and the United States to intervene, but was powerless to do so. President Theodore Roosevelt then ordered four American warships with a detachment of Marines to Tangiers. Maclean had been authorized by the Sultan to negotiate a settlement of some outstanding issues with Raisuli in a remote place half way between Tangiers and Fez. The two swore an oath on the Koran to drive the foreign Christians out of Morocco. The Sultan of the Mountains. A heavily fictionalized film, The Wind and the Lion , in which Raisuli is played by Sean Connery, focuses on the Perdicaris kidnapping.
Ion Perdicaris himself wrote an account of his kidnapping in the National Geographic Magazine in and in an autobiographical memoir, published in London in , The Hand of Fate reproduced in John Hughes, ed. The Lyon Press, ], pp. Stanford University Press, He is situated in the context of the history of terrorism in Jeffrey D. Simon, The Terrorist Trap: Indiana University Press, Most of her elegantly and concisely written books appeared with leading publishers, such as Plon, Grasset, and Hachette in the s and s, when historical biographies that read like novels were in great vogue, but she continued to publish until the early s and several of her works were translated into English.
In , the publisher Plon put out a book by her about her uncle, Mon Oncle Taine, and in the same publisher brought out her charmingly written Ce Monde disparu: Souvenirs , the entire second half of which is devoted to the events and personalities of the years she and her husband spent in Morocco. Of the great powers, Austria alone had no interests in a country where Germany, France, Great Britain, and Spain all had competing interests, and Madame Taillandier never mentions it. He then returned briefly to Berlin before being posted to Constantinople , Athens , Teheran , Budapest, where he was Consul-General from to , Constantinople again , and Sofia In he was appointed British Minister in Tangiers, a position which he held for almost ten years and in which he finally got a chance to show his mettle as a diplomat.
He is quiet, steady, full of ready resource, not making difficulties, not delighting to put the other man into a hole. In he returned to London to be Permanent Under-Secretary to Edward Grey, the Foreign Secretary, in which capacity he did his best, against opposition from many liberals unfavorable to close association with the oppressive regime of the Czar, to promote a strong British-Russian-French alliance as a means of holding Germany in check.
He played an important part in the diplomatic negotiations and manoeverings that preceded the outbreak of the First World War, urging Grey to make it very clear to Germany that Britain would support France and Russia in the event of war. Longmans, Green, , a thoughtful little book on the development of the German Constitution from the time of the German Confederation in to the Imperial Constitution of Nicolson was the subject of a fine biography — Sir Arthur Nicolson, Bart.
A Study in the Old Diplomacy London: Constable, — by his son, the prolific and elegant writer, essayist, and scholar, Sir Harold Nicolson. He is mild and conciliatory. The future is very uncertain in this country, and I should like our hands to be quite free and not to encourage these people to imagine that we were their sole support and advisers. I do not think this would be fair as they might expect more than we should probably perform. I am anxious to be on the most friendly terms and do what I can to help them, but not to strive for a specially predominant position.
The consequences might be awkward. No, must I really. Basically, Nicolson had been told to give his French counterpart a free hand. Helping them to do so is decidedly not our business. But it could well be yours. Taine had taken a dim view of the French Revolution. Taillandier defended the Revolution, claiming that it had resulted in the sweeping away of the Old Regime all over Europe. Taine replied that the way this occurred in England under the influence of Locke and in Germany under the influence of Stein was far preferable to the way it occurred in France under the influence of Rousseau.
Taillandier subsequently wrote an account of his activity in Morocco: This aristocrat was an adventurer, a prolific writer, a combative socialist, and a Scottish nationalist; he was the first ever avowed socialist to be elected to the British House of Commons, a founder of the Scottish Labour Party, and first President of the Scottish National Party. Probably he is best described as an anarchist, opposed to all authority. A Journey in Morocco in In countries like Morocco, where men still live under the tribal system, all government must be despotic; witness Algeria, Afghanistan, and Russian Tartary.
The unit is the tribe and not the individual, and what we understand by freedom and democracy would seem to them the grossest form of tyranny on earth. No doubt no man in all Morocco is secure in the enjoyment of his property; but then in order to be amenable to tyranny, one must be rich, and as most tribesmen own but a horse or two, a camel, perhaps a slave, some little patch of cultivated ground or olive garden, it is not generally on them the extortion of Government descends, but on the chief Sheikh, Kaid, or Governor, who, if he happens to be rich, can never sleep secure a single day.
Heinemann, ; quoted from the ed. Associated University Presses, by Dr. Cedric Watts, a scholar who has studied Cunninghame Graham closely and written a substantial biography of him:. Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham was born in and died in ; in the interim he became a celebrity, a notoriety, a living legend; and in the aftermath he has become, gradually, a forgotten figure, his achievements neglected.
Hudson and Edward Garnett. He was born into the Scottish landed gentry […]; his ancestry was three-quarters Scottish, one quarter Spanish. During the subsequent years he frequently travelled in Central and South America, living among gauchos , llaneros and cattle-ranchers, making repeated attempts to prosper as a cattle- and horse-dealer — attempts which failed partly because of his youthful rashness, and partly because of Indian raids and the revolutionary upheavals in those regions. His Liberalism was nominal: His experiences as a convict did nothing to diminish his campaigning ardour: At demonstrations on behalf of the dockers and in the campaign for the eight-hour day he appeared alongside Kropotkin, Engels, H.
It is also the case that in his chivalrous impetuosity, in his concern for the underdog, and in his contempt for so much that passed for modern progress he could be seen as quixotically anachronistic. Many of the causes for which he fought so zealously were eventually to succeed. Yet, in his lifetime, he was regarded as a master. The texture may be thin, but it is wiry; […] he always has an eye for the telling detail. She turned out to be more practical, realistic, and consistent than Graham, but she could well have recognized some of her own impulses in the rage and indignation, the antibourgeois stance, and — not least — the chivalrous concern for the oppressed and downtrodden of the leftist Scottish aristocrat.
He continued to travel in and write about many areas of the Middle East, but Tangiers, where he occupied a handsome villa, was his home for the next thirty-five years. Though the interior of Morocco was largely closed to foreigners at the time, Harris was an intrepid and clever explorer and got to see and describe areas hitherto unvisited. In addition, as the correspondent of the London Times in Tangiers, an Arabic speaker, and the intimate of at least three of the ruling Sultans, he had many opportunities to observe every aspect of Moroccan life.
After he was captured by the mountain chieftain Raisuli one day when he was out hunting, he not only succeeded in securing his own release — with the help, generously acknowledged, of Sir Arthur Nicolson, the British Minister in Tangiers — he won the respect of his captor, of whom he in turn wrote admiringly. Harris is the author of many books describing the places and societies he visited: The Land of the African Sultan: Travels in Morocco London: William Blackwood, ; Tafilat: Arnold, ; East for Pleasure: Arnold, ; East Again: All his geese had to be swans.
Eland Books, ; orig. In August, he was sent on an important special mission to Rome to support the ambassador and the embassy staff there in their efforts to delay for as long as possible an Italian declaration of war against Austria-Hungary.
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As Governor of Livorno and Commander of the Imperial forces in Tuscany from about until , Crenneville was zealous in the execution of his assignment to root out revolutionary movements in the Duchy of Tuscany. After a period of study at the Vienna Handelsakademie commercial school , he took a job, at the age of seventeen, with a German bookseller in Cairo.
He boarded ship at Trieste then part of the Habsburg Empire for the five-day voyage to Alexandria, set out for Khartoum soon after his arrival in Cairo and began exploring, on his own, the mountainous Dar Nuba region of the Sudan. There he met Mehmet Emin Pasha, a. Gordon appointed him chief medical officer of the provinces and also sent him, on account of his language skills, on various diplomatic missions. Slatin asked Emin Pasha to take him to meet Gordon, but in the meantime he was recalled to Austria to fulfill his required military service.
However, he soon had to confront, as Governor, the rising power of the Mahdi, Muhammad Ahmed. Early in , the Arabs in southern Darfur rose in rebellion. Though victorious in over 20 engagements, Slatin kept losing ground, and as his followers attributed this to his being a Christian, he converted nominally, but publicly, to Islam in the hope of rallying his troops.
In December Slatin surrendered, seeing it as his duty not to sacrifice lives unnecessarily in a hopeless cause. Edward Arnold, ], pp. On the death of the Mahdi the same year, Slatin remained as the prisoner of his successor, Khalifa Abdullahi. In fact, Slatin tried to maintain his contacts with the Khalifa and other Mahdists, even after he had regained his freedom, in the belief that for the purposes of intelligence-gathering and negotiating, these contacts could be useful. It was translated into French and Italian and became a Europe-wide bestseller.
Geoge by Queen Victoria in recognition of his services. He was a favourite and a frequent guest, at Windsor and Balmoral, of Queen Victoria, who had a portrait of him painted for her own collection by one of her personal portraitpainters, Heinrich von Angeli. He was also a guest at other European courts. Hence her surprise and delight at finding him modest and unassuming. He tried to limit Christian proselytizing and to reinforce tribal leadership and family bonds. The outbreak of war between Great Britain and Austria-Hungary in was particularly painful for him. His entire career had been in the service of the British monarchy.
Now he had to give up his position and separate from some of his closest friends. He and Wingate were especially close, worked together in the administration of the Sudan, and had complete trust in one another. He took no active part in the war but instead headed the Prisoners-of-War section of the Austrian Red Cross, which allowed him to intervene on behalf of British prisoners-of-war, and he is said to have been involved in attempts to work out a separate peace between Great Britain and France on the one hand and Austria-Hungary on the other.
In , he was a member of the Austrian delegation that negotiated the peace treaty between the new Republic of Austria and the victorious allied powers. In recognition of his having secured food supplies for the starving population of Vienna in , he was made an honorary citizen of Vienna. After the death, in , of his wife, Baroness Alice von Ramberg, whom he had married in and by whom he had a daughter, he moved to Merano, formerly in Austria, but Italian since the end of the war.
A good song needs rhythm; whoever distorts it, be it the clerk with his pen, the cobbler will hammer it on the leather. If I'm to woo you today, I beseech you now, come, and follow me away from here! Listen when Sachs beseeches you! Diederich Brodersen — , m. The man to whom you Masters award the prize the maid can refuse, but never solicit another:
In June , a couple of months before his own death following a cancer operation in Vienna, he and his daughter, Anne-Marie, were received by King George V in London. A lamb, representing the lamb or ram that was sacrificed in place of Isaac, is traditionally slaughtered on the day of the festival. It is said to be the largest such bank in Europe, with about 3, employees. The founder of the modern banking business of Sal. In the first half of the nineteenth century Simon and Abraham identified themselves as Jews and sought to advance the cause of Jewish emancipation. Twenty years later Abraham helped to fund the construction of a handsome new synagogue in Cologne.
Along with a third brother, Dagobert originally David, , the brothers also supported general cultural and philanthropic ventures in Cologne. Max von Oppenheim was the son of Albert. Max, however, had developed a keen interest in the Islamic world and dreamed of devoting his life to the study of the peoples and cultures of the Middle East and North Africa.
After he obtained a law degree in , his father permitted him to undertake a journey to the Orient. In the winter of he accompanied an uncle to Athens, Smyrna and Constantinople. In he spent six months in Morocco in what he describes as a Forchungsreise [research trip], and he learned Arabic. He himself recounts the subsequent development of his career in the first volume of his book on the Bedouins:.
In I was able to begin pursuing my scholarly activities in the Orient on a larger scale. At the end of the trip I stopped for some months in Cairo, where I lodged in an Arab house in the native quarter. Here I lived exactly as the local Muslims did in order to develop my fluency in the Arabic language and to study thoroughly the spirit of Islam and the customs and manners of the native inhabitants. My plan was to prepare myself in this way for further expeditions that would lead me into the Eastern part of the Arab world.
In the Spring of , my path led to Damascus. From here I set out on my first truly major research trip in the Near East. This is laid out in the second volume of the aforementioned book. In the course of this expedition I came to love the wild, unconstrained life of the sons of the desert.
By sharing their way of life in the saddle and in the tent, I acquired ever greater knowledge of their ways. They felt that I was well disposed towards them and that I understood their customs and peculiarities. Hence, they were also well disposed towards me and readily answered any question I put to them. I made an expedition into the interior, in the course of which I acquired an extensive tract of land in Usambara, which was later turned into plantations by the Rheinische Handel-Plantagen-Gesellschaft , which here successfully cultivated first the coffee bean, and then, after the coffee worm made its appearance, sisal — until this flourishing plantation was lost to Germany as a consequence of the World War.
As he began to become too strong, however, Khedive Ismail enticed him to Cairo where he detained him in a beautiful palace, that was like a gilded cage. From Zuber Pasha, I obtained extraordinarily interesting information about one of his former generals named Rabeh, who had refused to capitulate to the Egyptians and had moved westwards from the Nile valley with a large number of his former soldiers and their families.
Back in Germany, I wrote up a report on this, as well as on other things I had learned in Cairo about the area around Lake Chad and about the Muslim order of the Senussi, which was of great importance not only from a religious but also from a political standpoint. This report led the Foreign Office to ask me, in the context of our rivalry with France and England, to lead a German expedition into the hinterland of the Cameroons in order to acquire the area up to Lake Chad for Germany.
In the competition involving France, England and Germany the aforementioned Rabeh had moved faster than the European powers. Starting out from the Egyptian Sudan he had led his army from victory to victory, like a black Napoleon, and had seized all the lands south of Wadai [a former kingdom situated between Lake Chad and Darfur] together with the large kingdoms of Bagirmi and Bornu.
Still, his reign was of short duration. He fell in a battle with the French and the empire he founded collapsed. When his lands were divided up by the European colonial powers, my expedition, which was all ready to go, became part of the bargaining process. From then on I was employed by the Foreign Office and attached to our diplomatic legation in Cairo. From there I was in a position to observe closely all the affairs of the Islamic world.
No place was better for this than Cairo. The Egyptian Press, published in the Arabic of the Koran, was of decisive importance for the entire Islamic world from the Atlantic to China. Whereas in Turkey Sultan Abdul Hamid wielded absolute power and did not tolerate the free expression of opinion in the newspapers, Cairo was the resort of all Muslim political refugees, especially those from the Ottoman Empire.
But I also managed to establish excellent relations with Sultan Abdul Hamid […] [who] asked me to call on him whenever I was in Constantinople, which I regularly did. It is not surprising therefore that the scholar was approached by Georg von Siemens, the Director of the Deutsche Bank, about prospecting and giving advice on the best route for the Berlin-to-Baghdad railway on the stretch between Aleppo and Mosul. Though the German Foreign Office would not allow Oppenheim to accept this commission openly, for fear that the participation of a Foreign Office agent in the project would be viewed with displeasure and suspicion by the British, the scholar was able to give Siemens the requested advice privately.
It seems, moreover, that Oppenheim and his scholarly associates sometimes lodged in the same buildings as the engineers of the Berlin-to-Baghdad railway. He had even re-affirmed his friendship with the Ottoman Sultan after an Turkish massacre of Christian Armenians had shocked most of Europe. A year earlier, shortly before a projected visit of the Kaiser to Constantinople, the scholar had sent a memorandum to Berlin from Cairo, dated 5 July, , in which he reported on pan-Islamic movements in the Middle East and suggested that jihad or Muslim holy war could be a mighty weapon if Muslims could actually be made ready and willing to engage in it.
Were jihad proclaimed, he wrote, volunteers and money from all over the Islamic world would arrive for the Sultan, as happened in his war against Russia. Since Germany, of all the Christian nations, was considered by Muslims to be their best friend, according to Oppenheim, the message of the memorandum was clear: The so-called Senussi revolt turned out to be a serious challenge to the Allied war effort.
As Oppenheim himself recalled in the Introduction to his book on the Bedouins, he had submitted a memorandum to the German Foreign Office in the s on the Sanussi brotherhood, and the military leader of the revolt, Jaafar Pasha al-Askari, a Kurd from Mesopotamia and a former Ottoman army officer, had been trained in Germany. On the outbreak of war, however, he was summoned to Berlin by the Kaiser to head the newly created Oriental News Department at the Foreign Ministry, for which a dozen German academics had been recruited, and the aim of which was to spread propaganda among Muslims.
Among other measures, he initiated and oversaw the production of thousands of propaganda leaflets and booklets for distribution in Muslim countries, started a film company to produce newsreels and other short propaganda movies, and created a network of 70 reading halls Nachrichtensaale in major population centers where his guidelines for jihad were to be communicated and spread. He took up the excavations at Tel-Halaf again and published accounts of the findings, of which he had to give half over to the Syrian authorities. To house and exhibit his share of them he established the Tel-Halaf Museum in Berlin in and at the same time set up a Foundation, the Max-Freiherr von Oppenheim Stiftung, to promote research into all aspects of the societies and cultures of the Near East, from prehistoric times to the present.
The Foundation had a library of 40, books and a large collection of Islamic manuscripts and artefacts. Perhaps he was too useful to them. In Oppenheim made a further final expedition into the Middle East. Oppenheim was apparently willing to go to great lengths to ensure his survival, if that is how we are to interpret his active participation in propagandizing for the Third Reich. In the Foreword, the author thanks the Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft for financially supporting the publication of his work.
In July he sent a shortened version of it to the German Foreign Office. As France had by then been neutralized, the revised plan focused on provoking uprisings against the British in Iraq and Saudi Arabia, blocking the Suez Canal, and fomenting revolution in India. He recommended cooperation with the Palestinian leader Mohammed Amin al-Husseini, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem from to , the setting up of a Palestinian state under al-Husseini, and the expulsion of all Jews who had not been residents of Palestine before the outbreak of war.
He moved to Dresden, where he survived the massive destruction of the city. His Tel Halaf Museum in Berlin was also destroyed in a bombing raid, however. What remained of the collection was subsequently moved to Cologne. One cannot help wondering what she may have known, later still, of the last stage of his extraordinary career.
Otto Harrassowitz, ], vol. Otto Harrassowitz, ]; id. John Murray, ], pp. Zur Expansionspolitik des deutschen Imperialismus im ersten Weltkrieg [Berlin: Columbia University Press, ], pp. Kegan Paul International, ], pp. Oxford University Press, ], vol. Geschichte einer Bank und einer Familie [Munich: George Allen and Unwin, ], p. The topic was in the air at the time. He made this explanation quietly and nonchalantly, as though it had been quite the most ordinary matter in the world. If we can stir the Mohammedans up against the English and Russians, we can force them to make peace.
Soon afterward the Sheik-ul-Islam published his proclamation, summoning the whole Moslem world to arise and massacre their Christian oppressors. The Ikdam, the Turkish newspaper which had passed into German ownership, was constantly inciting the masses. A gleam of hope has appeared. All Mohammedans, young and old, men, women and children, must fulfil their duty so that the gleam may not fade away, but give light to us for ever.
How many great things can be accomplished by the arms of vigorous men, by the aid of others, of women and children! The time for action has come. We shall all have to fight with all our strength, with all our soul, with teeth and nails, with all the sinews of our bodies and of our spirits.
3. Notes on Persons and Events Mentioned in the Memoir
If we do it, the deliverance of the subjected Mohammedan kingdoms is assured…Allah is our aid and the Prophet is our support. It was a lengthy document […] full of quotations from the Koran, and its style was frenzied in its appeal to racial and religious hatred. It described a detailed plan of operations for the assassination and extermination of all Christians — except those of German nationality. A few extracts will portray its spirit: For if you consider this but a little, you will weep long. You will behold a bewildering state of affairs which will cause the tear to fall and the fire of grief to blaze.
You see the great country of India, which contains hundreds of millions of Moslems, fallen, because of religious divisions and weaknesses into the grasp of the enemies of God, the infidel English. You see forty millions of Moslems in Java shackled by the chains of captivity and of affliction under the rule of the Dutch.
We cannot enumerate the insults we have received at the hands of these nations who desire totally to destroy Islam and drive all Mohammedans off the face of the earth. This tyranny has passed all endurable limits; the cup of our oppression is full to overflowing.
The world of Islam sinks down and goes backward, and the Christian world goes forward and is more and more exalted. The Moslems are enslaved and the infidels are the great rulers. This is all because the Moslems have abandoned the plan set forth in the Koran and ignored the Holy War which it commands. This holy war has now become a sacred duty. Know ye that the blood of infidels in the Islamic lands may be shed with impunity. Behold we have delivered them unto your hands and given you supreme power over them. And let every Moslem, in whatever part of the world he may be, swear a solemn oath to kill at least three or four of the infidels who rule over him, for they are the enemies of God and of the faith.
Let every Moslem know that his reward for doing so shall be doubled by the God who created heaven and earth. A Moslem who does this shall be saved from the terrors of the day of Judgment, of the resurrection of the dead. First, the individual war, which consists of the individual personal deed. This may be carried on with cutting, killing instruments, […] like the slaying of the English chief of police in India, and like the killing of one of the officials arriving in Mecca by Abi Busir may God be pleased with him.
The most useful are those organized and operating in secret. The Germans and Austrians, in short, are excluded. Gomidas Institute, ; orig. Peter Lang, ], pp. Snouk Hurgronje versus C. Princeton University Press, ], pp. He himself served for many years in Egypt, with ever widening responsibilities, as head of the Camel Corps section of the Egyptian Coastguard Administration.
In addition, he supervised various building projects, including the construction of a new harbor for the sponge-fishing fleet and a new mosque in Mersa Matruh. He understands and admires the Bedouins among whom he lives and he also demonstrates great respect and affection for the 20 or so officers who served under him, both Egyptian and European, as well as for his men, many of whom came from the Sudan.
One of them in particular must surely have greatly pleased her if she heard him tell it:. He kept completely to himself, and I was not particularly curious about his earlier life. He traded in a small way with the Bedouins, was interested in cultivating barley, and made unfired bricks from a mixture of clay, mud, marl, and sand. With these he was able to build a better kind of hut.
After a few months the chief of police in Alexandria sent me a telegram inquiring whether I had a dangerous French anarchist named E. I replied that E. Yes, I was told, but the French consulate wants him extradited from Egypt, because, besides being an anarchist, he is a deserter. I sent for E. I asked him why. He had come to Mersa Matruh in the hope that the Egyptian government would be less brutal than the French one.
I promised him that I would protect him and that I would give him secret warning if he was about to be extradited so that he could go into hiding for a while. Thanks to my intervening with the various authorities, he was given permission to stay on in Matruh after he had promised me that he would not make anarchist propaganda. Whereupon he simply expressed his honest regret that a decent man like myself was not an anarchist and he made a sincere effort to convert me. He gave me the anarchist pamphlets he had smuggled into the country and, according to the terms of our agreement, could no longer distribute, and asked me to read them.
But in putting together the various kinds of earth and soil to make his bricks, he had demonstrated that he was a professional. So I appointed him my architect for the construction of the many buildings the Coast Guard had to put up and later I was able to get him a good job with a big company in Cairo. Then he asked me for a letter of recommendation to the head of the municipality of Alexandria. I wrote in the letter: He replied emphatically that he hoped not. I then said that he was in that case the more honourable of the two of us, because I would be willing to lie twice in order to save my life.
Drei Masken Verlag, ]; id. In general, while a posting to Beirut was assuredly anything but a great prize, the Levant was not unimportant to Austria at the time. Efforts were being made to promote trade with the region and Austria also had an interest in protecting the local Christians. Herold Verlag, ], p. He also renamed his two sons: Sadik Pasha fought in the Crimean War on the Ottoman side.
Adam Enver returned to Poland and had a career there as a military officer. After graduating from the prestigious Ecole militaire de Saint-Cyr in Muzzafar entered the cavalry corps of the Ottoman army. In he became a military aide to Sultan Abdul Aziz and accompanied him on his European tour of He fought in the war against Russia, became an aide to Abdul Hamid II, and served as a member of the military reforms and military inspection committees. In his name came up as a surprise candidate for the governorship of Mount Lebanon. Though his rivals, high officials in the Ottoman Foreign Ministry, were much better known in diplomatic circles, the failure of the parties concerned to agree on any other person than Muzzafar, determined the final choice, and in the autumn of he was appointed governor of Mount Lebanon for a term of five years with the rank of mushir field marshal.
His own sons held posts in the Ottoman Foreign Ministry. Engin Akarli, The Long Peace: Ottoman Lebanon [Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, ] pp. Ithaca Press, ; St. He led a following of poor newcomers to the Don region, mostly peasants escaping from serfdom, on a number of successful pillaging expeditions in the lower Volga region and on the shores of the Caspian Sea. As he passed through the lower Volga cities of Astrakhan and Tsaritsyn, hundreds of townsmen, fugitive peasants, and even regular soldiers flocked to his standard.
They were defeated, however, when they besieged the town of Simbirsk. Stenka Razin fled to the Don region, but he was betrayed soon after by another Cossack leader, captured, delivered to Moscow in an iron cage, and executed on June 6, For the words of the popular song in which the legend is preserved, see http: He had been seconded to Constantinople in as head of a German military mission requested by the Sultan for the purpose of reorganizing the Ottoman army after its defeat in the Russo-Turkish War of Goltz spent twelve years in Turkey and appears to have carried out his mission with some success, for in the Greco-Turkish war of the Turkish army advanced to the gates of Athens and was halted only when Czar Nicolas II threatened to attack the Ottomans from eastern Anatolia unless the campaign was stopped.
In return for his services Goltz was given the title of Pasha and in just before his return to Germany, the rank of Mushir field-marshal in the Ottoman army. He was in Turkey again several times between and before being sent back to Constantinople, as special adviser to the Sultan, soon after Turkey entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers. The Ambassador in Constantinople from until was Adolf, Freiherr Marschall von Bieberstein and he was succeeded, from until , by Hans, Freiherr von Wangenheim It is, of course, possible that he was there on a shorter visit at the time, but I have not been able to verify this.
Alternatively, she is indeed referring to Goltz but, because of the major role he played in German-Ottoman relations, mistakenly remembers him as the Ambassador. Marschall had taken a strongly imperialist position in general European politics. After the ill-conceived Jameson raid on the Transvaal Republic, he was responsible, according to Kaiser Wilhelm II himself, for drafting the telegram in which the Kaiser congratulated President Kruger and assured him that a free republic of the Transvaal was a major German interest.
Marschall also advocated a strong naval policy for Germany — another position that was sure to be read as provocative by the British. Neue deutsche Biographie , vol. They demanded re-establishment of the constitutional monarchy set up under the short-lived constitution.
The movement grew out of secret societies of progressive university students and military cadets that had been driven underground, along with all other forms of political dissent, after the constitution was annulled by Sultan Abdul Hamid II in In a first congress of Ottoman advocates of reform was held in Paris, a second five years later in In the Young Turk Revolution successfully reversed the suspension of the constitution and reinstituted a parliament, thus initiating the so-called Second Constitutional Era in the Ottoman Empire.
In power, the Young Turks were keen nationalists, eager to exploit German interest in Turkey for their own ends but resistant to German efforts to turn Turkey into a client state. Many members of his family had served in the Austro-Hungarian diplomatic corps. It is not clear how he came to occupy the position he held in Constantinople. The recently refurbished Fire Brigade Museum in present-day Istanbul bears his name. This is not quite accurate, but close enough. Born in , Weitz was first employed in the retail trade but soon gave it up for journalism.