Pregnancy and Parturition: 1 (Advances in Organ Biology)
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Should I pay a subscription fee to always have free shipping? No, you will enjoy unlimited free shipping whenever you meet the above order value threshold. Asia, Japan and the United States are all seeing average age at first birth on the rise, and increasingly the process is spreading to countries in the developing world like China, Turkey and Iran.
In the US, the average age of first childbirth was In most cultures, pregnant women have a special status in society and receive particularly gentle care.
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In many traditional societies, pregnancy must be preceded by marriage, on pain of ostracism of mother and illegitimate child. Overall, pregnancy is accompanied by numerous customs that are often subject to ethnological research, often rooted in traditional medicine or religion.
The baby shower is an example of a modern custom. Pregnancy is an important topic in sociology of the family. The prospective child may preliminarily be placed into numerous social roles. The parents' relationship and the relation between parents and their surroundings are also affected.
A belly cast may be made during pregnancy as a keepsake. Images of pregnant women, especially small figurines , were made in traditional cultures in many places and periods, though it is rarely one of the most common types of image. These include ceramic figures from some Pre-Columbian cultures, and a few figures from most of the ancient Mediterranean cultures. Many of these seem to be connected with fertility. Identifying whether such figures are actually meant to show pregnancy is often a problem, as well as understanding their role in the culture concerned.
Among the oldest surviving examples of the depiction of pregnancy are prehistoric figurines found across much of Eurasia and collectively known as Venus figurines. Some of these appear to be pregnant. Due to the important role of the Mother of God in Christianity , the Western visual arts have a long tradition of depictions of pregnancy, especially in the biblical scene of the Visitation , and devotional images called a Madonna del Parto. The unhappy scene usually called Diana and Callisto , showing the moment of discovery of Callisto 's forbidden pregnancy, is sometimes painted from the Renaissance onwards.
Gradually, portraits of pregnant women began to appear, with a particular fashion for "pregnancy portraits" in elite portraiture of the years around Pregnancy, and especially pregnancy of unmarried women, is also an important motif in literature. Anatomical model of a pregnant woman; Stephan Zick ; ; Germanisches Nationalmuseum. Statue of a pregnant woman, Macedonia. Bronze figure of a pregnant naked woman by Danny Osborne , Merrion Square.
Modern reproductive medicine offers many forms of assisted reproductive technology for couples who stay childless against their will, such as fertility medication , artificial insemination , in vitro fertilization and surrogacy. An abortion is the termination of an embryo or fetus, either naturally or via medical methods.
Legality of socially indicated abortions varies widely both internationally and through time. In most countries of Western Europe, abortions during the first trimester were a criminal offense a few decades ago [ when?
Read the latest chapters of Advances in Organ Biology at www.farmersmarketmusic.com, Volume 1, Pages () Late Pregnancy and Parturition in the Sheep. The online version of Advances in Organ Biology at www.farmersmarketmusic.com, the world's Volume 1 pp. () Pregnancy and Parturition. Entitled to full text.
Many countries have various legal regulations in place to protect pregnant women and their children. Maternity Protection Convention ensures that pregnant women are exempt from activities such as night shifts or carrying heavy stocks. Maternity leave typically provides paid leave from work during roughly the last trimester of pregnancy and for some time after birth.
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Notable extreme cases include Norway 8 months with full pay and the United States no paid leave at all except in some states. Moreover, many countries have laws against pregnancy discrimination. In , the American state of Tennessee passed a law which allows prosecutors to charge a woman with criminal assault if she uses illegal drugs during her pregnancy and her fetus or newborn is considered harmed as a result.
Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. Most pregnancy tests are specifically designed to recognize the presence of hCG, and hCG levels can be tested through the mothers blood to learn whether or not a pregnancy is progressing normally. Cortisol appears to stimulate expression of placental but not hypothalamic CRH in vitro [ 10 ]. Estrogen increases oxytocin receptor expression and progesterone suppresses such estrogen-induced increase in cultured human myometrial cells. The pluripotency of ES cells has been rigorously demonstrated in vitro and in vivo, thus they can be indeed classified as stem cells. Respiratory Intrauterine hypoxia Infant respiratory distress syndrome Transient tachypnea of the newborn Meconium aspiration syndrome pleural disease Pneumothorax Pneumomediastinum Wilson—Mikity syndrome Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Corticotropin-releasing hormone and related pituitary-adrenal axis hormones in fetal and maternal blood during the second half of pregnancy.
In the United States, laws make some actions that result in miscarriage or stillbirth crimes. One such law is the federal Unborn Victims of Violence Act. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about pregnancy in humans. For other mammals, see Pregnancy mammals. For fish, see Pregnancy in fish.
Symptoms and discomforts of pregnancy. Estimated date of confinement. Prenatal development , Human embryogenesis , and Fetus. Embryo at 4 weeks after fertilization. Gestational age of 6 weeks. Fetus at 8 weeks after fertilization. Gestational age of 10 weeks.
Human Physiology/Pregnancy and birth
Fetus at 18 weeks after fertilization. Gestational age of 20 weeks. Fetus at 38 weeks after fertilization. Gestational age of 40 weeks. Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy. Preterm birth and Postterm pregnancy. Prenatal care and pre-conception counseling. Pharmaceutical drugs in pregnancy. Sexual activity during pregnancy. Intercurrent disease in pregnancy. Medical imaging in pregnancy.
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