Viertausend Kilometer Einsamkeit: Rapa Nui - Osterinsel (German Edition)

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Geological evidence indicates that massive layers of ice began to cover Antarctica. Eventually, great ice regions formed at the North Pole as well. Ice sheets began to move across North America, Europe, and Asia, until as much as a third of the area of those continents was buried under ice 1 mile thick. Rain forests dried, deserts became wet, and species began to die.

Apart from the obvious effects on animals and plants, the severe cold locked up large quantities of sea water in ice sheets: Periods of intense cold were interrupted by interglacial, usually warm, periods that produced heavy tropical rainfalls. Climate change, in short, also figured in important ways in the evolution of other hominids.

A new land bridge connected North and South America for the first time, causing major disruptions in the flow of the ocean currents and leading to a major ice age. In Africa, the climate grew cooler and drier, and the formerly large areas of open woodland began to disappear, forcing our ancestors to become ground dwellers.

The results were predictable. Aus- tralopithecus died out, along with a large number of other species that were adapted to the woodlands. While the crisis eliminated many of the early hominids, it also freed them from an evolutionary dead end. As a result, at least one hominid group rapidly evolved into something new — an upright, large-brained hominid that could survive on the ground.

From that group derived the genus Homo and, eventually, modern humans. In Africa, several new species of land-dwelling hominids appeared. Growing in stature, these creatures developed a distinct taste for meat. So far, the earliest remains of a Homo erectus specimen are estimated to be about 1. Many signs point to its African origin and hence to its spread through Europe and Asia some half a million to a million years ago.

Apart from fossils, a special tool used by Homo erectus helps us to plot the distribu- tion of the new species by defining areas into which Homo erectus did not spread as well as those into which he did. Nevertheless, Homo erectus had an unprecedented capacity to manipulate the environment. Beside hand-axes, Homo erectus left the earliest surviving traces of constructed dwellings — huts, sometimes 50 feet long, built of branches, with stone-slab or skin floors — the earliest worked wood, the first wooden spear, and the earliest container, a wooden bowl.

The existence of such artifacts hints strongly at a new level of mentality, at a preformed conception of the objects and perhaps an idea of process. However, it has been firmly established that Homo erectus possessed only rudimentary linguistic abilities. The most remarkable innovation of Homo erectus is undoubtedly the use of extrasomatic energy, in order to accomplish human ends outside the body. The most important source of extrasomatic energy, by far, is fire. It has been estimated that the per capita use of extrasensory energy in the form of fire in early hunter-gatherer societies amounted roughly to the same quantity that flows through human organisms themselves as somatic energy.

Learning to manage fire represented a remarkable technical and cultural advance for anatomically pre-modern hominids. It brought the possibility of warmth and light and therefore a double extension of the human environment into the cold and the dark. In physical terms, one obvious expression of this was the occupation of caves.

Animals could now be driven out and kept out by fire. Technology could move forward: And cooking must have stimulated attention to the variety and availability of plant life. Moreover, the use of fire influenced the evolution of reflexive mentality. Around the hearths after dark gathered a community almost certainly aware of itself as a small and meaningful unit against a chaotic and unfriendly background. Language, of whose specific origins we still know little, would have been shaped by a new kind of group intercourse.

At some point, fire- bearers and fire specialists appeared — beings of awesome and mysterious importance, on whom depended life and death. They carried and guarded the great liberating tool, and the need to guard it must sometimes have made them masters. Fire began to break up the iron rigidity of night and day and even the discipline of the seasons.

It thus carried further the breakdown of the great objective natural rhythms that bound Homo erectus. Hominid behavior, as historian J. Roberts notes, now could be less routine and automatic. The harnessing of fire was also a prerequisite of big game hunting, another of the significant achievements of Homo erectus. Any meat eating was a great effort as game had to be followed and killed; hominids became dependent upon other species, including the megafauna, as a food source.

Organized hunting provided concentrated protein and therefore released meat-eaters from their incessant nibbling on a variety of vegetarian products. Although elephants, giraffes, and buffalo were among the species whose meat was consumed at Olduvai, scholars emphasize that the bones of smaller animals vastly preponderated in the archaeological excavations.

Still, the ecological impact of anatomically pre-modern hominids such as Homo erectus appears to have remained small. Complex stone tools that appear at the end of the Pleistocene were still unknown to both Homo erectus and early Homo sapiens about , years ago. There were no bone tools, no ropes to make nets, and no fishhooks.

All the early stone tools may have been held directly in the hand; they show no signs of having been mounted on other materials for increased leverage, as we mount steel axe blades on wooden handles. The routine argument in the past has been that we have been successful big game hunters for a long time. The supposed evidence comes mainly from three archaeological sites occupied around half a million years ago: It is usually assumed that the same people who left the tools killed the animals brought their carcasses to the site and ate them there.

However, all three sites also have hyena bones and fecal remains, which means hyena could equally well have been the hunters. While early humans ate. The archaeological evidence of big game hunting or its effectiveness in Homo erectus and early archaic Homo sapiens populations remains scarce, and, given the absence of elaborate technologies in protohuman species, their impact on other species and ecologies must have been negligible. Nev- ertheless, this is an epoch of crucial significance with respect to human evolution.

Culture and tradition were slowly replacing the importance of genetic mutations and natural selection as the primary source of change among hominids. The group with the best memories of effective adaptive techniques would be favored in the evolutionary process. Selection also favored those hominid groups whose members had not only good memory but also the increasing power to reflect upon it in language. We know still very little about the history of language. Modern types of language only appeared with anatomically modern humans, long after Homo erectus disappeared.

This process would create the possibility of different messages and thus constitute the root of grammar. Once more, there can be no separation of social and biological processes. Better vision, an increased physical ability to deal with the world as a set of discrete objects, and the use of tools developed simultaneously with the refinement of linguistic capacities over a long period.

Ultimately, these factors combined to contribute to the further extension of abstract conceptualization. The meteoric ascent of early humans a quarter of a million years ago in East Africa had little ecological impact. Still, early Homo sapiens did look rather different from earlier Homo erectus. Climatologically, the era was character- ized by shifting ice age conditions.

The precise origin of Homo sapiens is not yet fully resolved. Two different models have been proposed. This model holds that all modern humans evolved in parallel from earlier populations in Africa, Europe, and Asia, with some genetic intermixing among these regions. Support for this view comes from the similarity of certain minor anatomical structures in modern human populations and preceding populations of Homo erectus in the same regions.

The second model proposes that a small, relatively isolated population of early humans evolved into modern Homo sapiens, and that this population. This scenario views the variation among modern populations as a recent phenomenon. Part of the evidence to support this theory comes from molecular biology, especially studies of the diversity and mutation rate of nuclear DNA and mitochondr- ial DNA in living human cells. From these studies, an approximate time of divergence from the common ancestor of all modern human populations can be calculated. This research has typically yielded dates around , years ago.

Molecular methods tend to point to an African origin for all modern humans, implying that the ancestral population of all living people migrated from Africa to other parts of the world. However, it appears that the earliest fossil evidence for anatomically modern humans in Africa is about , years old, and there is evidence that modern humans lived in the Near East sometime before 90, BCE. During this period, two closely related protohuman forms — Cro- Magnon and Homo sapiens neanderthalensis — had emerged out of Africa and coexisted in various places for some time.

Neanderthals are generally considered a subspecies of Homo sapiens. Their fossil remains were first found in Neanderthal, Germany, in The so- called classic Neanderthals were robust and had a large, thick skull, a sloping forehead, and a chinless jaw. Their brains were somewhat larger than those of most modern humans, but this is probably due to their greater bulk.

Nean- derthals were the first humans to adapt to cold climates, and their body proportions are similar to those of modern cold-adapted peoples: Men averaged about cm 5 feet 6 inches in height. Their bones are thick and heavy, and show signs of powerful muscle attachments.

Neanderthals would have been extraordinarily strong by modern standards, and their skeletons show that they endured hard lives. They were formidable hunters and are the first people known to have buried their dead. Neanderthals were initially thought to have been limited to Western Europe, but their remains have also been discovered in Morocco, in the northern Sahara, at Mount Carmel in Israel and elsewhere in the Near East and Iran.

This highly successful species has also been traced to Central Asia and China, where the earliest specimens go back as far as , BCE. Nean- derthals must have been creatures adapted to the cold, but they did not migrate any farther north than Northern Europe, the Ukraine, and the Caspian Sea. The first penetration of Siberia and the Arctic was left to later, fully modern humans. The Neanderthals were meat-eaters and they fashioned quite advanced tools. They buried their dead and worshiped bears. Their burial rituals show that they were capable of thinking abstractly and that they communicated with each other in a highly developed way.

Neanderthals were the first species to leave undisputed evidence of regular use of fire, and they were the real inventors of cooking, a cultural practice. The spring and autumn were particularly difficult times for hunters because of the difficulty of moving over the slushy snow. There is no evidence that the Neanderthals knew of snowshoes or skis to help them cross the snow. Around their winter caves archaeologists found the remains of large mammals, such as cave bears, ibex, and rhinoceros, as well as many smaller animals such as birds and snails. This suggests that Nean- derthals were pressed for food and would eat virtually anything.

In such conditions, cooking takes on a particularly important function. After all, advanced methods of cooking make supplies go further. Evidence suggests that Neanderthals developed quite sophisticated cooking techniques that helped keep alive members of the group who were apparently either very elderly or lifelong invalids. Probably they were able to prepare soup-like food dishes by cooking meat within prepared animal skins, an early practice in many parts of the world that was still used in Ireland as late as the sixteenth century.

Cro-Magnons first appeared in Europe some 10, to 40, years ago. They are one of the best-known examples of early modern human populations. Remains of this most recent late-Stone Age ancestor were first found in France in and then throughout other parts of Europe and Western Asia. Their skeletal remains show a few small differences from modern humans, but they are still generally classified as the earliest known representatives of the same subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens. Cro-Magnon features differed significantly from Neanderthal, including a high cranium, a broad and upright face, and a cranial capacity about the same as that of modern humans but smaller than that of Neanderthals; the males were as tall as 6 feet.

Their geographic origin is still unknown. Cro-Magnon culture was markedly more sophisticated than Neanderthal. They used a wider variety of raw materials such as bone and antler to produce novel implements for making clothing, engraving, and sculpting. They produced fine artwork in the form of decorated tools, beads, ivory carvings of humans and animals, shell jewelry, clay figurines, musical instruments, and polychrome cave paintings of exceptional vitality. Cro- Magnons were without any doubt skilled hunters of game of all sizes, exploiting their environment to the limits.

Fish and bird bones are present at various Cro-Magnon sites, and it is clear that these people regularly exploited the migratory movements of other vertebrates to their advantage. Campsites were often quite elaborate, and the making of complex fire hearths and the use of heated stones to heat up water in skin-lined pits show that cooking had become much more sophisticated. They also created sophisti- cated weapons such as spear tips, harpoons, and animal traps. They even created a crude lunar calendar to keep track of the seasonal movements of.

In essence, Cro-Magnons were nomadic hunters and gatherers with a sophisticated material culture. Like all other hominids, Homo sapiens originally evolved in — and migrated out of — Africa. Our species had already reached Israel some , years ago, and 40, years later had conquered the whole of Europe and the Asian continent. Humans entered Australia as early as 60, years ago, and, some 13, years ago, climatic variations enabled them to enter the Americas, the last uninhabited continent.

Crossing from Asia somewhere in the region of what is now the Bering Strait, they moved southward for thousands of years as they followed large animals. A new order of conscious intentionality expressed itself in the creation of new cultural and technological means to control and change the environment.

Representative art appeared in the form of clay and stone sculptures, along with simple but often strikingly beautiful paintings on cave walls. Ice age archaeological remains from 30, years ago in Sungir, Russia, show people bedecked in woven garments decorated with thousands of ivory beads. Like contemporary humans, these people had art, religion, and a social structure.

The scratches were arranged through repeated motifs into descriptive classes such as meanders, fishlike images, and parallel lines. All these inventions appeared near the end of the anatomical evolution of Homo sapiens. Moreover, during this period, increases in the technical sophistication of tools, flute-like instruments carved of sawbones, appear in the archaeologi- cal record of humans. For more than a million years, the universal repertoire of tools of hominids had been stone scrapers and simple blades. Now, spear points made of mammoth tusks, drilled fox and wolf teeth, and deer horn and bone needles for sewing on leather appear in large numbers.

We have seen above that from approximately , to 50, years ago, anatomically modern humans were confined to Africa, plus the warmer areas of Europe and Asia. Our capacity as a social species to transform nature dramatically increased during this early phase in human social evolution due to the development of language and the associated expansion of our symbolic and social organizational capacities. This crucial turning point in the biological and social evolution of the human species essentially marks the continua- tion of biological evolution by cultural means.

It is precisely at this conjuncture that humans begin to pose a global environmental risk. The invention of metallurgy and use of metal tools arose around 6, years ago. Human—animal relationships changed dramatically. Surpassing our archaic predecessors anatomically and behaviorally, modern humans of the late Pleistocene acquired unprecedented skill as big game hunters. Leopards and hyenas, hitherto unknown in Paleolithic cave art, were depicted in conjunction with images of lions, rhinos, bears, owls, mammoths, bison, ice-age horses, Irish elk, and extinct deer with giant antlers.

Homo sapiens developed a keen understanding of their new prey.

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Homo sapiens were now socially coordinated enough to collectively dismember and carry away the remains of large mammals such as great mastodons and woolly mammoths. They were able to encircle great numbers of animals and drive them over a cliff. This pre-industrial form of ecocide represents a prelude to what was to evolve, under the aegis of the modern industrial era, into a collectively. The human-induced megafauna extinctions of the late Quaternary occurred in many different parts of the world, and involved at least genera.

For example, at Solutre, France, at the bottom of a cliff used by ice-age big game hunters to massacre stampeding animals, one can find a vast accu- mulation of bones estimated to contain the remains of more than , horses. Native American people have been recorded to have burned forests to force out elk and deer, creating gusts of hot wind, soot, and smoke powerful enough to make temperate October days feel like mid-summer.

Viertausend Kilometer Einsamkeit : Rapa Nui - Die Osterinsel by Dietrich Volkmer (2007, Paperback)

On the Great Plains, some tribes drove bison over cliffs, creating heaps of fur and meat far greater than their needs. Mounds of remains, discovered by archaeologists at the foot of cliffs, show that the animals were left to rot. The megafauna mass extinction of the late Quaternary is now generally acknowledged by paleontologists and physical anthropologists to have occurred largely without the impact of global catastrophes such as sudden climatic change. If we compare the number of genera of large mammals lost on the various continents, we find that Australia lost 94 per cent, North America 73 per cent, Europe 29 per cent, and Africa south of the Sahara 5 per cent.

Therefore, the most plausible explanation is that these extinctions were caused over the course of centuries and millennia by over-exploitation of relatively few, but growing numbers of big game hunters. Let us examine these extinctions in several geographical regions. In Africa, early humans were not as carnivorous as their descendants in other parts of the world were. However, it is now well documented that more recent accelerated extinctions in Africa did coincide with the rise of advanced, early anatomically and behaviorally modern human Stone Age hunting cultures.

Africa lost its giant buffalo, giant wildebeest, and the hipparion, a giant horse. Although Africa still has more large animals than any other place on Earth, even there, the megafauna that we see today is only about 70 per cent of the genera that were present in mid-Pleistocene. About 50 genera disappeared about 40, years ago.

In Eurasia, there is good evidence that the megafauna extinctions occurred a few thousand years earlier, with most animals becoming extinct about 12, to 14, years ago. Many of these species became completely extinct. In the case of extinction patterns in Southern Europe, it has been pointed out that all the large fauna of the Mediterranean disappeared soon after human arrival between 4, and 10, years ago.

The arrival of humans in Australia resulted in the extinction of most of the large animals on this continent. Australia lost all of its very large mammals, including marsupial mammals much larger than present ones, such as giant wombats as big as grizzly bears and giant kangaroos. On the islands of Aotearoa New Zealand , the situation was only nominally different. Here, large flightless birds dominated the megafauna and anthropogenic extinction of species is a much more recent affair, beginning about 1, years ago. Again, humans were clearly responsible. Other affected species included sea mammals, reptiles, amphibians, insects, and, to a lesser extent, fish, molluscs, and crustacea.

Of all continents, the megafauna mass extinction data are clearest for North America, where 70 species 95 per cent of the megafauna disappeared about 11, to 14, years ago. This is exactly the time when North America was colonized by humans, and their arrival and skill as hunters at that time are documented by the appearance of artifacts.

The mammals that disappeared in North and South America included all of the following: South America was also colonized by humans about 11, years ago, and since that time it has lost 80 per cent of its genera of large mammals, including ground sloths, horses, and mastodons. In the Pacific islands there is no reasonable doubt that the arrival of humans caused megafauna and, in particular, bird extinctions. In the case of the Caribbean, it is important to note that, until first human colonization, as early as 7, years ago, Cuba and the other islands that constitute the Greater Antilles were home to a number of mammals found nowhere else.

Among the other large vertebrates were enormous, flightless owls, giant tortoises, and monk seals. Except for a few fragments, this part of the megafauna is gone. Still, the impact of our species on late Pleistocene ecosystems was rather small in many ways, compared to our cataclysmic social ecological impact in the modern era. Calculations suggest that a mere 20, humans lived in France around 30, BCE in Neanderthal times. The pre-European population of the Americas during this period has been estimated at something less than 1 million, and the human population of the Australasian continent was probably between , and , The progressively detrimental impact of Homo sapiens and the global expansion into previously uninhabited habitats is, therefore, historically a very recent and unprecedented phenomenon.

Language is central to our historical understanding of the cultural, social, and ecological developments of the past 50, years. The capacity for speech, progressively enhanced only relatively recently, produced a huge change in the behavior of our species. Without language, two protohumans would be incapable of brainstorming together about how to devise better tools, or about what a cave painting might mean. Without the enhanced representational repertory of language, people would have difficulty thinking for themselves how to devise a better tool.

The evolutionary expansion of human communication capacities is intricately interwoven with the eventual global spread and terrestrial colo- nization of the planet. Humanity was fully modern in anatomy, behavior, and language by 40, years ago. That pace was dictated by the slow nature of genetic change. In the last 40, years, however, there has been far more cultural evolution than in the millions of years before. Language enabled people to store precise representations of the world in their minds, allowing them to encode and process information far more sufficiently than can any other animal.

Without language, human beings would never have undertaken the great leap forward in cultural development and global terrestrial expansion. As linguist Derek Bickerton notes, no other species has ever revolutionized its social organization in the midst of its evo- lutionary journey. The role of language was crucial.

To be sure, humans are animals and everything we do is both constrained and enabled in some sense by our biology. However, culture enormously expanded the range of these possibilities. People are in a sense both part of nature and apart from nature. This paradox underlies the history of our civilization and our dreams of progress and protection of the planet. Human societies change most drastically by cultural evolution, not merely as a result of biological alteration. Human cultural evolution is the greatest transformative force that our planet has experienced since its crust solidified nearly 4 billion years ago.

Biological evolution continues in our species, but, compared with cultural evolution, it is incomparably slow and its impact upon the history of Homo sapiens has been small. Whatever one generation learns, it can pass to the next through writing, instruction, inculcation, ritual, tradition, and a host of methods that humans have developed to assure cultural continuity. Biological evolution, on the other hand, is an indirect process: Since genetic variation arises at random, the biological process works slowly.

Cultural evolution is not only rapid, it is also readily reversible because its products are not coded in our genes. Hence, culture and language have enormously expanded the range of human possibilities. By means of our uniquely expanded biological capacity for culture, Homo sapiens acquired the awesome power to impose itself on nature from within. But this power is a double-edged sword: Ecocide constitutes the destructive dimension of cultural evolution. I am committed to this enterprise: We are the absolute masters of that which the earth produces.

We enjoy the mountains and the plains, the rivers are ours. We sow the seed and plant the trees. We fertilize the earth … we stop, direct, and turn the rivers, in short, by our hands we endeavor, by our various operations in this world, to make, as it were, another nature. This nomadic way of life, supplemented by scavenging, was presumably also shared by earlier hominids. Living in bands of well under members, pre- neolithic societies had comparably low population density with fewer than two persons per square mile.

This mode of subsistence procurement represents an excellent system as long as the climate is warm enough and as long as the world remains a thinly populated place. However, given a number of changing climatic and social factors, the existential framework of the species changed, resulting in gradual demographic and geographic expansion. During this process of expansion, human societies depleted their local and regional natural environments, and were forced to change their mode of existence. In the Middle East, where the age of the big-game hunters had ended much earlier than in the Northern Hemisphere, the pattern of food procurement became even more diversified.

People turned from hunting giant wild cattle and red deer to preying on smaller species such as sheep, goats, and antelopes, and paying increasing attention to fish, crab, shellfish, birds, and snails. The expansion of human food procurement systems to marine ecosystems is thus a very recent historical occurrence. The general historical trend in the Late and Middle Stone Age has been from abundance to scarcity of big game animals, with humans hunting ever further down the food chain. Imagine, 10, years ago almost all human societies lived by hunting and gathering; 8, years later, hunter-gatherer societies were a distinct minority.

There are several theories about the origins of sedentary food production. One suggests that human population pressure was an important factor, forcing people to turn to agriculture only when there was no other alternative. Cutting off the top and burying it, for example, can result in the germination of the African yam. Hunter-gatherer bands familiar with such plants cultivated them to supplement food supplies only in times of shortage.

After tens of thousand years of digging up wild edible roots with wooden sticks, it would have been an easy step to use the same stick for planting seeds. Early animal domestication may have been a similar step. Several types of animals amenable to taming — including dogs, goats, sheep, and wild oxen. It is not difficult to imagine how an alliance between humans and canids may have originated. At the end of the Pleistocene ice age, people and canids were competing for the same food.

A particularly placid or submissive canid pup scavenging around a human camp might have survived to adulthood accepting the human group as its pack. By taking up sedentary food growing, people began to alter the biosphere in ways that, in the long run, would prove much more far reaching than megafauna extinction and just as irreversible. The original enterprise of food domestication was small in scale and not always successful.

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The introduction of food procurement systems based on farming has been followed by loss of biodiversity through processes of intensified predation and habitat displacement. Ancient civilizations finally emerged out of early city-states and institutionalized forms of inequality and violence. Although wind power was utilized to carry cargo by water, fire remained nonetheless the most important source of extrasomatic energy.

It made possible the creation of artifacts we normally associate with the civilizing process such as ceramics and metal objects. Division of labor emerged with craft specialization, and so did individual ownership. Pre-modern class structures arose during the past six millennia, based primarily on slave and tributary relationships.

Urbanization became a significant factor in providing the cultural bonds necessary for complex societies. Tradition and kinship remained very important in this context, but we must also recognize the beginnings of a social process that slowly separated the institutional spheres of politics and economics.

The emergence of upper classes with privileged access to food and admin- istrational powers is a characteristic of Neolithic adaptations that have stayed with us to this very day. Sedentary agriculture, as is well documented, also provided the historical framework for social stratification, violence toward women and animals, and the destruction of wilderness areas.

From how many crimes, wars, and murders, from how many horrors and misfortunes might not any one have saved mankind by sullying up the stakes, or filling up the ditch, and crying to his fellows: The social condition described by Rousseau began historically with the Neolithic revolution. However, the real disaster in the making was much broader than even Rousseau imagined. The problem was not merely intrasocial in nature but, most important, also interspecies. In short, the adaptations in human food-procurement systems strengthened human ecocidal tendencies, a development reflected in all major civilizations of the pre-modern era.

To be sure, civil strife, warfare, famine, and disease contributed to the demise of ancient civilizations, but one of the primary causes of their decline was the depletion of their biological resources. Exhaustion of water and climate change dealt, in many instances, the final blow. The demographically and ecologically stressed Mayan civilization, for example, collapsed following a brief dry period, and Mesopotamian civiliza- tions disappeared after their systems of irrigation were destroyed by the Mongols. But these envi- ronments had begun to degenerate long before this final disaster.

Further east, philosopher Meng Tze Mencius was acutely aware of envi- ronmental degradation in Asia, warning the rulers of imperial China of the unsustainable use of resources and land. There was a time when the trees were luxuriant on the Ox Mountain. As it is on the outskirts of a great metropolis, the trees are constantly lopped by axes. Is it a wonder that they are no longer fine? With the respite they get in the day and in the night, and the moistening by the rain and dew, there is certainly no lack of new shoots coming out, but then the cattle and sheep come to graze upon the mountain.

That is why it is as bald as it is. Dietrich Volkmer hat auf zwei Reisen die Osterinsel besucht und hat sich mit ihren Mysterien und ihrer teilweise dramatischen Geschichte auseinandergesetzt. Jeder, der die Osterinsel besuchen will, sollte das Buch vorher gelesen haben. Read more Read less.

Kindle Cloud Reader Read instantly in your browser. Product details File Size: Books on Demand; 1 edition October 11, Publication Date: October 11, Language: Share your thoughts with other customers. Write a customer review. Amazon Giveaway allows you to run promotional giveaways in order to create buzz, reward your audience, and attract new followers and customers.

Learn more about Amazon Giveaway. Rapa Nui - Osterinsel German Edition. Set up a giveaway. Checkout Your Cart Price. Hinzu kommt noch das Phnomen einer fast grenzenlosen Einsamkeit inmitten des Pazifischen Ozeans. Die Insel liegt fast viertausend Kilometer vom chilenischen Mutterland, zu dem sie gehrt, entfernt.

Niemand weiss bis heute genau, wie es die Insulaner geschafft haben, die teilweise gewaltigen Steinfiguren, die Moai, von ihrem Herstellungsort, dem Krater Rano Raraku kilometerweit bis zu ihren Bestimmungsorten an der Kste zu transportieren. Es gibt im deutschen Sprachraum nur leider wenig Literatur ber die Insel. Dietrich Volkmer hat auf zwei Reisen die Osterinsel besucht und hat sich mit ihren Mysterien und ihrer teilweise dramatischen Geschichte auseinandergesetzt.

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