The Computation: Shmoop Poetry Guide
Contents:
A Little Book on Form. A Poetry Writing Workshop. How to Read Poetry Like a Professor. From Word to Play: A Textual Handbook for Directors and Actors. Ode to a Nightingale. The Love Song of J. To His Coy Mistress. Dulce et Decorum Est. If We Must Die. A Treatise on Poetry for Beginners. My Grandmother's Glass Eye. La Belle Dame Sans Merci. Song to Celia "Drink to me only with thine eyes". The Road Not Taken. I heard a Fly buzz - when I died -. Leda and the Swan. Because I could not stop for Death. The World is too Much with Us. When I was One-and-Twenty.
My Life had stood - a Loaded Gun -. I wandered lonely as a Cloud Daffodils. The Prisoner of Chillon: Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird. Acquainted with the Night. The Day Lady Died. How do I love thee? Let me count the ways. A Wizard of Earthsea. Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister.
The Collar
A Perfect Day for Bananafish. A Rose for Emily. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone.
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Learn more about Amazon Giveaway. Set up a giveaway. There's a problem loading this menu right now. Furthermore, Yeats never actually writes that he or the speaker of the poem was summoned.
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If interpreted correctly in my opinion its the breathless mouth of a book, The Book of the Dead , that has summoned the breathless mouth of a guide or shade. Yeats calls this guide: The poet, who is imprecisely identified with the Byzantine emperor, takes the welter of images and masters them in an act of creation.
This mastery is so astonishing to the poet himself that he calls the creation of his imagination superhuman. The Man and the Masks Not so, in my opinion.
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Why would such a guide be merry or be a Mummy? Why does the narrator need two guides — the mummy and a miracle bird? The third stanza, in the middle and heart of the poem, brings us back to the comment that apparently prompted Yeats to write Byzantium: In analyzing Sailing to Byzantium , I wrote:.
That they might be enfolded in that for which they had longed I live on love That which is myself alone…. He was obviously a man of conflicting emotions and desires. In his own poetry, arguably the poetry of the Vision , we find a poetry of sensual beauty, words that physically delight in their melody and repetition, and a powerful intellectual complexity. Take it or leave it. The great cathedral gong is a never-ending call and summoning. Unterecker mentions a letter from Sturge Moor, to Yeats: In this case, the couplet is: How does this interpretation hold up in lieu of Byzantium?
You would be wrong. Yeats clears up that little misconception right from the get-go: What are we supposed to make of this place? Machiavellian, artful, balled up, calculating, canny, collusive, complex, complicated, confounded, confused, connivent, conniving, conspiring, contriving, convoluted, crabbed, crafty, cunning, daedal, designing, devious, elaborate, embrangled, entangled, fouled up, foxy, gordian, guileful, implicated, insidious, intricate, intriguing, involuted, involved, knotted, knotty, knowing, labyrinthian, labyrinthine, loused up, many-faceted, matted, mazy, meandering, messed up, mixed up, mucked up, multifarious, pawky, perplexed, plotting, ramified, roundabout, scheming, screwed up, shrewd, slick, sly, snarled, sophisticated, stratagemical, subtile, subtle, tangled, tangly, twisted, up to, wily At the height of its infamy, Byzantium was famed for political intrigue, decadence, corruption, despotism, assassination and unrivaled venality.
Now the day is come I will speak on those Loves I have had in play…That my soul loved That I loved in my first youth For many lovers have I taken off my clothes For some I threw them off in haste, for some slowly and indifferently and laid down on my bed that I might be… but now I will take off my body That they might be enfolded in that for which they had longed I live on love That which is myself alone O let me be enfolded in my … and how shall we ever grow every… As Empson notes, the handwriting is hard to read.
Once again, the opening lines: To cause or permit to stick fast in mire; to plunge or fix in mud; as, to mire a horse or wagon. To stick or entangle; to involve in difficulties — often used in the passive or predicate form; as, we got mired in bureaucratic red tape and it took years longer than planned.
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In Byzantium he writes: Marbles of the dancing floor Break bitter furies of complexity, Those images that yet Fresh images beget, Aside: While Yeats liked women, liked sex and liked sensuality, one might be forgiven for also pointing out that, like many men, Yeats may also have been conflicted. Use of words like blood, mire and complexity all suggest the female body, sex, and reproduction. If this surmise is true, then it makes perfect sense that he would write in an unpublished sketch: In other words, Yeats wants sex without the blood, mire and messiness of sex.
Vendler very nicely describes what Yeats might intend with the dome: Yeats himself, before he even began drafts of the poem, wrote: Let that sink in.
He tried the following: A mouth that has no moisture and no breath May better sommon me Can merrily summon me To adore… But rejected them. Even Empson found this imagery absurd, writing: Was this something Yeats would have known when writing Byzantium? C heck out this website , where you will find this: I think most readers will instinctively grasp their meaning within the context of the poem though possibly not, precisely, what Yeats had in mind.
The Hippopotamus by T.S. Eliot: Analysis & Summary
I say might because nobody knows for sure. To me, the summoning of the superhuman is analogous to the summoning of a poem or a great work of literature. An interpretation near to my own, by Richard Ellman, remains my favorite: The Third Stanza Miracle, bird or golden handiwork, More miracle than bird or handiwork, Planted on the starlit golden bough, Can like the cocks of Hades crow, Or, by the moon embittered, scorn aloud In glory of changeless metal Common bird or petal And all complexities of mire or blood.
In analyzing Sailing to Byzantium , I wrote: If Yeats is referring to his art, his poetic passion, then the imagery is easier to swallow. He is, in a sense, identifying himself as his poetry — which is all that will remain after he has died.
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In this guise, the gold bough is like the magnum opus of his poetry his Collected Poems. The bird speaks to the purged soul of all men and women — hence the miracle. Admittedly, resting so much symbolism in a mechanical bird will probably strike readers as eccentric, and it is. He was quite capable of teasing his correspondent with a mystery, in a grand manner, and it seems plain that could have chosen a more impressive example of the good which may be done by exalted works of art, if that was all he had required. In that sense, the golden bird on the bough, when crowing like the cocks of hell, would give voice to your innermost hopes and desires.
The mechanical bird would speak your own truth or hidden truths back to you. The narrator might, like Virgil, just be visiting and witnessing. In fact, putting such habits behind us usually tends to make us much healthier.
I read Yeats as remaking himself. His journey to Byzantium is akin to an awakening — a spiritual journey that could be compared to the visions of the American Indians. The agony is not the agony of being burned alive, but the agony of purification, spiritual awakening perhaps , of a new awareness, knowledge and attainment. The inevitable turning from youthful pleasure to knowledge and wisdom is inevitably a kind of agony.
Whether the narrator turns, or his attention is turned by the guide, is left to the imagination. There, the narrator sees spirit after spirit arriving in Byzantium. What is left of us?