48 Stunden in Jerusalem (48 Hours 10) (German Edition)
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On Saturdays and Jewish holidays, instead of Yad Vashem , you will visit Ein Karem, the neighborhood in the southwest part of Jerusalem.
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Ein Karem is also known as birthplace of John the Baptist. Get to know this unique and picturesque neighbourhood, stopping by Mary's spring and continue to the Church of Saint John the Baptist. Included Transportation to and from your hotel. You will be accompanied at all times by a bilingual licensed tour guide who speaks English and a second language. All entrance fees are included. Meeting Point Pick up from the lobby of your hotel as follows: For instance you can start the tour in Tel Aviv and end it in Jerusalem, or the other way round. The very large stone blocks of the lower courses are Herodian, the courses of medium-sized stones above them were added during the Umayyad era , while the small stones of the uppermost courses are of more recent date, especially from the Ottoman period.
The term Western Wall and its variations are mostly used in a narrow sense for the section traditionally used by Jews for prayer; it has also been called the "Wailing Wall", referring to the practice of Jews weeping at the site over the destruction of the Temples. During the period of Christian Roman rule over Jerusalem ca. The term "Wailing Wall" was thus almost exclusively used by Christians, and was revived in the period of non-Jewish control between the establishment of British Rule in and the Six-Day War in The term "Wailing Wall" is not used by Jews, and increasingly not by many others who consider it derogatory.
The segment of the Western retaining wall traditionally used for Jewish liturgy, known as the "Western Wall", derives its particular importance to it having never been fully obscured by medieval buildings, and displaying much more of the original Herodian stonework than the "Little Western Wall". In religious terms, the "Little Western Wall" is presumed to be even closer to the Holy of Holies and thus to the "presence of God" Shechina , and the underground Warren's Gate , which has been out of reach since the 12th century, even more so. Whilst the wall was considered Muslim property as an integral part of the Haram esh-Sharif and waqf property of the Moroccan Quarter , a right of Jewish prayer and pilgrimage existed as part of the Status Quo.
The earliest source mentioning this specific site as a place of worship is from the 16th century. From the midth century onwards, attempts to purchase rights to the wall and its immediate area were made by various Jews, but none was successful. With the rise of the Zionist movement in the early 20th century, the wall became a source of friction between the Jewish and Muslim communities, the latter being worried that the wall could be used to further Jewish claims to the Temple Mount and thus Jerusalem.
During this period outbreaks of violence at the foot of the wall became commonplace, with a particularly deadly riot in in which Jews were killed and injured. Under Jordanian control Jews were completely expelled from the Old City including the Jewish quarter, and Jews were barred from entering the Old City for 19 years, effectively banning Jewish prayer at the site of the Western Wall. This period ended on June 10, , when Israel gained control of the site following the Six-Day War. Three days after establishing control over the Western Wall site the Moroccan Quarter was bulldozed by Israeli authorities to create space for what is now the Western Wall plaza.
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Charles Wilson, [9]. Early Jewish texts referred to a "western wall of the Temple", [10] but there is doubt whether the texts were referring to the outer, retaining wall called today "the Western Wall", or to the western wall of the actual Temple. This term itself was a translation of the Arabic el-Mabka , or "Place of Weeping", the traditional Arabic term for the wall. Late in the 19th century, the Arabs began referring to the wall as the al-Buraq Wall, [15] and after the intensification of Arab-Jewish tensions in the s this became the standard Arabic name, replacing the traditional El-Mabka.
This section faces a large plaza and is set aside for prayer. The wall functions as a retaining wall , supporting and enclosing the ample substructures built by Herod the Great around 19 BCE. Herod's project was to create an artificial extension to the small quasi-natural plateau on which the First and Second Temples stood, transforming it into the almost rectangular, wide expanse of the Temple Mount visible today. The Wall consists of 45 stone courses, 28 of them above ground and 17 underground. This section of wall is built from enormous meleke limestone blocks , possibly quarried at either Zedekiah's Cave [18] situated under the Muslim Quarter of the Old City or at Ramat Shlomo [19] 4 kilometres 2.
Most of them weigh between 2 and 8 short tons 1. Each of these ashlars is framed by fine-chiseled borders.
This upper section was decorated with pilasters , the remainder of which were destroyed when the Byzantines reconquered Jerusalem from the Persians in The next four courses, consisting of smaller plainly dressed stones, are Umayyad work 8th century, Early Muslim period. In addition to fully rebuilding and enlarging the Temple, he artificially expanded the platform on which it stood, doubling it in size. Today's Western Wall formed part of the retaining perimeter wall of this platform.
In , Israeli archaeologists announced the surprising discovery of Roman coins minted well after Herod's death, found under the foundation stones of the wall. The excavators came upon the coins inside a ritual bath that predates Herod's building project, which was filled in to create an even base for the wall and was located under its southern section. Also surprising was the fact that the usually very thorough Herodian builders had cut corners by filling in the ritual bath, rather than placing the foundation course directly onto the much firmer bedrock.
Some scholars are doubtful of the interpretation and have offered alternative explanations, such as, for example, later repair work. There is some evidence that Roman emperors in the 2nd and 3rd centuries did permit them to visit the city to worship on the Mount of Olives and sometimes on the Temple Mount itself. This was because an imperial decree from Rome barred Jews from living in Jerusalem.
Just once per year they were permitted to return and bitterly grieve about the fate of their people. Comparable accounts survive, including those by the Church Father, Gregory of Nazianzus c. In the 4th century, Christian sources reveal that the Jews encountered great difficulty in buying the right to pray near the Western Wall, at least on the 9th of Av.
Permission was granted and they were officially permitted to resettle in Jerusalem. Several Jewish authors of the 10th and 11th centuries write about the Jews resorting to the Western Wall for devotional purposes. This is called the Gate of Mercy, and hither come all the Jews to pray before the Wall in the open court.
Shortly after Saladin 's siege of the city , in , the sultan's son and successor al-Afdal established the land adjacent to the wall as a charitable trust. It was named after an important mystic Abu Madyan Shu'aib and dedicated to Moroccan settlers who had taken up residence there. A manuscript by Ibn Furkah , d. Selim's son, Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent , ordered the construction of an imposing wall to be built around the entire city, which still stands today. Various folktales relate Suleiman's quest to locate the Temple site and his order to have the area "swept and sprinkled, and the Western Wall washed with rosewater" upon its discovery.
Over the centuries, land close to the Wall became built up. Public access to the Wall was through the Moroccan Quarter , a labyrinth of narrow alleyways. In May a firman issued by Ibrahim Pasha forbade the Jews to pave the passageway in front of the Wall. It also cautioned them against "raising their voices and displaying their books there. This wall is visited by all our brothers on every feast and festival; and the large space at its foot is often so densely filled up, that all cannot perform their devotions here at the same time. It is also visited, though by less numbers, on every Friday afternoon, and by some nearly every day.
Jerusalem is a city in the Middle East, located on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between .. On Solomon's death, ten of the northern Tribes of Israel broke with the United A day in Jerusalem has on average, sunshine hours. E.g., Jubilees , the Septuagint version of Jeremias (as Συχὲμ ) and. The Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine involved paramilitary actions carried out by After the Nuremberg Laws of many German Jews sought refuge abroad, .. The British raided the Jewish Agency headquarters in Jerusalem, .. by the Jewish-Arab fighting of the –48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine.
No one is molested in these visits by the Mahomedans, as we have a very old firman from the Sultan of Constantinople that the approach shall not be denied to us, though the Porte obtains for this privilege a special tax, which is, however, quite insignificant. Over time the increased numbers of people gathering at the site resulted in tensions between the Jewish visitors who wanted easier access and more space, and the residents, who complained of the noise.
In the late s a wealthy Jew named Shemarya Luria attempted to purchase houses near the Wall, but was unsuccessful, [46] as was Jewish sage Abdullah of Bombay who tried to purchase the Western Wall in the s. He arranged that benches and tables be brought to the Wall on a daily basis for the study groups he organised and the minyan which he led there for years.
United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel
He also formulated a plan whereby some of the courtyards facing the Wall would be acquired, with the intention of establishing three synagogues — one each for the Sephardim , the Hasidim and the Perushim. He rented a house near the Wall and paid men to stand guard there and at various other gateways around the mount.
However this set-up lasted only for a short time due to lack of funds or because of Arab resentment. In Baron Rothschild conceived a plan to purchase and demolish the Moroccan Quarter as "a merit and honor to the Jewish People. Even after permission was obtained from the highest secular and Muslim religious authority to proceed, the transaction was shelved after the authorities insisted that after demolishing the quarter no construction of any type could take place there, only trees could be planted to beautify the area.
Additionally the Jews would not have full control over the area. This meant that they would have no power to stop people from using the plaza for various activities, including the driving of mules, which would cause a disturbance to worshippers. In Hebrew linguist and publisher Rabbi Chaim Hirschensohn became entangled in a failed effort to purchase the Western Wall and lost all his assets. However, the Jews of the city lacked the necessary funds.
A few months later, under Muslim Arab pressure on the Turkish authorities in Jerusalem, Jews became forbidden by official decree to place benches and light candles at the Wall. This sour turn in relations was taken up by the Chacham Bashi who managed to get the ban overturned. Allenby pledged "that every sacred building, monument, holy spot, shrine, traditional site, endowment, pious bequest, or customary place of prayer of whatsoever form of the three religions will be maintained and protected according to the existing customs and beliefs of those to whose faith they are sacred".
Storrs was enthusiastic about the idea because he hoped some of the money would be used to improve Muslim education. Although they appeared promising at first, negotiations broke down after strong Muslim opposition. The Jews, while agreeing that the works were necessary, appealed to the British that they be made under supervision of the newly formed Department of Antiquities, because the Wall was an ancient relic.
In an effort was made to lease the Maghrebi waqf , which included the wall, with the plan of eventually buying it. Kisch, explained that the aim was "quietly to evacuate the Moroccan occupants of those houses which it would later be necessary to demolish" to create an open space with seats for aged worshippers to sit on. In the Zionist Organisation reported that John Chancellor , High Commissioner of Palestine, believed that the Western Wall should come under Jewish control and wondered "why no great Jewish philanthropist had not bought it yet".
In , a status quo agreement issued by the mandatory authority forbade the placing of benches or chairs near the Wall. The last occurrence of such a ban was in , but the Ottoman decree was soon retracted after intervention of the Chacham Bashi. This led to a British officer being stationed at the Wall making sure that Jews were prevented from sitting. Nor were Jews permitted to separate the sexes with a screen. In practice, a flexible modus vivendi had emerged and such screens had been put up from time to time when large numbers of people gathered to pray. On September 24, , the Day of Atonement , British police resorted to removing by force a screen used to separate men and women at prayer.
Women who tried to prevent the screen being dismantled were beaten by the police, who used pieces of the broken wooden frame as clubs. Chairs were then pulled out from under elderly worshipers. The episode made international news and Jews the world over objected to the British action. Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld , the Chief Rabbi of the ultraorthodox Jews in Jerusalem, issued a protest letter on behalf of his community, the Edah HaChareidis , and Agudas Yisroel strongly condemning the desecration of the holy site. Various communal leaders called for a general strike. A large rally was held in the Etz Chaim Yeshiva , following which an angry crowd attacked the local police station in which they believed Douglas Valder Duff , the British officer involved, was sheltering.
Commissioner Edward Keith-Roach described the screen as violating the Ottoman status quo that forbade Jews from making any construction in the Western Wall area.
He informed the Jewish community that the removal had been carried out under his orders after receiving a complaint from the Supreme Muslim Council. The Arabs were concerned that the Jews were trying to extend their rights at the wall and with this move, ultimately intended to take possession of the Al-Aqsa Mosque. It stressed that the removal of the screen was necessary, but expressed regret over the ensuing events.
A widespread Arab campaign to protest against presumed Jewish intentions and designs to take possession of the Al Aqsa Mosque swept the country and a "Society for the Protection of the Muslim Holy Places" was established. From October onward, Mufti Amin al-Husayni organised a series of measures to demonstrate the Arabs' exclusive claims to the Temple Mount and its environs. He ordered new construction next to and above the Western Wall. A muezzin was appointed to perform the Islamic call to prayer and Sufi rites directly next to the Wall.
These were seen as a provocation by the Jews who prayed at the Wall. A British inquiry into the disturbances and investigation regarding the principal issue in the Western Wall dispute, namely the rights of the Jewish worshipers to bring appurtenances to the wall, was convened. The Supreme Muslim Council provided documents dating from the Turkish regime supporting their claims. However, repeated reminders to the Chief Rabbinate to verify which apparatus had been permitted failed to elicit any response.
They refused to do so, arguing that Jews had the right to pray at the Wall without restrictions. Memorandum by the Secretary of State for the Colonies", which emphasised the maintenance of the status quo and instructed that Jews could only bring "those accessories which had been permitted in Turkish times. A few months later, Haj Amin complained to Chancellor that "Jews were bringing benches and tables in increased numbers to the wall and driving nails into the wall and hanging lamps on them. In the summer of , the Mufti Haj Amin Al Husseinni ordered an opening be made at the southern end of the alleyway which straddled the Wall.
The former cul-de-sac became a thoroughfare which led from the Temple Mount into the prayer area at the Wall. Mules were herded through the narrow alley, often dropping excrement. This, together with other construction projects in the vicinity, and restricted access to the Wall, resulted in Jewish protests to the British, who remained indifferent. The rioting spread to the Jewish commercial area of town, and was followed a few days later by the Hebron massacre. This was by far the deadliest attack on Jews during the period of British Rule over Palestine.
In , in response to the riots, the British Government appointed a commission "to determine the rights and claims of Muslims and Jews in connection with the Western or Wailing Wall", and to determine the causes of the violence and prevent it in the future. The League of Nations approved the commission on condition that the members were not British.
The Commission noted that 'the Jews do not claim any proprietorship to the Wall or to the Pavement in front of it concluding speech of Jewish Counsel, Minutes, page David Yellin, Head of the Hebrew Teachers Seminary, member of the Ottoman parliament, and one of the first public figures to join the Zionist movement openly, [76] testified before the Commission. Everything has been taken from it and of all the witnesses to its sanctity, only one vestige remains — one side of a tiny portion of a wall, which, on one side, borders the place of its former Temple.
In front of this bare stone wall, that nation stands under the open sky, in the heat of summer and in the rains of winter, and pours out its heart to its God in heaven.
The Commission concluded that the wall, and the adjacent pavement and Moroccan Quarter, were solely owned by the Muslim waqf. However, Jews had the right to "free access to the Western Wall for the purpose of devotions at all times", subject to some stipulations that limited which objects could be brought to the Wall and forbade the blowing of the shofar , which was made illegal. Muslims were forbidden to disrupt Jewish devotions by driving animals or other means. However, no sooner had the Rav sat down did an Arab officer appear and pull the chair away from under him.
They were usually fined or sentenced to imprisonment for three to six months. The Shaw commission determined that the violence occurred due to "racial animosity on the part of the Arabs, consequent upon the disappointment of their political and national aspirations and fear for their economic future. A vantage point on Mount Zion , from which the Wall could be viewed, became the place where Jews gathered to pray. For thousands of pilgrims, the mount, being the closest location to the Wall under Israeli control, became a substitute site for the traditional priestly blessing ceremony which takes place on the Three Pilgrimage Festivals.
During the Jordanian rule of the Old City, a ceramic street sign in Arabic and English was affixed to the stones of the ancient wall. When Israeli soldiers arrived at the wall in June , one attempted to scrawl Hebrew lettering on it. Nobody staged that moment. Nobody planned it in advance. Nobody prepared it and nobody was prepared for it; it was as if Providence had directed the whole thing: It was one of three or four that survived from Saladin's time. When they refused, bulldozers began to demolish the buildings with people still inside, killing one person and injuring a number of others.
According to Eyal Weizman , Chaim Herzog , who later became Israel's sixth president, took much of the credit for the destruction of the neighbourhood:. When we visited the Wailing Wall we found a toilet attached to it We knew that the following Saturday [sic Wednesday], June 14, would be the Jewish festival of Shavuot and that many will want to come to pray The narrow pavement, which could accommodate a maximum of 12, per day, was transformed into an enormous plaza that could hold in excess of , Several months later, the pavement close to the wall was excavated to a depth of two and half metres, exposing an additional two courses of large stones.
A complex of buildings against the wall at the southern end of the plaza, that included Madrasa Fakhriya and the house that the Abu al-Sa'ud family had occupied since the 16th century, were spared in the destruction, but demolished in The new plaza created in is used for worship and public gatherings, including Bar mitzvah celebrations and the swearing-in ceremonies of newly full-fledged soldiers in the Israel Defense Forces.
Tens of thousands of Jews flock to the wall on the Jewish holidays, and particularly on the fast of Tisha B'Av , which marks the destruction of the Temple and on Jerusalem Day , which commemorates the reunification of Jerusalem in and the delivery of the Wall into Jewish hands.
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In July the World Union for Progressive Judaism , which had planned the group's international convention in Jerusalem, appealed to the Knesset after the Ministry of Religious Affairs prohibited the organization from hosting mixed-gender services at the Wall. The Knesset committee on internal affairs backed the Ministry of Religious Affairs in disallowing the Jewish convention attendees, who had come from over 24 countries, from worshiping in their fashion. The Orthodox held that services at the Wall should follow traditional Jewish law for segregated seating followed in synagogues, while the non-Orthodox perspective was that "the Wall is a shrine of all Jews, not one particular branch of Judaism.
At the southern end of the Western Wall, Robinson's Arch along with a row of vaults once supported stairs ascending from the street to the Temple Mount. The need for such an area became apparent when in , after repeated attacks by haredim , activists belonging to a group called Women of the Wall petitioned to secure the right of women to pray at the wall without restrictions. In a directive, Israel's Supreme Court disallowed any women from reading publicly from the Torah or wearing traditional prayer shawls at the plaza itself, but instructed the Israeli government to prepare the site of Robinson's Arch to host such events.
In May a judge ruled that the Israeli Supreme Court ruling prohibiting women from carrying a Torah or wearing prayer shawls had been misinterpreted and that Women of the Wall prayer gatherings at the wall should not be deemed as disturbing the public order. In April , Jewish Agency for Israel leader Natan Sharansky spearheaded a concept that would expand and renovate the Robinson's Arch area into an area where people may "perform worship rituals not based on the Orthodox interpretation of Jewish tradition.
Women of the Wall welcomed the decision, [] although Sephardic Chief Rabbi Shlomo Amar of Jerusalem said creating a mixed-gender prayer section was paramount to destroying it.
The Chief rabbinate said it would create an alternate plan. Its goal was to renovate and restore the area within Wilson's Arch , the covered area to the left of worshipers facing the Wall in the open prayer plaza, in order to increase access for visitors and for prayer. The restoration to the men's section included a Torah ark that can house over Torah scrolls , in addition to new bookshelves, a library, heating for the winter, and air conditioning for the summer.
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