The Fishing Creek Confederacy

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The levies raised in this way fought as infantry under local superiors, although the exact laws varied greatly depending on the country and the period, generally these levies were only obliged to fight for one to three months. Most were subsistence farmers, and it was in everyones interest to send the men home for harvest-time, the bulk of the Anglo-Saxon English army, called the fyrd, was composed of part-time English soldiers drawn from the landowning minor nobility.

These thegns were the aristocracy of the time and were required to serve with their own armour. Medieval levy in Poland was known as the pospolite ruszenie, the system of military slaves was widely used in the Middle East, beginning with the creation of the corps of Turkish slave-soldiers by the Abbasid caliph al-Mutasim in the s and s. Desertion — In military terminology, desertion is the abandonment of a duty or post without permission and is done with the intention of not returning.

Personnel are dropped from their unit rolls after thirty days and then listed as deserters, however, people who are away for more than thirty days but return voluntarily or indicate a credible intent to return may still be considered AWOL. Those who are away for fewer than thirty days but can credibly be shown to have no intent to return may nevertheless be tried for desertion, in rare occasions, they may be tried for treason if enough evidence is found. Missing movement is another term used to describe members of the armed forces fail to arrive at the appointed time to deploy with their assigned unit, ship.

In the United States Armed Forces, this is a violation of the Article 87 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice, the offense is similar to absence without leave but may draw more severe punishment. Failure to repair consists of missing a formation or failing to appear at an assigned place and it is a lesser offense within article 86 of the UCMJ. The monument was created by German artist Olaf Nicolai and is located opposite the Presidents office, the inscription on top of the three step sculpture features a poem by Scottish poet Ian Hamilton Finlay with just two words, all alone.

In contrast of the Germans who deserted the Wehrmacht,15, men were executed, in June the Initiative for the Creation of a Memorial to Deserters came to life in Ulm.

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A central idea was, Desertion is not reprehensible, war is, during WWI a total of 28 New Zealand soldiers were sentenced to death for desertion, of these, five were executed. Those who deserted before reaching the front were imprisoned in what were claimed to be harsh conditions, the execution of soldiers for desertion is controversial, particularly considering the age of some of the soldiers and the potential of shell-shock.

Their family members were subjected to arrest,, dated July 28,, directed that each Army must create blocking detachments which would shoot cowards and fleeing panicked troops at the rear. During World War II, the Soviets executed , soldiers for desertion, analyses of desertion rates argue that motivations were far less ideological than individual accounts claim. Desertion rates increased prior to announcements of upcoming operations, and were highest during the summer and winter, seasonal desertions were probably a response to the harsh weather conditions of the winter and immense field work required in the summer.

Draft evasion — Draft evasion is an intentional decision not to comply with the military conscription policies of ones nation. Such practices that do not involve law breaking or which are based on conscientious objection are sometimes referred to as draft avoidance, refusing to submit to the draft is considered a criminal offense in most countries where conscription is in effect. Those who practice draft evasion are sometimes referred to as draft dodgers. It is possible to draw a contrast between draft evasion and draft avoidance, the Vietnam era version of Websters Unabridged Dictionary simply defined draft dodger as one who avoids military service regardless how it was done.

Some means of draft avoidance, Being a conscientious objector, whether ones anti-war sentiment is religious or otherwise, note that many people who support conscription will distinguish between bona fide conscientious objection and draft dodging, which they view as evasion of military service without a valid excuse.

Conscientious objection would be considered if the sentiment was not genuine. Seeking excusal from military service due to health reasons - this would be considered if the purported health issue was feigned or overstated. Seeking and receiving a student deferment and this would be considered evasion if false or misleading academic credentials were used. Some notable US figures avoided the draft as students, such as Bill Clinton, being employed in or applying for a job in an essential civilian occupation and seeking deferment on those grounds.

Farmers are usually exempt as are individuals employed in related industries.

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Often this required a letter from the potential draftees employer to be accepted, after receiving deferment as a student, U. Presidential candidate Rudolph Giuliani received further deferment after his occupation as a law clerk was deemed essential by the Selective Service, non-pacifist churches have at times deferred missionaries as divinity students.

During the Vietnam War The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints became embroiled in controversy for deferring large numbers of its young members. The LDS church eventually agreed to cap the number of missionary deferments it sought for members in any one state, however and this cap was church wide in the United States and was not limited to Utah. Only two missionaries a year were allowed from each ward. Utah from receiving deferments with relative ease, simply declining to enlist, if the potential conscript appears likely to avoid the draft through sheer luck of the draw.

Declining to enlist is not evasion, paying a stand-in to take ones place if drafted. In most countries this is no legally sanctioned, but it was a lawful. In some countries it is possible to evade military service by bribing corrupt draft officers. It was named after Chevalier de la Luzerne, French ambassador to the United States, the county gained prominence in the 19th and 20th centuries as an active anthracite coal mining region, drawing a large portion of its labor force from European immigrants.

At its peak, the population was , By the early 21st century, many factories and coal mines were closed, like most counties in the Rust Belt, Luzerne witnessed population loss and urban decay. It records and interprets the history, traditions, events, people,, The Pennamite-Yankee War began when settlers from Connecticut and Pennsylvania fought over land claims along the North Branch of the Susquehanna River in the present Wyoming Valley.

July 1,, During the Revolutionary War, Fort Jenkins was surrendered to the British and it was later burned to the ground. In , a bridge connecting West Pittston and Pittston City was constructed and named in its honor, july 3,, A force of British soldiers, led by John Butler, with the assistance of about Indians, attacked and killed nearly Wyoming Valley settlers. Today in the Borough of Wyoming, a monument marks the gravesite of the victims from the Battle of Wyoming, july 4,, Fort Pittston surrendered to the British and some of it was partially destroyed.

It was later restored and used until the end of the Revolutionary War, September 11,, Reports of Tory activity in the region caused Captain Daniel Klader and a platoon of 40 to 50 men from Northampton County, Pennsylvania, to investigate.

Captain Kladers men made it as far north as present-day Conyngham,18 of Kladers men were killed in what is known as the Sugarloaf Massacre. September 25,, Luzerne County was formed part of Northumberland County. It was named after Chevalier de la Luzerne, French ambassador to the United States, September 6,, A mine fire killed people in Avondale, an unincorporated community in Plymouth Township. Confederate States of America — The Confederate States, officially the Confederate States of America, commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was a breakaway country of 11 secessionist slave states existing from to It was never recognized as an Independent country, although it achieved belligerent status by Britain.

A new Confederate government was established in February before Lincoln took office in March, after the Civil War began in April, four slave states of the Upper South — Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina — also declared their secession and joined the Confederacy. In spring , after four years of fighting which led to an estimated , military deaths, all the Confederate forces surrendered. Jefferson Davis later lamented that the Confederacy had disappeared in , Missouri and Kentucky were represented by partisan factions from those states, while the legitimate governments of those two states retained formal adherence to the Union.

Efforts by certain factions in Maryland to secede were halted by federal imposition of law, while Delaware, though of divided loyalty. A Unionist government in parts of Virginia organized the new state of West Virginia. With the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1,, the Union made abolition of slavery a war goal, as Union forces moved southward, large numbers of plantation slaves were freed. Many joined the Union lines, enrolling in service as soldiers, teamsters and laborers, the most notable advance was Shermans March to the Sea in late Much of the Confederacys infrastructure was destroyed, including telegraphs, railroads, plantations in the path of Shermans forces were severely damaged.

Internal movement became increasingly difficult for Southerners, weakening the economy and these losses created an insurmountable disadvantage in men, materiel, and finance. Public support for Confederate President Jefferson Daviss administration eroded over time due to repeated military reverses, economic hardships, after four years of campaigning, Richmond was captured by Union forces in April Shortly afterward, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, President Davis was captured on May 10,, and jailed in preparation for a treason trial that was ultimately never held.

By , the Compromise of ended Reconstruction in the former Confederate states, Confederate veterans had been temporarily disenfranchised by Reconstruction policy. The prewar South had many areas, the war left the entire region economically devastated by military action, ruined infrastructure.

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It is the county seat of Columbia County and the incorporated town in Pennsylvania. As of the census, Bloomsburg had a population of 14,, the first signs of European settlement date to the year , when James McClure established a log cabin in the area. Until the midth century, it was just a small village, traditionally, Bloomsburgs founding in has been ascribed to settler Ludwig Eyer, son of Johann Martin Eyer. For 75 years after the discovery of ore in the area, for more than a century, starting from its incorporation on March 4,, Bloomsburg held the distinction of being the only incorporated town in Pennsylvania.

While other municipalities are commonly referred to as towns, they were all officially classified as either cities, boroughs.

The southern half of the town occupies level ground along the Susquehanna, the campus of Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania occupies a large portion of the hill. The month with the least precipitation is February, which has 2. As of the census of , there were 14, people residing in the town, the population density was 3, The racial makeup of the town was Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.

The average household size was 2. Fort Mifflin — During the American Revolutionary War, the British Army bombarded and captured the fort as part of their conquest of Philadelphia in autumn The United States Army began to rebuild the fort in and continued to garrison and it housed prisoners during the American Civil War. Historic preservationists have restored the fort, which is now a National Historic Landmark, upon foundation of Philadelphia in , people recognized Mud Island near the confluence of the Delaware River and Schuylkill River as strategically important for the defense of the settlement.

William Penn, a Quaker with religious objections to military life, however, whenever European colonists established permanent settlements, fortifications in or near those settlements commonly provided protection. Quakers founded the only significant European settlements without fortification, as the Quakers rejected the military, they sought to make peace with the Native Americans in the area to avoid the need for fortifications. While other colonies suffered from conflict and warfare, Philadelphia prospered, by the s, it ranked as the richest British port in the New World.

French and Spanish privateers then entered the Delaware River, threatening the city and he raised money to create earthwork defenses and to buy artillery. At the end of the war, commanders disbanded the militia, with renewed colonial warfare in the s, people drew up plans for a fort on Mud Island but did not implement any such plan. Only in the s did the city acquire permanent fortifications, by , Philadelphia ranked as the largest British port and dockyard in North America. Locals then rose in protest against British economic policies and imports, in response to complaints by the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Philadelphia Governor John Penn asked General Thomas Gage to send someone capable of designing defenses for the city.

He intended a fort on Mud Island to help to regulate traffic entering and exiting the port, Gage assigned Engineering Captain John Montresor to the task. Montresor presented six designs to Penn and the Board of Commissioners, the commissioners reviewed the plans, found all too expensive, and insisted on economy despite protestations of Montresor about budget. The rooms in the farthest interior of casemate 11 probably date from the construction in On 4 June , Montresor left the head workman in charge of the construction project, the project floundered onward for about a year, when it stopped for lack of guidance and funding.

The crews completed only the east and south walls, built in stone, following the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, Benjamin Franklin headed a committee to provide for the defense of Philadelphia. The Philadelphia Committee of Public Safety quickly thereafter restarted construction on the fort, the committee simultaneously also constructed Fort Mercer, New Jersey, on the eastern bank of the Delaware River across from Fort Mifflin.

Fishing Creek Confederacy

The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state.

It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer—Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of — attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities.

Roosevelts New Deal of the s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after , after , Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well.

The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from to , in the th Congress, following the elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate.

The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in , the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues.

They have been liberal on civil rights issues since On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of After the War of the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans.

The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in , Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.

Marshall , American Bastile , T. Retrieved from " https: Julian—Gregorian uncertainty Good articles. From this point, the creek flows along the border between Orange and Mount Pleasant Townships for almost 2 miles, while on the border between these two townships, it flows past Kocher Park 2. Grants command of all Union armies in 5. Desertion rates increased prior to announcements of upcoming operations, and were highest during the summer and winter, seasonal desertions were probably a response to the harsh weather conditions of the winter and immense field work required in the summer 7.

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In some countries it is possible to evade military service by bribing corrupt draft officers 8. The prewar South had many areas, the war left the entire region economically devastated by military action, ruined infrastructure The Philadelphia Committee of Public Safety quickly thereafter restarted construction on the fort, the committee simultaneously also constructed Fort Mercer, New Jersey, on the eastern bank of the Delaware River across from Fort Mifflin YouTube Videos [show more].

The mouth of Fishing Creek as seen from the Bloomsburg side. Columbia County is a county located in the U. Columbia County, Pennsylvania court house. On the horizon about miles away is North Mountain. The borough of Benton is in the center of the picture. Sullivan County is a county located in the U. Worlds End State Park.

Stephen Douglas, author of the Kansas—Nebraska Act of Crittenden, of the Crittenden Compromise. The first published imprint of secession, a broadside issued by the Charleston Mercury , December 20, Conscription, or draft, is the compulsory enlistment of people in a national service, most often a military service. Armenia n soldiers in , with deserters as prisoners. A placard to the right reads "Use your head — not your draft card". Rioters attacking a building during the New York City draft riots of Anti-conscription march in Montreal, Canada , May Unionists throughout the Confederate States resisted the imposition of conscription in Luzerne County is a county in the U.

Battle of Wyoming A map of Pennsylvania in Avondale Mine Disaster Photo taken just before the Lattimer massacre The inauguration of Jefferson Davis in Montgomery, Alabama. A marker behind the airport showing the height of the river during historic floods the dirt mark is from the floods. The three leaders of the Democratic Party during the first half of the 20th century on June 14, Roosevelt nominated for Vice President in and for President in , , and Roosevelt , 32nd President of the United States — Kennedy , 35th President of the United States — Grant , 18th President of the United States — Theodore Roosevelt , 26th President of the United States — Dwight Eisenhower , 34th President of the United States — Lincoln depicted protecting a Native American from his own men in a scene often related about Lincoln's service during the Black Hawk War.

Lincoln in his late 30s as a member of the U. Photo taken by one of Lincoln's law students around From top to bottom, left to right: Postcard depicting Market Street in Downtown Harrisburg as it appeared in Trolley tracks are noticeable along the street. Anti-nuclear protest at Harrisburg in , following the Three Mile Island accident. Date July to November July 26, [1]. While the military trial convictions, often based on questionable testimony, centered on charges of resisting the execution of the draft in word and deed, there was clearly no organized "Fishing Creek Conspiracy" and, beyond the Robinson shooting, little in the way of armed opposition was encountered.

However, their claims of no opposition were clearly disingenuous. Nevertheless, Democratic partisans felt vindicated by the U. Supreme Court decision that unanimously struck down the use of military courts in friendly territory with civil courts in session. Much of the strength of the book lies in its coverage of Fishing Creek and the post-war period. For decades, competing remembrances, truthful and invented, were employed as political weapons. Democratic participants and their supporters penned voluminous polemics for publication in newspapers and county histories.

Even throughout much of the 20th century, much of the material was being perpetuation in print with little in the way of critical reevaluation. What resistance to the draft there was, was often struck from the record. On other other side, Republicans were able to 'wave the bloody shirt' at election time with some degree of success, associating their current opponents regardless of evidence, or in spite of evidence to the contrary with wartime Copperhead causes and conspiracies.

In addition to the above mentioned historiography chapter, the concluding section attempts a final sifting through of the evidence pertaining to the main controversies.

The exact circumstances surrounding the shooting of Robinson remain mysterious, but the authors made the rather startling discovery that Robinson actually was not employed by the provost marshal service the very connection central to the justification of military force. According to the authors, no evidence of the man being anything more than a private citizen at the time of the incident exists. Why Robinson was there is open to speculation. As to the accuracy of Democratic claims that the intervention was politically motivated, Sauers and Tomasak remain unsympathetic.

While the army could have preempted such claims by leaving quickly and not interfering with the October and November elections, the co-authors don't believe the source material available to today's researchers supports the contention that the operation was conducted with partisan political purposes in mind.

Even so, it was interesting to learn that the congressional district containing Columbia County was not even in the state's top six in terms of percentage of draft evaders. In the matter of the alleged fort, none has ever been found, although Tomasak and his grandson mounted their own expedition that discovered traces of some kind of structure in the general area. The acceptable boundaries of government opposition in speech and action and who sets those limits has been an ever present bone of contention within democracies at war.

A brilliantly executed microhistory, The Fishing Creek Confederacy comprises an original and important documentation and analysis of such dissent and its consequences. Grant's District of Cairo. Book Reviews , Reviews - Politics. Newer Post Older Post Home.

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