Los gauchos de Güemes: Guerras de independencia y conflicto social (Spanish Edition)

Sara Mata de López

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Mobilization of the rural poor was both spontaneous and organized. In the first case, groups of peasants voluntarily formed squadrons and elected their leaders. On one such occasion, the people were celebrating carnival when were suddenly attacked by the Spaniards.

Summoned by a "curandero" folk-healer , a man of high prestige in the locality, they grabbed clubs, ploughs and other tools and fought back. As a response to the pillaging by Spanish troops, several "hacendados" recruited their tenants and peones and formed militia battalions. He managed to extend militia recruitment to every corner of the province by drawing into this process more landowners and also minor rural officers such as post-masters.

By , when he was elected Governor, he already was the chief of a force of some 3, soldiers. The gaucho was, from then on, a peasant turned soldier. They approached the enemies with surprising confidence, ease, and in such cold blood as to amaze the European officers that saw these extraordinary horsemen for the first time, whose unmatched talents for guerrilla warfare they repeatedly tested. Gauchos were compared to the Cossacks and Mamelucs in their outstanding riding skills. Gauchos also achieved a strong reputation -- among both friends and foes of the revolutionary cause-- for being consummate practitioners of guerrilla warfare.

They knew that in open battle against better armed Spanish troops they were doomed.

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Thus, they resorted to torturing the Spaniards with sudden skirmishes in the middle of the night held in locations in the countryside suitable to this hit-and-run strategy. The gauchos were masters at hiding themselves from the Spanish troops until they got close to them and attack them ferociously. Besieged within the confines of the cities of Salta and Jujuy, the Spaniards found it extremely difficult to venture out to get food and forage.

Every time they did they were systematically harassed by the gauchos. Salta and Jujuy owed to the gauchos' "war of enthusiasm," as General Paz called it, their victory over the Spanish Army in mid Paz recalls in his memoirs that victory gave the gauchos a measure of their military might and a sense of pride.

He also pointed what he considered the gauchos' most negative traits: Who were these rural poor turned into soldiers? The few available contemporary sources helpful to estimate the size of the gaucho militia are military rolls, which merely contain names, ranks, and attendance. Only in , when the militia was reorganized the provincial government took more complete military censuses.

In gauchos encompassed roughly ten per cent of the total population of the province. As one of the main goals of the provincial government's reorganization of the militia in was to reduce its size, its number and ratio to the total population must have been larger during the war of independence. Almost three quarters of the gauchos were between 20 and 35 years of age, and two thirds of them were married and were likely to have families. All of the sixty eight men enlisted there were "natives," that is to say Indians and all of them but one were "labradores," or agricultural workers.

Except for one who lived on his own land, all of them lived in haciendas owned by members of elite families of Jujuy. Thus, gauchos were adult men living in haciendas, the majority of whom were married and had families. Their working conditions in the haciendas varied from district to district, but the information on these arrangements is very scarce. In the haciendas of Salta and Jujuy, however, tenancy and peonage were the most common labor arrangements between landlords and peasants since at least the eighteenth century.

In Jujuy and Salta tenancy called "arriendo y obligaciones" involved mutual obligations between landlord and tenant. Tenants used to pay the landowner a fixed amount of money a year, usually between six and twelve pesos, depending on the size of the plots assigned. In addition to this, they had to work for the hacienda two weeks a year tending the landlord's livestock, branding cattle or shoeing horses.

Sometimes the landowner provided the tenant with seeds, agricultural tools a plough, for instance , and oxen, and collected the rent in kind i. The relationship between tenants and landowners involved many more complex transactions than the mere payment and collection of rent. It also included trade and credit relations.

For tenants and peasants in general, the landowners' and merchants' shops in town were a source of goods purchased on credit, while for the merchants and landowners the supply of credit to the peasants was another way to put their hands on the agricultural surplus, besides the collection of rent.

Many judicial cases held in the local archives reveal the intricate web of social and economic relationships established among peasants and the powerful within the local society. These documents also expose the complex social meaning imbedded in the word "gaucho" in the countryside of Jujuy and Salta. If only a few of the gauchos owned land, it is apparent that the upper echelons of them owned livestock.

They were also able to participate in commercial activities, and in some cases were key employees within the structure of a hacienda. Sometimes engaged in commercial activities, some of them also owned livestock. The word had an unmistakable military connotation: Please extend my most sincere gratitude to all of the worthy officers who have excelled along with you, especially to Lieutenant Ximenes of whom I have the best references He extended military jurisdiction fuero militar to all of the gauchos enlisted in the militia by which they were placed beyond the jurisdiction of civil authorities.

His bond with the gauchos circumvented traditional ways of elite control of the peasants, such as cabildo jurisdiction over the countryside and the extraction of economic surplus via rent. The question of extending military jurisdiction to the rural militia had colonial roots in Jujuy and Salta. As both cities bordered the Indian territory of Chaco, raising rural militia to defend the eastern frontier had always been a major concern.

Throughout the eighteenth century colonial authorities controlled the Indian frontier with professional military regiments, called "partidarios. Partidarios enjoyed full military jurisdiction, in both civil and criminal cases. Partidarios received the occasional help of militia recruited locally among the rural population in cases of Indian attacks.

In such cases, the cabildo had the right to recruit rural population around six hundred men , enlist them for one or two months, and assign them to guard the forts on the frontier while the partidarios were fighting the Indians. These arrangements were resisted by local landowners who complained that militia recruitment in times of harvest and sowing created a labor shortage on their haciendas. Their main task was to collaborate with the partidarios in the surveillance of the Indian frontier.

The "Reglamento" created four militia cavalry squadrons in Salta and Jujuy, with 1, soldiers. Military jurisdiction became one of the most polemical aspects of the recently created militia. The cabildos complained to the Intendents about the many instances of disorder created by the extension of the "military fuero" to the militiamen.

They singled out the fact that militiamen were not forced to comply with cabildo ordinances or "bandos de buen gobierno. The Intendent refused to do so as he deemed the privileges granted by military fuero to be the only incentive for rural people to enlist in the militia. Even royal officers complained to the Viceroy that "fuero" prompted militiamen to be more unruly as it put them beyond the reach of ordinary justice. As future Intendent Arrigunaga put it in , "fuero sounds in the ears of the militia man like independence from ordinary jurisdiction.

Thus, militia men enjoyed military jurisdiction and were entitled to monetary compensation for their service. But the circumstances of the war of independence made the institution radically different from that of colonial times. First, most of the male rural population of the province was recruited into the militia after the second Spanish invasion of , and second, the financial resources of the province were insufficient to cover the expenses generated by militia mobilization.

At stake was not only the issue of the extension of fuero to every peasant enlisted in the militia but also the availability of rural workers in the haciendas. In fact, one of the major consequences of massive enlistment of gauchos since was a sharp labor shortage in the countryside. New legislation drafted by the central government in introduced a major change in the organization of militia. The statute applied the viceregal "Reglamento" of to all of the aspects related to the provincial militia, but issued new legislation regarding the urban ones.

They would be under the command of the cabildos, and only veteran soldiers enlisted would enjoy military jurisdiction. In August the cabildo of Jujuy met to revise the new statute issued in Buenos Aires. The revisions proposed included the provisions on militia. The militia thus defined would not enjoy military jurisdiction and would be under the cabildo's control. For the purposes of article, history is taken to mean written history recorded in a narrative format for the purpose of informing future generations about events.

Before writing, there was only oral history or oral tradition, in China, the earliest history was recorded in oracle bone script which was deciphered and may date back to around late 2nd millennium BCE. The Zuo Zhuan, attributed to Zuo Qiuming in the 5th century BCE, is the earliest written of narrative history in the world, the Classic of History is one of the Five Classics of Chinese classic texts and one of the earliest narratives of China. It is traditionally attributed to Confucius, zhan Guo Ce was a renowned ancient Chinese historical compilation of sporadic materials on the Warring States period compiled between the 3rd and 1st centuries BCE.

Sima Qian was the first in China to lay the groundwork for professional historical writing and his written work was the Shiji, a monumental lifelong achievement in literature. His work influenced every subsequent author of history in China, including the prestigious Ban family of the Eastern Han Dynasty era, traditional Chinese historiography describes history in terms of dynastic cycles.

In this view, each new dynasty is founded by a morally righteous founder, over time, the dynasty becomes morally corrupt and dissolute. Eventually, the dynasty becomes so weak as to allow its replacement by a new dynasty, the tradition of Korean historiography was established with the Samguk Sagi, a history of Korea from its allegedly earliest times. It was completed in and relied not only on earlier Chinese histories for source material, the latter work is now lost. The earliest works of history produced in Japan were the Rikkokushi, the first of these works were the Nihon Shoki, compiled by Prince Toneri in This Spanish colony included roughly the territories of present-day Argentina, Bolivia, the result was the removal of Viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros and the establishment of a local government, the Primera Junta, on May Viceroy Cisneros tried to maintain the status quo, but a group of criollo lawyers.

Delegates denied recognition to the Council of Regency in Spain and established a junta to govern in place of Cisneros, to maintain a sense of continuity, Cisneros was initially appointed president of the Junta. However, this caused much popular unrest, so he resigned under pressure on May 25, the newly formed government, the Primera Junta, included only representatives from Buenos Aires and invited other cities of the Viceroyalty to send delegates to join them. This resulted in the outbreak of war between the regions that accepted the outcome of the events at Buenos Aires and those that did not.

As similar events occurred in other cities of the continent. The United States declaration of independence from Great Britain in led criollos to believe that revolution, the fact that Spain aided the colonies in their struggle against Britain weakened the idea that it would be a crime to end ones allegiance to the parent state.

The ideals of the French Revolution of spread across Europe, the overthrow and execution of King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette ended centuries of monarchy and removed the privileges of the nobility. Liberal ideals in the political and economic fields developed and spread through the Atlantic Revolutions across most of the Western world, however, the spread of such ideas was forbidden in the Spanish territories, as was the sale of related books or their unauthorized possession. Spain instituted those bans when it declared war on France after the execution of Louis XVI, news of the events of and copies of the publications of the French Revolution spread around Spain despite efforts to keep them at bay.

Many enlightened criollos came into contact with authors and their works during their university studies. Books from the United States found their way into the Spanish colonies through Caracas, owing to the proximity of Venezuela to the United States, the Industrial Revolution started in Britain, with the use of plateways, canals and steam power. This led to increases in the productive capabilities of Britain. He was known to his supporters as the Desired and to his detractors as the Felon King and he reestablished the absolutist monarchy and rejected the liberal constitution of He suppressed the liberal press and jailed many of its editors and writers, under his rule, Spain lost nearly all of its American possessions, and the country entered into civil war on his death.

His reputation among historians is very low, historian Stanley Payne says, He proved in many ways the basest king in Spanish history. Cowardly, selfish, grasping, suspicious, and vengeful, seemed almost incapable of any perception of the commonwealth and he thought only in terms of his power and security and was unmoved by the enormous sacrifices of Spanish people to retain their independence and preserve his throne. The Queens confessor Fray Juan Almaraz wrote in his last will that she admitted in articulo mortis that none, none of her sons and daughters, none was of the legitimate marriage.

In his youth Ferdinand occupied the position of an heir apparent who was excluded from all share in government by his parents and their advisor and Prime Minister. National discontent with the government produced a rebellion in , in October , Ferdinand was arrested for his complicity in the El Escorial Conspiracy in which the rebels aimed at securing foreign support from the French Emperor Napoleon.

Los gauchos de Güemes: Guerras de independencia y conflicto social (Spanish Edition)

When the conspiracy was discovered, Ferdinand submitted to his parents, following a popular riot at Aranjuez Charles IV abdicated in March Ferdinand ascended the throne and turned to Napoleon for support and he abdicated on 6 May Uprisings broke out throughout the country, marking the beginning of the Peninsular War, provincial juntas were established to control regions in opposition to the new French king.

Subsequently, on 14 January , the British government acknowledged Ferdinand VII as king of Spain, the Spanish people, blaming the policies of the Francophiles for causing the Napoleonic occupation and the Peninsular War by allying Spain too closely to France, at first welcomed Fernando. Ferdinand soon found that in the years a new world had been born of foreign invasion. In his name Spain fought for its independence and in his name as well juntas had governed Spanish America, Spain was no longer the absolute monarchy he had relinquished six years earlier.

Instead he was now asked to rule under the liberal Constitution of , before being allowed to enter Spanish soil, Ferdinand had to guarantee the liberals that he would govern on the basis of the Constitution, but, only gave lukewarm indications he would do so. Mariano Moreno — Mariano Moreno was an Argentine lawyer, journalist, and politician.

He played a role in the Primera Junta, the first national government of Argentina. Mariano was the firstborn of the Moreno family, and had thirteen brothers, during his youth he studied Latin, logic, and philosophy at San Carlos Royal College, followed by college studies of law at Chuquisaca. Unlike most other criollos, he rejected the Carlotist project and the administration of Santiago de Liniers and he worked for the next viceroy, Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros. He wrote the economic paper The Representation of the Landowners, which persuaded the viceroy to open trade with Britain, although he was not prominently involved in the May Revolution that deposed Cisneros, he was appointed as secretary of war of the new government, the Primera Junta.

Moreno organized military campaigns to Paraguay and Upper Peru, and ensured the execution of Santiago de Liniers after the defeat of his counter-revolution and he established the first Argentine newspaper, La Gazeta de Buenos Ayres, and translated Jean-Jacques Rousseaus The Social Contract into Spanish.

When the Junta achieved the first military victories, President Cornelio Saavedra opposed Moreno, allied with Gregorio Funes, Saavedra expanded the number of members of the Junta to leave Morenism in a minority. With disputes still going on, Moreno was appointed to a mission to Britain. His brother Manuel Moreno alleged that he was poisoned and his supporters were still an influential political party for some years after his death.

Historians hold several perspectives about the role and historical significance of Moreno and he is considered the precursor of Argentine journalism.

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He studied at Colegio Grande de San Carlos, but without living in it and he graduated with an honor diploma. He met influential people within the field, who helped him to continue his studies at the University of Chuquisaca. This was the big university in South America at the time. Age of Enlightenment — The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, The Century of Philosophy.

French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between , the year that Louis XIV died, and , the beginning of the French Revolution, some recent historians begin the period in the s, with the start of the scientific revolution. Les philosophes of the widely circulated their ideas through meetings at scientific academies, Masonic lodges, literary salons, coffee houses. The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and the Church, a variety of 19th-century movements, including liberalism and neo-classicism, trace their intellectual heritage back to the Enlightenment.

The major figures of the Enlightenment included Cesare Beccaria, Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, David Hume, Adam Smith, Benjamin Franklin visited Europe repeatedly and contributed actively to the scientific and political debates there and brought the newest ideas back to Philadelphia. Thomas Jefferson closely followed European ideas and later incorporated some of the ideals of the Enlightenment into the Declaration of Independence, others like James Madison incorporated them into the Constitution in After the Revolution, the Enlightenment was followed by an intellectual movement known as Romanticism.

His skepticism was refined by John Lockes Essay Concerning Human Understanding and his dualism was challenged by Spinozas uncompromising assertion of the unity of matter in his Tractatus and Ethics. Both lines of thought were opposed by a conservative Counter-Enlightenment.

In the midth century, Paris became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity challenging traditional doctrines, the political philosopher Montesquieu introduced the idea of a separation of powers in a government, a concept which was enthusiastically adopted by the authors of the United States Constitution. Francis Hutcheson, a philosopher, described the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words.

Hume became a figure in the skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions of philosophy. Immanuel Kant tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom and political authority, as well as map out a view of the sphere through private. These conflicts were separate from the Argentine War of Independence, though they first arose during this period.

The main antagonists were, on a level, Buenos Aires Province and the other provinces of modern Argentina. Regionalism had long marked the relationship among the provinces of what today is Argentina. In addition, Rosas was granted the sum of public power, the Argentine Confederation thus functioned, albeit amid ongoing conflicts, until the Battle of Caseros, when Rosas was deposed and exiled. The secessionist state rejected the Constitution of Argentina, and promulgated its own the following year, the most contentious issue remained the Buenos Aires Customs, which remained under the control of the city government and was the chief source of public revenue.

Mitre, who despite victory reaffirmed his commitment to the constitutional amendments, was elected the republics first president in and he was defeated, however, and only President Avellanedas commutation spared his life. Caudillo — A caudillo is a type of personalist leader wielding political power. There is no definition of caudillo, which is often used interchangeably with dictator. The term is associated with Spain, and with Spanish America after virtually all of that region won independence in the early nineteenth century.

The term is used pejoratively by critics of a regime. However, Spains General Francisco Franco proudly took the title as his own, during, Spanish censors during his rule went after publishers who applied the term to Latin American strongmen. Caudillos exercise of power is a form considered authoritarian, most societies have had personalist leaders at times, but Latin America has had many more, the majority of whom were not self-described caudillos.

However, scholars have applied the term to a variety of Latin American leaders, the roots of caudillismo may be tied to the framework of rule in medieval and early modern Spain during the Reconquest from the Moors. During the colonial era, the Spanish crown asserted its power, historian John Lynch argues that the rise of caudillos in Spanish America is rooted not in the distant Spanish past but in the immediate context of the Spanish American wars of independence.

Those wars threw off colonial rule and left a vacuum in the early nineteenth century. Caudillos were very influential in the history of Spanish America and have a legacy that has influenced political movements in the modern era, since Spanish American independence in the early nineteenth century, the region has been noted for its number of caudillos and the duration of their rule.

Brazils transition to independence was the establishment of the Brazilian Empire, weak nation-states in Spanish America fostered the continuation of caudillismo from the late nineteenth century into the twentieth century. The formation of Mexicos Institutional Revolutionary Party in effectively ended caudillismo there, men characterized as caudillos have ruled in Cuba, Panama, the Dominican Republic, Paraguay, Argentina, and Chile. Caudillos have been the subject of literature in Spanish America, Latin America is not unique in having strong leaders emerge during times of turmoil.

In a rural area that lacked any institutions of the state, and where the environment was one of violence and anarchy and his local control as a strongman needed to be maintained by assuring the loyalty of his followers, so his bestowing material rewards reinforced his own position. Caudillos could also maintain their position by protecting the interests of regional elites, a local strongman who built a regional base could aspire to becoming a national caudillo, taking control of the state.

But these strongmen were also mediators between elites and the classes, recruiting them into the power base, but also restraining them from achieving power themselves. Democracy — Democracy, in modern usage, is a system of government in which the citizens exercise power directly or elect representatives from among themselves to form a governing body, such as a parliament.

Democracy is sometimes referred to as rule of the majority, Democracy was originally conceived in Classical Greece, where political representatives were chosen by a jury from amongst the male citizens, rich and poor. The English word dates to the 16th century, from the older Middle French, in the 5th century BC, to denote the political systems then existing in Greek city-states, notably Athens, the term is an antonym to aristocracy, meaning rule of an elite.

While theoretically these definitions are in opposition, in practice the distinction has been blurred historically, the political system of Classical Athens, for example, granted democratic citizenship to free men and excluded slaves and women from political participation. In , Finland became the first government to harald a more inclusive democracy at the national level. Democracy contrasts with forms of government where power is held by an individual, as in an absolute monarchy, or where power is held by a small number of individuals.

Nevertheless, these oppositions, inherited from Greek philosophy, are now ambiguous because contemporary governments have mixed democratic, oligarchic, and monarchic elements. Karl Popper defined democracy in contrast to dictatorship or tyranny, thus focusing on opportunities for the people to control their leaders, No consensus exists on how to define democracy, but legal equality, political freedom and rule of law have been identified as important characteristics. These principles are reflected in all eligible citizens being equal before the law, other uses of democracy include that of direct democracy.

In some countries, notably in the United Kingdom which originated the Westminster system, in the United States, separation of powers is often cited as a central attribute. In India, parliamentary sovereignty is subject to the Constitution of India which includes judicial review, though the term democracy is typically used in the context of a political state, the principles also are applicable to private organisations.

Majority rule is listed as a characteristic of democracy. Hence, democracy allows for political minorities to be oppressed by the tyranny of the majority in the absence of legal protections of individual or group rights. An essential part of a representative democracy is competitive elections that are substantively and procedurally fair, i. It has also suggested that a basic feature of democracy is the capacity of all voters to participate freely and fully in the life of their society.

While representative democracy is sometimes equated with the form of government. Many democracies are constitutional monarchies, such as the United Kingdom, the term democracy first appeared in ancient Greek political and philosophical thought in the city-state of Athens during classical antiquity. The word comes from demos, common people and kratos, strength, led by Cleisthenes, Athenians established what is generally held as the first democracy in — BC.

Romanticism — Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the medieval rather than the classical. It was embodied most strongly in the arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography, education.

It elevated folk art and ancient custom to something noble, Romanticism assigned a high value to the achievements of heroic individualists and artists, whose examples, it maintained, would raise the quality of society. It also promoted the individual imagination as a critical authority allowed of freedom from classical notions of form in art, there was a strong recourse to historical and natural inevitability, a Zeitgeist, in the representation of its ideas. Larralde 1 2 piso Capital Tel: Santa Fe Martinez Tel: Sucre 1 2 piso San Isidro Tel: Tratado del Pilar 25 Pilar Tel: Gorlero frente al Casino Punta del Este Tel: Fernando Trueba PC S.

Sinopsis Es una comedia y es un drama. The Good Life is a comed y and a drama; a love story and a story about loneliness. The Good Lift is, in short, a story about life. Tristrin Romeo will be 15 years old soon. He enjo ys the good life his parents have created for him. But this environment of care, love and comfort is about to fall to pieces. From that moment on, he will know the taste of loneliness and sadness, and he will understand that surviving is, sometimes, even more important than living. Fernando Trueba Tras trabajar coma guionista de cortometrajes, periodista, traductor y guionista de television, debuta en conio coguionista de[ tartgometraje Amo tu cama rica, de emiLio Martinez Lazaro con Ariadna Gil y Pere Ponce.

En fue coguionista de La pelicuta de fernando trueba Two Much. La buena vida es su primer Largometraje coma director. After working as a TV and short-film scriptwriter, journalist and translator, Trueba made his debut as a co-scriptwriter for a feature film with Amo tu cama rica, directed by Emilio Martinez-Ldzaro and starring A riadna Gil and Pere Ponce, in In , he wrote the screenplay for "Los peores ahos de ruestra 'ida", which was also directed by Emilio Martinez-Ldzaro, and jbr which he was nominated ,for the Goya Award for Best Original Screenpla y.

In he was the scriptwriter and co-director of "El pear prograna de la semana" The worst show of the week" , a weekly program of Spanish TV In he directed the Spanish version of the pla y "Speed-the-plow", written b y David Mamet. In he wrote "Two Much",. In , he published his first novel, "Abierto toda la noche", which has already been translated into Italian and German. In , he filmed the theater production "Albert Pta supone Fonollosa" and directed a videoclip J'or that singer, "El lado salvaje de to vida", which won the Vitoria Festival's award fir best videoclip of the year.

Eric Assous, adaptado par Philippe Harel. Valerie Pozzo Di Borgo. Ella es softera, sin ninguna atadura. Ellos se encuentran por casualidad. El La desea, ella primero se resiste. Luego capitula y se engancha con EL Esto tiene un nombre: Fue co-guionista del film Les Apprentis de Pierre Salvadori. Acaba de rodar un guiOn de Denis Robert.

He's married, with a child, and lives confortably. She is single and unattached. They meet by chance. Latches on to him. There's a name for it: Adultery in all is fleeting joys, rare moments, creeping jealousy, open conflicts, stolen pleasures, tears held nLack, tears shed. He was co-writer of Les Apprentices , by Pierre Salvadori. He has finished on script by Denis Robert. FiLmografia - Tentative Dechec Corto, Pasqualino de Santis Ma-.

Ruggero Mastroianni, Bruno Sarandrea. Sinopsis Un viaje que comienza en Las oscuras nieblas de Auschwitz, y que continCia por Los mercados ne-. Rosi is an agressive, uncompromising social crusader, a journalist with a camera, working in the tradition of postwar Italian Neorrealism. His films have won several international awards, he has collaborated on the scripts of all of his own films. Francesco Rosi was born in Naples.

Guerres d'independencia hispanoamericanes

A former laje' student, look illustrator and radio reporter, he entered Italian films in the late 40s as assistant to Luchino Visconti, later also working under Luciano Emmer, Mario Moniccelli an Michelangelo Antonioni as. Duncan Kenworthy y David Rubin. Ron Daniels y Amy Kaufman. Sinopsis Trent Burns, tiene 21 anos y corta et pasta en Los jardines de Camelot, un suburbia de Louisville.

Todos Los dias se cruza con Los vecinos y cLientes quienes 'se olvidan" La mucho que te deben, con Los chicos que se burLan y con un guardia de seguridad que La trata de mat mada. Pero Trent necesita La piata, par esa sigue can La segadara. Tu'enit'-one-vear-old trent Burns inou's lawns in the afluent Louisville suburb of camelot Gordens.

Eoch days the Jlsces customers who 'forget" how much yhey owe him, kids who taunt him as fit were their birth-right, and a security guard who treats him like trouble. But Trent needs the money, so he grits teeth and mows. One day comes to Camelot the little girl Devon Stiockard with his parents. He is alone girl, she has no friends it could amost be Baba Yoga's. One day when Devon has been Sent out to sell cookies she decides instead toJbllow a dirt road into the woods. She meet the dirty and ruinous home of Trent, and belong your friend.

But his parents and recruits the help of security guard and others bo ys of the place Coma La premiada miniserie "Vietnam" Actuatmente vive en Londres. At the Universit y of melbourne, he majored in philosophy and history, and while still a student joined in the Pram factory, an influential theatre group. He acted in numeorus short films during the late Sixties and Set'eties, and published a novel, "Players", and a book for teenagers, "Room to Move", he has written and directed.

Today live in London. Chris Vander Stappen y Alain Berliner. Dominique Dalcan, candon cantada por Zazie. TFI International, ave. Le Jour se LOve Boulogne. Mi vida en rosa es un film acerca de Las diferencias. Ma vie en rose is a film about difference. Ludovic is little boy who dreams of being a little girl. What seems normal to him doesn't seem that way to other people. Some things are done and some are not, no matter hou' natural they ma y feel to us. Ills a film about a inollier and father who don't knou' to deal with the strenght and tenacity of their child's belief.

Was born in Belgium in His directed shorts before the firs1 feature film. It's one of the most imporfonts figures of the French's cinema today. Mavi Film Turkey tel. Sinopsis Yasuf who has just gone out from the prison after ten years of sentence, has nothing to do and nowhere to go except her sister and her husband who live in Izmir.

Yusuf has some doubts about the rest of his life, in fact he is afraid of outside. He has just one adress in his pocket given to him by a in prison whom he never saw again. He decides to go to see his Sister and arrives in Izmir. But he can't stay With them because unexpected events at home. He meets with two person and a child at the hotel. The woman, Ugur is a singer in a nightclub; the man Bekir is is her pimp and also has been her lover for the past twent y years but Ungar is indifferent to him. She has a secret concerning a man in the prison of Izinir Yusuf decide viajar hasta Izmir para ver a su herinana, que no puede alojarlo par lo inesperado de su lIegada.

AN conoce a dos personas 7 o un chico. Ella guarda on secreto quen tiene que ver coil el hombre de la prisidn de Izmir Zeki Demirkubus Nacih en Esparta en Was born in in Isparta. He's graduated from Universit y of Istanbul, deportment of Communication. He's begun his film career as assistant director of' Zeki Obten in and has continued as assistant of director untill His first feature film C Blok, is made in.

El film narra Ia trayectoria de un cineasta: Eso expLica que siempre tenga at mar como pIano de fondo: The film tells the career ofonefilnimaker: That justify idiot ever Miramar chooses the sea from the backgrounds, the marine graveyard of the Barra de Sao boo, rooms and roofs of the hotel at the sea, beadis, the street and the pubs, in the south of Rio de Janeiro. He onl y desire making alUm about the streets of the city Miramar marca su debut como director de Largometrajes.

Julio Bressanc was born in Brazil. He began in the cinema as director of shorts, and Miramar is his first feature film. Eileen Atkins, basado en una novelo de Virginia Woolf. Sinopsis La historia se desarrolLa durante un dia deL verano de Londres de Clarissa DaLtoway recuerda el verano de en el campo, cuando era joven, hermosa y muy soLicitada. She tur,i of the hanclosome suitor she rejected all has previouslu directed A Question of'Silence, these thirdly years ago.

Se diS a conocer internacionalmente a partir de Life - Mrs. Anteriorniente habia dirigido A. Jorge Estrada Mora Producciones S. Denis Leary, Aitana SOnchez. Columbia TriStar, W. Hasta ahora, que es cuando Jack y Vicky tienen La oportunidad de ganar dinero que carnbiania sus vidas. They seem to have it all: But some decisions Jack has had to make hare taken hinfarfrom the things he would like to give Vicky.

Now Jack and Vicky have a chance to make an amount of mone y that will change their lives for ever. Everything seems to be eas y, taking advantage of Vick y 's seductive abilities, but love bursts in and spoils it all. Campanella was born in Argentina. He started his career as a theater director and TV scriptwriter. Juraj Jakubisko, con didlogos de Jan Novaky Jjiri reichel. Sinopsis "Es una alegoria acerca de Ia raza humana y acerca del presente. Es una saga cruel, llena de amor apasionado, pleno de colorido como Ia vida misma.

Es un film acerca de nuestro tiernpo para nuestro tiempo. Sdu visiOn del futuro predijo conflictos sangrientos por pasiones religiosas y racismo, al llegar el sgundo y tercer milenio. It's a cruel saga full of passionate. Its a film about our times for our times. It is a film for those who feel that as third millennium approaches one has to name certain things and thinmk about them in order to mitigate the impact of the ': Catholic, Protestant or Muslim, is only one and he is far away.

If man does not save himself by his own efforts, he wil perish. And so we come to the prophecies of JVostradamus, a famous seer. His vision of the. Those who survive will have one thousand years of peace ahead of them Jcikuhisko was horn on in Kojsur, I: In a retrospective of Jakubisko's Film work rourned the United Stales.

His films were screened at film festivals in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Montreal, Washington and New York where this European filmmaker was introduced to the American Audiences u'itIi a series of both his earlier and his latest feature films. Christian Rulliery Juraj Hem. Jiri Kriz y Harrik Maury. Michael Forman deja su su auto descompuesto y se protege de La [Luvia en [a entrada del pasaje.

Una pequeha [o tienta con su encato y su sonrisa. The usual traffic jam, shrieking ambulance sirens and honking of car horns, aforqotten present for a wife on the occasion of her fifth wedding anniversary, persistant hard rain. The beginning of another crazy day. Michael Forman leaves his broken-down car standing in the stopped-dead traffic, and hides from the rain in an entrance to a passage.

A little girl lures him inside with her glances and her smile. From that moment, the most unusual events begin to take place. Forman is trapped in an enormous labyrinth of shops. Floors and floors of weird people that seem onl y to resemble those outside. There is a film crew that constantly gets in the wa y: Forman has already met them in the traffic jam. Puso en escena varias obras teatrates. Stud y photograpgy, direction, and working in the Barrandov Studios. In he directed his first short film and realized his first full-lenght feature film, The Sign of cancer, in he emigrated to geriva nv.

He lives in Munich. Maigret Sets a Trap , Passage The Marquis of Bellegarde, an old doctor familiar with the ways of Louis XVI's court, befriends the y oung-engineer, whom he feels is a main of wit. In his efforts, the "solicitor" of the court must be aware ofthefearful results of seeming reidiculous, which can put an end to one's career not mention their life Patrice Leconte was born in Paris, France, on Starling in the IDHEC; between and work in design and comics, among a number of shorts, before his debut in feature films. Sin embargo, ellos no quieren abandonar su tierra.

Es muy difIcil escapar del infierno The action takes place in Sarajevo in the midst of the war, and shows the ravages it has caused in people, in the streets, in the monuments, in the entire city. Shot in the spring of , with the framework of Sarajevo as a setting, it has been regarded as a document of destruction.

The axis of the story are two children, Adis and Kerim, seven and nine years old respectively, who have lost their families, save one aunt who has gone to Germany. A poet named Hamza takes it upon himself to help the children find her. Nevertheless, they do not want to leave their country. En esta iftima se especiaLizO en tine y en Literatura inglesa. Ha reaLizado hasta ahora ties peLiculas.

Ademir Kenovic was born in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, in He entered the university of his home town in , and later went on to that of Denison, Ohio, USA, in At the latter he specialized in cinema and English literature. In he was invited to teach at the Sarajevo Academy of Film and Theater. He has hitherto directed three films. Bent Nesheim y Lasse mm. Geir Bohren y Bent Aserud. Los saLmos se escuchan desde La iglesia.

Rocks de Los juke-box. Psalms emanating from church. Rock blasting out of jukc-bo. Maria, the vicar's daughter, figures out that by the time of her confirmation, she will have spent hours sitting in church. Maria does not want Communion or the blood of Christ. Maria wants a Coke at "the den of sin", her father's name for the local cafe. Maria longs for life. She wants to wear earrings, meet bo ys, go out with her friends. She wants breasts that point upwards. Bent Nersheim was born in Noruega. He graduated at the University of oslo in language, literature. Reinar Jdnnson, basado en una novela de su autoria.

So Persson, Klas DengstrOm. Situado dentro de un aho en La vida de estos personajes, eL fiLm intenta meterse en et mundo de Los suecos, desde el sur hasta et norte: The fins tells the story of a number of men and women, their families and relationships in Sweden toda y: Spanning a full year in the life of its characters, the film spins a yarn stretching through the vast expanse of Sweden, from the south to the extreme north: DebutO coma director con Perception, basado en una historia de su madre.

EL film compitib en el Festival de Berlin de En cine, se destacO a partir do Sunday's Children, basado en un guiOn escrito por su padre, que tuvo buena acogida de La critica. Per este film fue gaLardonado como mejor director del Festival de Montreal de Daniel Bergman was born in and is the son of director Inginar Bergman and concert pianist Kabi Laretei. His interest in film began at an early age. As a year-old boy he assisted his father in the filming of The Magic Flute. The following year he worked as an assistant in the filming of Face to Face, and the same year he began to cork as a projectionist.

Daniel decided to leave school after the eighth grade and worked as an assistant, a gaffer, and a grip on various films. Be to Bastille Paris, France, tel, 44 74 32 35 fax 44 74 32 Danny se rompe un brazo The 13 year old Danny Himes had always known he was going to climb the foot radio tower that he could see from his bedroom window. He didn't knou' why, he just knew he had to. Maybe it was because he was always the smallest kid in his class. Or because he needed to show the neighbourhood bullies. Or maybe it was really because everyone in the neighbourhood believed that Dann y 's dad WOS a coward, and Dannyh ad to prove he wasn't a coward too.

When it was announced that the big tower was to be pulled down in three weeks time, Danny knew it was now or never.

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And then a catastrophe happened: Danny broke his arm Se fue a vivir a Paris en ReaLiza cortos y spots pubLicitarios, iniciando su carrera corno director de Largometrajes en Francia. Go to live in Paris in He studied cinema and work as operator and editor in television, make shorts and advertising spots, began he career as director of feature films, today make films in Great Britain and United States. Uno de sus tios vive todavia alli. El director tiene reminiscencias. Cuando ellos entran en el pueblo. Le cuesta aceptar al nuevo sobrino, en especial porque no tenia idea de su existencia y porque no tienen an lenguaje comOn.

Afonso Le demuestra que Ia misma sangre corre por sus venas. Afonso, a French actor has a part in a franco-Portughese co-production. His father cmigrated farm Portugal to France before the war.. Afonso expreses an interest in visiting the village his father came from. One of his aunts is still alive. The director of the film and two others actor accompan y him on his quest, on order to interpret for him. They pass various places where the director grew up.

He is part k'ulary inspired by statue of Pedro Macao with is an einbodyment of' human suffering. When they reach the village, Afonsos's aunt turns Out to be less than forthcoming. Afonso points out that the same blood flows their veins. In the end the old aunt fails into her nephew's arms and embraces him Es Ia gran estrella del cine portuguks. Manoel de Oliveira was born in Passainarinas, Portugal, in He is the great star of Portuguese cinema. He had his debut in vanguard documentaries and with a piece of work called Aniki-Bobo, which was about Italian neo-realism.

He is coauthor of the well-known and dismal "Frustrated Lovers" Amores frust ra dos. Carol Doyle, bosodo en to novela de Henry James. Roger Birnbaum, Julie Bergman Sander. Live International, Sherman Way.

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Sinopsis Washington Square ocupa un Lugar importante entre Las mejores obras del escritor Henry James, por su compacta y punzante observacion de La sociedad y sus deseos atravesados que tienen lugar en La ciudad de Nueva York a fines del siglo XIX. Esta novela ya habia sido adaptada por La muy aclamada puesta de Broadway de firmada por Ruth y August Goetz, y por el film que en dirigio William Wyler con Olivia de Havilland.

Washington Squares ranks as one of Henry James 'greatest achievements, a compact, sharply oberved novel of social mores and thwarted desire set in New York City during the late nineteenth century. The novel has previously adapted as the highly acclaimed Boradway play by Ruth and Augustus Goetz, and William Wyler's film, with Olivia de Havilland.

Agnszeska Holland was born in Warsak, Poland, in She returned to Poland and began a long collaboration with Andrzej Wajda, co-writting many of his films. She directed several films for television before making her feature debut in with Provincial Actors. After martial law was declared in Poland in , she moved to France, where she continued to make feature films, and collaborated with Krszystof Kieslowski on screenplays for his Trois Coleurs trilogy. Suh y Carl Colpaert. Sinopsis Una hermosa y misteriosa niujer tlega a un perdido pueblo de Nevada, con un secreto que rompe et status quo de un grupo de mujeres que andan por et pueblo de tunes a viernes.

Sus marldos trabajan en una represa a aLgunas horas del lugar, y solo pueden regresar Los fines de semana para divertirse con violencia y amar rudamente A beautiful nlvsterous woman comes into a miss-if- you blink Nevada town, with a secret that threatens the status quo of the tightly knit group of women who run the town Monday through Friday.

Their men work at a dam afeu' hours away, and can only return on the weekends for rowdy fun and raucous love Ha sido director de fotografl'a en varios Largometrajes de 35 mm desde Subterranean Passages ,. Bonnie Jean , Nevada y Barbate Nevada es su primer largometraje. He has cinematographer in many feature films of 35 mm. JOnos Szdsz, basado en sn cuento de Gdzo Csdth. Franz Schubert, Johann Sebastian Bach.

Witman , Lsjss Kovdcs Mr. Sinopsis Hungria, , en un pequeno pueblo. Pero La atractiva Sra. Entonces, los dos hijos deciden vivir en su propio mundo, saLvaje y vioLento. Hungary , in a small town. The Witman brothers Janos, 14, and Erno, 12 are raised by a young maid and their mother after their. But the chcirnii;iq Mrs. Witman is completely devoted to her lover, who already lives in the household. So the two sons choose to live in their own weird and violent world.

Janos meets a prostitute who gives him all the tenderness, love and attention he --and his brother-- desperately needs. He drags his brother off to the brothel and introduces him to the girl. They both decide to give her the only, gift she wants, the beautiful pendant their mother usuall y wears. Just as they once sacrificed animals to exorcise their father's death, the y will sacrifice their mother.

Janos Szcisz was born in Budapest, Hungary, in He studied drama and stage direction at the Academ y of Theater and Film Arts, and spent four important years at the National Theater Budapest. He has also directed films and TV series. Envejecer es un arte en si mismo. Pueden todos Los umbraLes estar cerrados? La tuna [Lena es una gran naranja. Las nubes cruzan su rostro. Growing old is an art itself. How difficult is it to cast off habits and perceptions of a Lifetime to keep up with the demands of a new age? In this New Age, is everything permitted? Can every threshold be closed?

Do the humane and ethical values of the individual mean anything? The full moon is an enormous orange. Clouds drift past its face. People disappear into the distance, suffering and wandering, Looking for themselves and the truth about their Lives. Many of Zakhariev's films have won national. Sus obras reflejan aspectos negativos de La sociedad sociaLista y La tipica caractenistica opositora de Los b9Lgaros. Muchas de Las obras de Zhakariev ganaron premios nacionaLes e internacionales en diversos festivaLes. Zakhariev was born in Sofia, in He graduated from the Budapest Film School in and directed numerous important films for Bulgarian cinema, thus becoming one of the leading documentary filmmakers of his counti.

His films have focused on the negative. These are works that, in many cases, remain hidden sometimes by circumstance, sometimes b y design , as a consequence of prejudice in world distribution and e. Nevertheless, their contribution to culture is fundamental inasmuch as, through their particular wa y of seeing the world and their often innovative artistic proposals, women enlarge our awareness of other women's realities and, as they reveal their innermost experiences, they help us go beyond our own. One year later, the same association created the National Competition of Short Films and Videos Mode by Women, a new space for the promotion of local independent women filmmakers.

The organizing committee of this section of the Festival receives films directed b y women from all over the world. In this section, there will he films dealing with, for instance, the situation of women in underdeveloped countries, oppression in family relationships, sexuality and identity conflicts. We would like to express our thanks to all those who make it possible for Women and Film to remain an alternative avenue for exposure, reflection and stimulus.

Purbanchai Films Co-Operative Society. Santwana Bardoloi, basado en usa historia de Indira Goswani. Fatik Boron, Bishnu Tumuly. Durga, [a hermana menor de Satradhicar, ha sido traida de regreso a casa por su sobrino. La viuda del hermano manor de Satradhicar trata de ocuparse de su propia tierra y de sus arrendatarios mediante un sirviente de confianza.

Pero el destino Le tiene reservado aLgo distinto. En un soLo goLpe de desgracia, Durga pierde todas sus esparanzas de -siquiera- poder ir a Kashi, y La tIa pierde su confianza en Los seres humanos. In the middle of , the lives of Brahmin widows were difficult. This is the story of three such widows in the family of the head of a Sattra. Durga, the younger sister of the Satradhicar, has been brought back to the house by her nephew.

The widow of Sat radhicar's younger brother is trying to take care of her own land and tenants through a trusted sen'ant. Giribala, the young daughter of the house, also returns recently widowed at the beginning of the story. Durga accepts all the hardships of a u'idow's life, hoping that someda y she will go to Kashi to perform the final rites for her dead husband. For that purpose, she is even prepared to sell the last piece of jewelrt that she has.

But fate has something else in store for her. In a single stroke of misfortune, Durga loses all hope of ever going to Kashi and the aunt loses her trust in human beings. But young Giribala believes that a widow is a human being and must have the right to decide how and where to live. If not, she must be able to decide how and where to die. Desde entonces, ha actuado an teatro y teLevisiOn. CobrO fama cuando ganO at premio a [a mejor actriz pot su represanta-. EL vueLo as su primer Largomatraja.

Santwana Bardoloi is fundamentall y a famous actress who made her debut on the stage in the Assamesc version of Henrik Ibsen's "Wild Duck" during her school da ys. Santivana earned the distinction of winning the best actress award with her performance in "MY Fair Lad y ", based air Bernard Shaw's "Pygmalion", in She has also been able to mark a distinctive line in the minds of thousands of television viewers of'Assasn for her commanding performance in the lead role of the widel yacclaimed serial "Tejal Ghora ", Sontwana '5 first directorial venture was a short telefilm, "Aran y ak", for Doordarshan Kendra, Guwahati.

It u'as followed b y another such cinematic piece, "Madli yai'artini", produced b y the same television center. Besides these, Avakh ya y --a documentary air awareness, directed by Santwana and produced b y Indian Tea Association-- also earned her acclaim. Martti Turunen, Bernd Decker. La peLicuLa gira en tomb del hermano soLtero, Jamana [at, un hindO profundamente reLigioso que ha quedado paraLitico desde La infancia y que tiene una ii ha.

Durante vi viaje, Jamana conoce a una mujer, Shanta, que se une a Los peregrinos. Tras una peLea, el hermano casado regresa a casa con su esposa y sus hijos. Jarnana La y Shanta se internan en to profundo del Himalaya. In honor of their deceased mother, two Indian brothers set out on a 6, km.

One of the two brothers is married and takes his wife and children along. The film centers around the unmarried brother Jamana Lal, a profoundly, religious Hindu, who has been paralyzed in both legs since childhood and has a hunchback. In his religious conviction, his deformed bod y "my body is m y prison" is the punishment of the Gods for his hcid behavior in a previous life. Due to a quarrel, the married brother returns home with his wife and children and Jamana La!

Ha escrito y dirigido numerosos Largos y cortometrajes. Desde hasta , Honksalo coLabord con el director y productor Pekka [eho en Las companias productoras que tuvieron conjuntarnente: P-Kino y KinofinLandia Yo.

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