En avant, route !: Chemins de Compostelle (Folio) (French Edition)

Places: France

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Scheveningen, the Hague, South Holland, the Netherlands. Isola di Montecristo, Italia. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England, UK. Rhuddlan, Denbighshire, Wales, UK. Findhorn Center, Scotland, UK. Castello d'If, Marsiglia, Francia. Province of Brescia, Italy. Hastings, Sussex, Angleterre, Royaume-Uni.

Peterborough, Cambrideshire, England, UK. Blue Nile River Valley, Sudan. Quebec, Quebec Province, Canada. Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, Canada. Cape Trafalgar, Cadiz Province, Spain. Baie d'Aboukir, Alexandrie, Egypte. Annapolis Royal, Nouvelle Ecosse, Canada. Abingdon, Oxfordshire, England, UK. Cap Trafalgar, Province de Cadiz, Espagne.

Madras, Tamil Nadu, Inde. Territoire de Belfort, France. Eiffel Tower, Paris, France. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. White Nile River Valley, Sudan.

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Aboukir Bay, Alexandria, Egypt. Le Mans, Maine, France. Commonwealth of Independent States. Hoofdplaat, Zeeland, the Netherlands. East Sussex, England, U. Willoughby Court, London, England, U. Rennes, Ille-et-Vilaine, Bretagne, Frankrijk. Rue Robert, Paris, France. Hadrumetum, Gulf of Hammamet, Tunisia, Africa. Battle, Sussex, England, UK. Villa Capra, Vicenza, Veneto, Italy.

Cheddar Gorge, England, UK. Cimitero delle Fontanelle, Naples, Campania, Italy. Waitomo Caves, Waikato, New Zealand. Catacombe dei Cappuccini, Palermo, Sicily, Italy. Art Bunker, Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany. Mary, Devon, England, UK. Flinders Ranges, South Australia, Australia. Belan River Valley, India. Rotterdam, South Holland, the Netherlands.

Notre Dame, Paris, France. Son River Valley, India. Fort de Romainville, Paris, France. Andredes Weald, England, UK. Bannockburn, Stirling, Scotland, UK. Crediton, Devon, England, UK. The Holy Roman Empire. The Holy Land, Israel. Ely, Cambridgeshire, England, UK. River Humber, England, UK. Wenham Lake, Massachusetts, UK. Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Adrar Bous Mountain, Niger. People's Republic of China. Castle of Brionne, Brionne, Normandy, France. Bosham, Sussex, England, UK. Ludendorff Bridge at Remagen, Germany. Kitimat, British Columbia, Canada. Barking, Essex, England, UK.

Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, England, UK. Mount Reagan, New Hampshire. Castel Sant'Angelo, Rome, Italy. Mount Helicon, Boeotia, Greece. Chiswick, London, England, UK. Gunnedah, New South Wales, Australia. House of Representatives, Washington, D. Halmahera, North Maluku, Indonesia. Battersea, London, England, UK. Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. Holy Trinity Church, Doncaster. Knightsbridge, London, England, UK. Empire Building, Campbell's Parade.

Soho, London, England, UK. Court Thirteen, The High Court. Jan Juc, Victoria, Australia. Forest of Argonne, France. Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea. Trowbridge, Wiltshire, England, UK. Cynon Valley, Wales, UK. River Taff, Wales, UK. Dulwich, Surrey, England, UK. Oracle Center, Caffe Nero. Brecon, Powys, Wales, UK. Maesbrook, Shropshire, England, UK. Lundy Island, England, UK. Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. Los Alamos National Laboratory. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

Hampstead, London, England, UK. Gwaith haearn Plymouth, Cymru. Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England, UK. Blackheath, London, England, UK. Ischia Island, Gulf of Naples. Hounslow, London, England, UK. El Alamein, Matrouh, Egypt. Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany. Prahran, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Vlotho, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Moretonhampstead, Devon, England, UK. Wethersfield, Essex, England, UK. The Land of Silver Sand. Whitstable, Kent, England, UK. The Watergate Theatre Club. Blean, Kent, England, UK. Leatherhead, Surrey, England, UK.

Hendon, London, England, UK. Finchley, London, England, UK. The Costa Del Sol, Spain. The house of grey granite sitting in the hollow of a green hill. Ship "San Juan de Dios". Wimbledon, London, England, UK. Perth, Western Australia, Australia. Western Australian Institute of Technology. Chiswick House, England, UK. Irapa, Sucre State, Venezuela. El Camino de Santiago. Saumur, Pays de la Loire, France. Bourges, Centre-Val de Loire, France. Fontenay-le-Comte, Pays de la Loire, France. Nancy, Grand Est, France. Camp Anderson, Washington, D. Dordogne region of France. France Places by cover 1—7 of 3, next show all.

The "headmaster" of Chartres and the origins of "Gothic" sculpture by C. Letters from Occupied France by Anonymous. The Days of Sodom by Marquis de Sade. Le 18 juin by Henri Amouroux. Paintings from the Louvre. The spring offensives: Essai d'alternative historique by Jacques Sapir. The Fall of France by Samuel M. The Itinerary Planner by Rick Steves. LeBow by Robert A. France by Rough Guides. Hydrographer of the Navy. Tome 2 French Edition by Laurent Fournier.

Soldiers in Normandy by Philippe Charbonnier. Philippine-French relations by Ambeth Ocampo. Overlord by Serge Saint-Michel. AA illustrated road book of France by Automobile Association. Aa Key Guide France by Various. Including Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg: The Abbess of Castro by Stendhal. Abundance by Sena Jeter Naslund. Conversational French I by R. Adoption and amendment of constitutions in Europe and America by Charles Borgeaud.

An Adoration by Nancy Huston. Adventures of an African Slaver by Theodore Canot. Adventures on the Freedom Road: Adventures on the wine route by Kermit Lynch. Aerology and Amphibious Warfare: The Affair at Nery: The Affair of the Necklace by Elizabeth Hand. The affair of the poisons: After The Battle Number The Age of Catherine de Medici by J. The Age of Napoleon by Will Durant. The Age of Revolution, by Eric Hobsbawm.

The Age of the grand tour: O, Croix de Guerre by George Martelli. Agincourt by Bernard Cornwell. AIDS in French culture: Airborne 44, Tome 3: Omaha Beach by Philippe Jarbinet. Albert Camus, by Philip Thody. A Biography by Herbert R. A Romance by Charles Robert Maturin. An Historical Essay by Jacques Madaule. Alexandre Dumas, the king of romance by F. All the Queen's Men by Linda Howard. All the Sweet Tomorrows by Bertrice Small. All the World's Mornings by Pascal Quignard. Allons-Y by Jeannette D.

The Allure of the Archives by Arlette Farge. Almodis the Peaceweaver by Tracey Warr. Ambition, Love, and Politics by Theodore Zeldin. America in France by Frederick Palmer. America's ambassadors to France A narrative of Franco-American diplomatic relations, by Beckles Willson.

The Adamses, by Richard Brookhiser. An American Pursuit Pilot in France: Richardson's Diaries and Letters, by Roland W. The Americans and the French by Crane Brinton. The Americans at D-Day: The Americans at Normandy: The Americans on D-Day: A Biography by Deirdre Bair. Analise by Lisa Gregory. The Ancien Regime by William Doyle. And the Show Went On. And There Was Light: And We Go On: Andrea Chenier [recording] by Umberto Giordano.

The Angel and the Sword by Cecelia Holland. Angel of Fire by Tanya Anne Crosby. Marquise of the Angels by Sergeanne Golon. The Animated Skeleton by Anonymous. Annales de l'Empire depuis Charlemagne. Anne Frank and Me by Cherie Bennett. Anne of Austria by Evelyn Anthony. Queen of France by Ruth Kleinman. Apocalypse Baby by Virginie Despentes.

Apology for the Woman Writing by Jenny Diski. Appointment in Normandy by Walter W. April in Paris by Michael Wallner. The Arm and the Darkness by Taylor Caldwell. The Armada Campaign by John Tincey. Armies of Bismarck's Wars: Belgium and Northern France by Richard Holmes. An Army of Angels: The Arranged Marriage by Flora Kidd. Ars Magica by Judith Tarr.

Pilgrim's Guide by Rev. Art and Architecture in France, by Anthony Blunt. Art and architecture in Medieval France by Whitney S. The Art of Dress: Fashion in England and France, by Aileen Ribeiro. The art of sleeping alone: The Art of the Everyday: D'Artagnan, the ultimate musketeer;: A biography, by Geoffrey Fowler Hall.

Artistic Licence by Katie Fforde. Aspects of the French Revolution by Alfred Cobban. Brotherhood by Oliver Bowden. Assignment to Catastrophe, Vol 2: At the Point of No Return: Atheism in France, The Atlantic Wall 1: France by Steven J. Geschichte und Gegenwart mit Reisebeschreibung by R. The Attack on St. Baedeker's France by Baedeker Editors. Baedeker's Le Nord-Est de la France: Baedeker's Le Nord-Ouest de la France: Baedeker's Le Sud-Ouest de la France: Baedeker's Southern France, including Corsica: A Bag of Marbles by Joseph Joffo.

The Baker's Secret by Stephen P. The Balcony by Jean Genet. Banner Red and Gold by Annelise Kamada. Banners of Gold by Pamela Kaufman. The Baron in France by Anthony Morton. The Basque History of the World: The Story of a Nation by Mark Kurlansky. The Bastille Falls by Simon Schama. La bataille de France by Jacques Mordal. La bataille du Calvados by Albert Grandais. Death and the Maidens by Greg Rucka. Battle for Caen by Simon C. The Battle for Normandy by Eversley Belfield. The Official History by the U. Army by United States Army. The Battle of Agincourt: Sources and Interpretations by Anne Curry.

The Battle of Britain by Marcel Julian. The Battle of Britain: Battle of the Hedgerows: The Battle of the Queens by Jean Plaidy.

The Battle of Verdun: Eisenhower by Jules Archer. Battles Lost and Won: The Story of the 18th Brumaire by D. The Beast Below by Paolo Barzman. The Beautiful One Has Come: Stories by Suzanne Kamata. Beauty and the Beast [ animated film] by Gary Trousdale. Beauty and the Beast [ film] by Bill Condon.

The Beauty and the Sorrow: Les beaux jours des collabos juin juin The Bed Disturbed by Elbur Ford. Before France and Germany: Before Sunrise [ film] by Richard Linklater. Before Sunset [ film] by Richard Linklater. La Belle France by Alistair Horne. Beloved Virago by Anne Ashley.

Benjamin Franklin by Edmund S. Benjamin Franklin by Carl Van Doren. Berkeley Guides France by Fodor's. France by Jack Altman. Berlitz French Phrase Book by Berlitz. Bernadette [ film] by Jean Delannoy. Bernadette and Lourdes by Michel de Saint-Pierre. The Princess of Lourdes [videorecording] by Fernando Uribe. Bernadotte and the Fall of Napoleon by Franklin D. Memories of a Soldier-Scholar by Dorothy Fall.

Beside the Sea by Veronique Olmi. Between Mutiny and Obedience by Leonard V. Between the Guillotine and Liberty: My Story Uncut by Jason Donovan. Beyond Band of Brothers by Dick Winters.

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Beyond Her Control by Jessica Steele. Beyond Innocence by Emma Holly. Bid Time Return by Frances Paige. Big road atlas France by Automobile Association. Bilder von ihr by Karen-Susan Fessel. Bilturer i Frankrike by Rosemary Bailey. Faux Titre by Nigel Harkness. Bitter Greens by Kate Forsyth. A Bitter Truth by Charles Todd. Black Skins, French Voices: Blackberry Wine by Joanne Harris.

Blackout by Connie Willis. A Blind Eye by Alan Barnes. Blitzkrieg by Ward Rutherford. Runners and Raiders by William C. Blood and Beauty by Sarah Dunant. The Blood of Free Men: The Liberation of Paris, by Michael Neiberg. The Blood of Others by Simone de Beauvoir. Blood of the Bastille, Blood Roses by Chelsea Quinn Yarbro. Bloody Omaha by William Jordan. The Battle for Omaha Beach: D-Day, 6 June by Peter Simunovich. Canadians and the D-Day campaign, by J. Blue Guide France by Ian Robertson. Napoleon's Military Campaigns by Owen Connelly. The body and the French Revolution: Bodyguard of Lies 2-volume set by Anthony Cave Brown.

The Bonaparte Dynasty of France: Bond Men Made Free: Bond of Hatred by Lynne Graham. Bonjour, Laziness by Corinne Maier. The Book of Eleanor: Book of France by John Ardagh. The Book of Kings by James Thackara. The Book of Lost Fragrances by M. The Book of Madness and Cures: A Novel by Regina O'Melveny.

The Book of Shadows by James Reese. The Book of Spirits by James Reese. Bookbinding in France by William Younger Fletcher. Boswell on the grand tour: Italy, Corsica, and France, by James Boswell. A Boudoir for Three by Alysha Ellis. The Bourne Ultimatum by Robert Ludlum. Bowmen of England by Donald F. The Boys of Pointe du Hoc: Ronald Reagan, D-Day, and the U. Army 2nd Ranger Battalion by Douglas Brinkley. Bride of Desire by Sara Craven. A brief history of flying, from myth to space travel by Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith.

The Brightest Day by Alan Savage. Brightly Shone the Dawn: Britain and France between Two Wars: Britain and France in Two World Wars: Truth, Myth and Memory by Robert Tombs. Britain at War to What was life like during the war? Britain, France and the decolonization of Africa: The British campaign in France and Flanders. British Tanks in Normandy by Ludovic Fortin.

The Rise of Bonaparte by J. Bunker Archaeology by Paul Virilio. The Burden of Responsibility: The Burning Time by Carol Matas. The Burning Times by Jeanne Kalogridis. Business of Lunch by Ian Norrie. The Butcher of Lyon: The Butterfly by Patricia Polacco. Buying a House in France by Andre de Vries. By Honor Bound by Helen Rosburg. Cabin Pressure Series 3 by John Finnemore. The Cambridge Modern History, Volume 8: Writing by Albert Camus.

Canada at Vimy by D. The Canadian Army and the Normandy Campaign: Candide, Zadig, and Selected Stories by Voltaire. Les Canons de Saint-Marcouf: Capetian France, by Elizabeth M. Kings of France, by Jim Bradbury. Capital Cities at War: In Search of Lost Time, Vol. V Modern Library Classics v. The Cardinal and the Queen by Evelyn Anthony. The Cardinal's Heir by Jaki Demarest. Carnival Coast by Charlotte Lamb. Cassell's history of the war between France and Germany, by Edmund Ollier. Castle Eyewitness Books by Christopher Gravett. Castle Crespin by Allen Andrews.

The Castle of the Devil by Scott Allie. Fortresses of the Albigensian Crusade by Marcus Cowper. The Cathars and the Albigensian Crusade: The Cathedral Builders by Jean Gimpel. Cathedral of the Black Madonna: Les cathedrales de France by Auguste Rodin. Cathedrals of France by Auguste Rodin. Renaissance Queen of France by Leonie Frieda. Reformation Era by Barbara A. Catherine De' Medici by R. Portrait of a Woman by Robert K.

Catholic activism in south-west France, by Kevin Gould. Cave Art by Jean Clottes. Cemeteries and Society in Merovingian Gaul: His Life and Times by Sarah Bradford. Chantal by Claire Lorrimer. Defender of France by Sam Epstein. Charming Small Hotel Guides: Charming Small Hotels Guide: Chartres by George Henderson. Chartres by Valoire Blois. Chartres and the Birth of the Cathedral by Titus Burckhardt. Chartres Cathedral by Malcolm Miller.

Chartres Cathedral by Robert Branner. The Making of a Miracle by Colin Ward. Chasing the Rebel by Tyler Flynn. Chateau D'Armor by Rebecca Stratton. Chateau of Echoes by Siri L. Chateau of Flowers by Denise Robins. Les Chevaliers, tome 2: Christmas in France by Corinne Ross. Christmas in France First Facts: Christmas around the World by Jack Manning. Chronicle of the French Revolution, by Clifton Daniel. War Diary, by Vera Brittain. The Church in History by B. Churchill's Sacrifice of the Highland Division: France by Saul David.

The Cinderella Factor by Sophie Weston. Cinderella on His Doorstep by Rebecca Winters. Cities of light and sons of the morning; a cultural psychology for an age of revolution by Martin Burgess Green. Napoleon in Power by Philip Dwyer. City of crows by Chris Womersley. Classic French Cooking by Craig Claiborne. Made in France by Edward Force. Claudine at School by Colette. Clemenceau by Geoffrey Bruun. Clemenceau and the Third Republic by J. The cloister and the citadel by Brigid Knight.

Clothar the Frank by Jack Whyte. Coal, Steel, and the Rebirth of Europe, Britannia's Sea Wolf by Donald Thomas. Code Name Christiane Clouet: Code Name Verity by Elizabeth Wein. Cold Plague by Daniel Kalla. The Collapse of the Third Republic: Collected Poems by E. A Novel by B. Des colonies modernes sous la zone torride, by Jean Barre de Saint-Venant. A Colony of Citizens: The colour of distance: Season 1, Campaign 2 by Bernard McEveety. Season 2, Mission 1 by Bernard McEveety.

Season 2, Mission 2 by Bernard McEveety. Season 3, Operation 1 by Alan Crosland Jr. Season 3, Operation 2 by Bernard McEveety. Season 4, Conflict 1 by Alan Crosland Jr. Season 4, Conflict 2 by Alan Crosland Jr. Season 5, Invasion 1 by Bernard McEveety. Season 5, Invasion 2 by Bernard McEveety. Season 1, Campaign 1 by Bernard McEveety. Come the Vintage by Anne Mather.

The Coming Plague by Laurie Garrett. A World View by Gabriel A. A Novel by Sybille Bedford. The Confederate Nation by Emory M. The Confetti Bed by Frances Paige. Conscience Point by Erica Abeel. Console and Classify by Jan E. Conspiracy in the French Revolution by Peter R. Constantine's Sword by James Carroll. Politics and society since by D. Contemporary French cooking by Waverley Lewis Root. Continental Contract by Don Pendleton. The Cooking of Provincial France by M.

A Cool and Lonely Courage: France Cool Camping by Nicola Williams. Cool Hotels France by Martin N. Coordinates of Yes by Janee J. A Serial Thriller by Jeffery Deaver. The Corps of Engineers: Countries of the World France by Stefan Chabluk. Courtesan by Dora Levy Mossanen. The Courtesan by Susan Carroll. Courtesan by Diane Haeger. The Courtier and the Heretic: The Courts of Love by Jean Plaidy.

Courts of Love, Castles of Hate: The courts of love; a romance of medieval France by Peter Bourne. The Cover-Up at Omaha Beach: Cracking Hitler's Atlantic Wall: Anatomy of a Battle by Henri de Wailly. The Last Crusade by Orlando Figes. Cross-channel Attack by Gordon A. The Crowd in History: Crown in Candlelight by Rosemary Hawley Jarman. The Crown of Mexico: Triumph of the Longbow by David Nicolle. The Cube and the Cathedral: Cubism and Its Enemies: The Cuisine of the Rose by Mireille Johnston. Culinaria France by Andre Domine.

Avanti, in cammino! Vivere a quattro chilometri l'ora pellegrini verso Santiago

Cultural Atlas of France by John Ardagh. Culture and Society in France by F. Culture and society in France, ;: Dissidents and philistines by F. The Culture of Clothing: Defeat at sea; the struggle and eventual destruction of the German Navy, New York, Holt, []. Originally published in England in under the title: Stalling, as Das grosse Bildbuch der deutschen Kriegsmarine, The German Navy, English translation of Grosse Bildbuch der deutschen Kriegsmarine, Das grosse Bildbuch der deutschen Kriegsmarine: Kampf und Untergang der Kriegsmarine: Ein Dokumentarbericht in Wort u.

Czech translation of Verdammte See. Swastika at sea; the struggle and destruction of the German Navy, English translation of Kampf und Untergang der Kriegsmarine. B5 Brezet, Francois Emmanuel. Histoire de la Marine allemande, Die Schiffe der deutschen Kriegsmarine und Luftwaffe und ihr Verbleib. H6 Koburger, Charles W. Steel ships, iron crosses, and refugees: German warships of the Second World War. Macdonald and Jane's, Als das Eis brach: Verlag "Die Wehrmacht", Die Landung in Norwegen -- 3. Krieg im Kanal, Mittelmeer und Ozean -- 4.

Deutschland im Angriff, England in Not -- 1. Aufmarsch am Mittelmeer -- 8. Kampf gegen Sowjet-Seemacht -- 9. Von Binnenwassertragen und neuen Seekriegsgebieten -- Kampf um Frachtraum und Seeherrschaft. Die deutsche Seekriegsleitung German Navy handbook, Arms and Armour Press, The German Navy in the Nazi era. Twilight of the sea gods. Reprint of the 1st ed. New York Crowell, c Le armi delle navi italiane nella seconda guerra mondiale. Italian warships of World War II. Marina militare italiana Contributions in military studies no. A battle history of the Imperial Japanese Navy, Japanese atrocities at sea, Self Publishing Association, Japanese naval vessels at the end of war.

Reprint of the ed. Shusen to teikoku kantei: Shuppan Kyodo Publishers, Showa gunkan gaishi 3. Yamamoto; the man who menaced America. New York, Viking Press []. London, Heinemann, , as Admiral of the Pacific: London Heinemann, as Admiral of the Pacific, the life of Yamamoto.

Japanese war crimes in World War II. Transitions--Asia and Asian America. English translation of Shirarezaru senso hanzai. Nihongun wa Osutorariajin ni nani o shita ka. Sankaido Shuppanbu, Showa 19 []. Joint Army-Navy Assessment Committee. Japanese naval and merchant shipping losses during World War II by all causes. Seria Wojny morskie; 4. Seria Wojny morskie; Wojna na Baltyku, Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, Red star rising at sea [translated by Theodore A.

From a series of articles originally published in Morskoi sbornik. G63 Herrick, Robert Waring. Soviet naval theory and policy: Naval Institute Press, , c Grundlagen, Ziele und Grenzen: Submarine Akustik in Theorie und Praxis. Antisubmarine warfare after the Cold War. MIT security studies conference series. Sonar and underwater sound. Anti-submarine warfare and superpower strategic stability. Studies in international security; [24]. Special issue, antisubmarine warfare.

S63 Franklin, George. Britain's anti-submarine capability, F73 Gerken, Louis. ASW versus submarine technology battle. G47 Heppenheimer, T. An illustrated guide to modern sub hunters. The new illustrated guide to modern sub hunters. Kimber, as Aircraft versus submarine: Flugzeuge jagen Uboote [Dt. German translation of Aircraft versus submarine. Strategic antisubmarine warfare and naval strategy. S74 Suzdalev, Nikolai Ivanovich. Podvodnye lodki protiv podvodnykh lodok.

Tactical and strategic antisubmarine warfare. Captain Gilbert Roberts R. G7 Hackmann, Willem Dirk. H33 Humphreys, Roy. The Dover Patrol, Phoenix Mill, Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Subchaser in the South Pacific: Search, find and kill. Search, find and kill; Coastal Command's U-boat successes. From Maine to Mexico: Black company; the story of Subchaser Smithsonian Institution Press, c Smithsonian history of aviation series.

Originally published Annapolis, MD: S78 Sternhell, Charles M. Antisubmarine warfare in World War II. History of anti-submarine operations by Charles M. Anti-submarine measures and their effectiveness by A. S74 Treadwell, Theodore R. Blandford, as The U-boat peril: G7 W45 B Williams, Mark. Energy Spreading Loss ESL is qualitatively defined as the reduction in peak power level due to energy spreading of a transmitted acoustic pulse in tune.

The Blackman pulse had a center frequency of Hz with a bandwidth of 24 Hz. The CW pulse had a center frequency of Hz with a bandwidth of 0. Model inputs were a geoacoustic description of the Tanner Bank region off the coast of San Diego and a typical late summer sound speed profile taken from the MOODS database. ESL and TL's impact on low frequency active sonar operations was determined as a function of bathymetry, sediment type, sound speed profile, and pulse length. The results showed that ESL is inversely related to pulse duration and at low frequencies is relatively uninfluenced by sediment type.

Naval Postgraduate School Monterey Calif. There is a growing need within the Navy for methods for detecting discrete narrowband signals in a non-stationary background. This paper concerns itself with the application of digital processing and spectral analysis techniques toward that goal. The use of the fast Fourier Transform in estimating the power spectrum of a signal is described. The method involves sectioning the time record, making 'raw' estimates of the spectrum from these sections, and averaging these 'raw' estimates.

It is shown that more stable estimates are available if the segments are overlapped and an optimum amount of overlap for the case of the Hanning window is found. It is shown that the stability of these spectral estimates can be interpreted as processing gain in the case of a discrete narrowband signal in additive noise. And finally, a brief description of signal detection theory applied to a human observer is presented to emphasize the flexibility that a human operator can bring to a signal detection system.

This thesis explores the effect of the deployment depth, and effect of using longer or shorter AdDA array segments, on the performance of eighth proposed AdDA deployment tactics which employ single or dual aircraft. It is shown that when the AdDA sinking rate is considered, several of the proposed tactics become infeasible for certain depth and submarine speed combinations. Still, today fiber optics offer unique capabilities for solving some of the U. Navy's and the Turkish Navy's problems in the future. The relationship between a submarine's maximum speed and its evasive capability. Technological development of submarine and antisubmarine weapons, however, requires examination of submarine warfare and tactics.

This thesis focuses on a coastal conventional submarine's ability to survive, as a function of its maximum speed, when attacked by a light antisubmarine warfare ASW torpedo. It also evaluates the maximum speed with which the submarine should be equipped to ensure a specified probability of survival. The measure of effectiveness MOB is the probability that the submarine, operating up to maximum speed and launching only one set of countermeasures, is not caught by the torpedo.

The investigation builds on a discrete event simulation model. The systems simulated are a submarine, a light ASW torpedo, and a countermeasure system consisting of one decoy and four jammers. The results show that maximum speed of a submarine does affect the submarine's evasive performance between 12 and 18 knots.

The simulated model reached a maximum probability of survival at 18 knots. That result should be regarded as a minimum since a real life system might require a higher maximum speed to reach its greatest probability of survival. This thesis sought to determine if the requirements for operation of the acoustic processing equipment now installed aboard P-3C aircraft is too complex for the acoustic operators, given their current amount of training.

This was accomplished by using a test scenario designed to test for all of the skills and knowledge required by acoustic operator in the performance of his duties during the passive portion of the prosecution of a target. The results seem to suggest that the students that successfully complete the P-3C 'Antisubmarine Warfare Operator' rating training pipeline are acquiring an acceptable level of operator capability. In addition, this study seems to suggest that fleet operators who are recognized in fleet squadrons as master journeyman, are operating their ASW acoustic processing equipment to its fullest capability and without apparent operator deficiencies.

A modular concept between man and machine is developed. Countries in a state of conflict often conduct threatening operations in their own territories in order to slow or stop the enemy merchant ship traffic through the straits or littoral waters. In these operations the goals of the tactical commander are to design an optimal reaction platform formation and to determine an optimal strategy that will help him in multi-threat encounters.

The scope and design in most anti-air warfare studies have been limited to evaluating the effectiveness of detecting sensors and weapon systems in a regular screen formation. The proposed model's Disposition Mission Model - DMM characterization, however, is based on how to perform an effective, defensive disposition from a task force. In DMM we focus on usage of a graphical user interface and provide a user-friendly environment for analyzing new tactics in screen formations.

The model, with its user interface, allows the user to build and run a convoy simulation, and see the results comparatively on the same interface. The analysis using this model has yielded significant insights towards the defense of a convoy by way of regression methods. It has been seen that positioning the escort ships within the threat sector reduces the damage on the HVU and also balances the defensive load of each defense ship for the incoming missiles. The model, with its graphical interface and simulation components, provides an initial approach for future analysts, not only in anti-air warfare defense of screen formations, but also in the areas of anti-surface and anti-submarine warfare.

In the current version of NPSNET there are two problems that prevent users or this virtual environment from achieving a realistic training experience. First, the motion of the vehicles is not built around realistic, physically based models. In particular, the motion of computer-generated sea-going vehicles is not based on the hydrodynamic models that reflect the motion of actual ships moving through water. Second, vehicles in NPSNET are currently controlled by a single individual; they lack the capability to be controlled by a team.

This misrepresents the many actual military vehicles-submarines, tanks, helicopters, and others- that must be controlled by several people working together. A physically-based hydrodynamic model was used to control the vehicle's motion through the virtual world. In addition, a network communications protocol was implemented to enable several remote individuals to control the same vehicle simultaneously.

The result of this work is the creation of a computer-generated submersible vehicle whose motion is determined by a real-time hydrodynamic model so it moves through the virtual world according to physically based models. This submersible is also capable of being controlled by several remote individuals-effectively the same team members who would perform the job in the actual vehicle. Coppens and Don E. PEAPS Passive Environmental ASW Prediction System is a relatively unsophisticated model which accepts input source and receiver parameters and then predicts sound propagation characteristics in an ocean environment, the corresponding transmission loss, and the probability of detection.

The program was written for a programmable desk-top calculator for immediate deployment and operational testing aboard small ASW platforms. The program is also available in a form suitable for larger computers. In the analysis sections, probabilistic support for the applied methodology is provided where applicable, and conceptual problems and possible solutions are cited where appropriate. Target motion, Probabilistic analysis. TASDA, acronym for Tactical Airborne Sonar Decision Aid, is a computer simulation designed to select optimum sonobuoy pattern spacings given enviornmental parameters and submarine mode of operation.

The program was designed to operate in a Tactical Support Center for briefing of flight crew personnel. Analytical methods and statistical models are used to investigate the TASDA program with a view towards modifying it for future aircraft inflight utilization. Some improvements are made to the TASDA model which reduce program run time and core storage requirements. A quantitative analysis was carried out on the performance of turboprop aircraft within a microburst windshear. The objective of the analysis was to provide specific flight procedures for optimal navigation through the windshear.

Worth, 2 August Different escape strategies were tested using the flight performance characteristics of the U. Navy's P-3 'Orion' and T 'Pegasus' aircraft. The three flight phases investigated were approach to landing, takeoff, and the low altitude ASW mission.

Results from the analysis were coupled with the pilot's view point from which conclusions were drawn. The results of the analysis support a constant-pitch-angle escape procedure. The same procedural steps can be used for both aircraft in any configuration or situation with the difference being the degree of pitch to employ.

The advent of the missile firing submarine has added yet another dimension to the problem of defending convoys and task groups during ocean transit. The specific situation wherein the submarine must surface to fire a relatively short range missile against a convoy of ships is considered. The model developed considers several different problem parameters. It enables the calculation of probability of detection of the submarine, probability of killing the submarine before a particular missile is fired, and the expected number of missiles that the submarine will fire.

Selected results from randomly selected parameter values are also presented. This thesis investigated the number of In-Flight-Technicians assigned to a Navy P3C squadron, their contributions to the squadron's ASW capability in their dual roles as in-flight and ground repairmen, and the adequacy of the In-Flight-Maintenance-Kit. Tradeoffs between the number of In-Flight Technicians and ground avionics workers were evaluated as were various methods of the In-Flight Technician's ground and airborne utilization. The In-Flight Technician's contributions to the squadron's ASW capability were measured in Equivalent Aircraft Units which were a function of how many repairs were corrected and the impact on ASW capability of the systems repaired.

This report reviews the naval planner's basic menu of operational anti submarine warfare ASW strategical choices. Basic ASW strategies, discussed from a historical perspective, are: This thesis presents an analysis and comparison of manpower costs of three options for the United States Navy Helicopter force structure through the year The first option, the basic plan, leaves the force structure as it is today. The analysis involved developing manning levels, by pay grade, for the three options and deterniining the differences in those manning levels.

Manpower costs were allocated to the total personnel requirements, and differences in costs among the options were calculated. In airborne antisubmarine warfare there is a need to more accurately determine the positions of sonobuoys on the surface of the water.

This report develops two algorithms which employ extended Kalman filters to determine estimated position. The bearing from the aircraft to the sonobuoy is the primary measurement. Range information is not available.

The first algorithm is a six-state filter which was reduced from the state system developed by the Orincon Corporation. Its states include relative position, relative velocity, and inertial misalignments. The second algorithm includes two cascaded Kalman filters. The primary two-state filters etimates sonobuoy position. A secondary filter estimates drift from information obtained from the primary filter.

Both algorithms successfully estimated sonobuoy position for simulated aircraft data. The effect of aircraft-to-sonobuoy range, the frequency of measurement, and changes in altitude are also analyzed. This program is an example of the dynamic nature of the environment within which the program manager operates.

It provides the program manager with little control over certain events and the effects they have on their programs. However, this sometime happens at the expense of contractor inefficiencies and at a higher cost to the Government. This paper examines the evolution of the U. It analyzes current HSL organization design and introduces alternative organization structures to support this new helicopter community when it is introduced in the fleet in It begins with a statement of the issue which includes a concise historical overview of the LAMPS program and discusses its tactical and support missions.

It next examines the conventional naval air squadron organization methodology from which LAMPS squadrons are designed and manned. A statistical analysis of operational fleet HSL squadrons is presented which concludes that conventional squadron design methodology does not support the unique LAMPS community. The paper concludes with a summary of the proposals from which organization redesign may result and offers recommendations to that process.

This thesis develops multivariate models to estimate the effects of undergraduate academic performance and fully-funded graduate education on promotion to the ranks of Commander and Captain in the U. Using data extracted from the Officer Promotion History Files, two sample populations were selected for analysis: These data sets were further categorized into five warfare communities and two separate time periods; the period between the pre-drawdown , and the period between the drawdown.

Ordinary least squares OLS and maximum likelihood log it regression models were employed to estimate the probability of being promoted to these two ranks. Recommendations for further study are included. The ASW decision space was divided into 14 discrete decision functions for the purposes of this analysis. The problem of developing a prioritization methodology was approached from two independent directions.

First, an unconstrained sorting task was preformed to provide input to Multidimensional Scaling algorithm. The result of this analysis provided a three dimensional representation of the decision space with dimensional interpretation. Second, a series of ranking tasks were preformed to provide input to an Unfolding Analysis algorithm.

The Generalized Distance Model was selected as the model most representative of the ranking data. The decision function coordinates for the MDS algorithm and the decision function coefficients for the Unfolding Analysis algorithm were combined in a regression-like equation to provide a prioritization methodology for the 14 decision functions of the S-3A ASW decision space. The need for an enhanced display of the geographic distribution convergence-zone propagation in a region of shallow and variable bottom topography is demonstrated.

A preliminary display is generated utilizing point-by-point computer processing of the convergence-zone minimum depth requirements with a large bathymetric data base for a region north of the Azores. The trade-offs between the accuracy of the preliminary output and cost computer time and space are discussed. A moving target is detected at long range with an initial position given by a probability distribution on a grid of N cells.

Also located on the grid is a searcher, constrained by speed, who must find an optimal search path in order to minimize the probability of target survival by time T. A branch-and- bound algorithm designed by Professors Eagle and Yee of the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, is successfully implemented in order to solve this problem. Within the algorithm, the problem is set up as a nonlinear optimization of a convex objective function subject to the flow constraints of an acyclic N x T network. Lower bounds are obtained via the Frank-Wolfe method of solution specialized for acyclic networks.

This technique relies on linearization of the objective function to yield a shortest path problem that is solvable by dynamic programming. For each iteration, the lower bound can be found by use of a Taylor first order approximation. Implementation of this algorithm is accomplished by the use of a Fortran program which is run for several test cases. The characteristics of the solution procedure as well as program results are discussed in detail.

Thesis; Integer programming; Antisubmarine warfare. Surface Warfare Test Ship Design. The ship described would meet test needs for future weapons and sensor systems and provide limited test capability for future hull, mechanical and electrical systems. The current Self Defense Test Ship is over 45 years old, approaching the end of its useful life. The study proceeds from mission needs and operational requirements through a functional analysis and study of threat weapons to be employed against the SWTS.

The alternatives are described, with the rationale for choosing that considered best. The chosen alternative is then described and analyzed in several important areas of concern including combat systems functionality, signature characteristics, engineering plant and habitability for test personnel.

The fitness of the proposed design for several special evolutions is also described, and alternatives for further enhancing performance are presented. The primary purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate some principles of combat modeling using programs for the Radio Shack TRS Model computer.

In addition to the combat modeling, the thesis includes several utility programs for the M of interest to students of operations analysis. The combat modeling programs include an antisubmarine warfare ASW detection simulation, a Kalman filter, and a Lanchester differential equation simulation. The utility programs include a matrix algebra program, a numerical double integration program for zero degree of difficulty problems.

The integration program is also written as a subroutine that can be included in other programs. The matrix algebra includes a simultaneous linear equation solving subroutine which can be used in other programs. Documentation includes an explanation of the input required, the output produced, and the components of each program, and sample problems. The chapter on geometric programming includes a tutorial on the mathematical basis for that technique. The primary objective of this thesis is to analyze and implement the improvements suggested in previous evaluations of various sub-areas of ASSET.

There is a different target radiated frequency in each environmental region. Each target will have its own detection rate to reflect the differences in its operating characteristics. Multiple engagements between platforms are used to eliminate the limitations of interaction between opponent platforms. The glimpse rate model is used to determine detection opportunities of maritime patrol aircraft MPA and to approximate a continuous-looking sensor pattern. In addition, part of the code was converted to CLOS.

Emphasis is on the improvements needed to conduct research on the inter-relationship between warfare at sea and the war ashore. A Helicopter Submarine Search Game. This thesis examines a two-person zero sum game where a submarine, after revealing his position by causing a flaming datum, is hunted by a helicopter which arrives on the scene after a time delay.

Various helicopter and submarine strategies are explored and simulation runs are used to determine the detection probability payoffs for each combination of helicopter and submarine strategy. The value of the game detection probability with the related optimal strategies is then obtained using linear programming. A modified random search equation is also derived using probabilities of detection obtained from different combinations of parameters used in the game. Similar and related games are also discussed with emphasis on the differences in assumptions made and approaches taken in order to solve the problem.

Mazeika's method for forecasting mixed-layer thermocline depth of the upper ocean layers is discussed along with a newer version of this method developed by James. The results indicate Mazeika's method is successful at Station PAPA more than seventy five percent of the time during the heating season followed by a rapid decline as the cooling season begins. Climatology data which can be used to obtain surface and foot level temperature are also tested. The results indicate these data are very useful and accurate in determining the stability index required of Mazeika's method.

Simulation generated probabilities for an Anti-Submarine Barrier composed of submarines are examined from a statistical viewpoint. A probabilistic model which is not generally considered to be applicable to this case is demonstrated to be statistically supported. The applicability of the model is justified probabilistically.

Ehlersa and Kneale T. Countering Short Range Ballistic Missiles. Concepts commonly found in ASW search are used to model the flow and detect mobile launchers for short range ballistic missiles. Emphasis is on detection and destruction of the launcher before launch. The benefit of prehostility intelligence and pre-missile-launch prosecution, the backbone of successful ASW, is revealed through the analysis of a circulation model which reflects the standard operations of a third world mobile missile launcher during hostilities.

A decision model is constructed and analyzed to give insight into the development of pre-hostility intelligence policies. Naval Postgraduate School, This thesis analyzes the operational environment and task variables of the Tactical Coordinator in the S-3A for possible application of color coding in the display symbology in the multi- Purpose display. The roles, tasks and functions of the Tactical Coordinator are identified and form the basis for an analysis of the need of color in airborne displays.

Current display design requirements and discrepancies in the S-3A are discussed as a basis for areas of color application. Color research recently conducted is reviewed with the results directed toward the symbology currently used in airborne displays. An Introduction to the Sonar Equations with Applications. This report provides an introduction to the SONAR equations for those interested in underwater sound as applied to ASW but lacking either the mathematical background or the time for a more rigorous presentation.

Additionally, these notes have been in demand for certain courses at the Naval Postgraduate School. While this is the text for these courses and should be supplemented by lectures, we have attempted to design the material so that it is reasonably self-explanatory, communicating many of the essential concepts without requiring extensive verbal amplification.

The unusual format has been deliberately chosen to facilitate these goals, and our experiences in presenting these materials have seemed to justify this choice. It is assumed that the reader has some familiarity with trigonometric functions and either has or will develop with the aid of the appendix the facility of handling scientific notation and logarithmic operations. This report provides an introduction to the Sonar equations for those interested in underwater sound as applied to ASW but lacking either the mathematical background or the time for a more rigorous presentation. While this material should be supplemented by lectures or a study guide, we have attempted to design the material so that it is reasonably self-explanatory, communicating many of the essentials concepts without requiring extensive verbal amplification.

It is assumed that the reader has some familiarity with trigonometric functions and either has or will develop will the aid of the appendix the facility of handling scientific notation and logarithmic operations. C71 Cox, Stephen A. Satellite Applications to Acoustic Prediction Systems. Predicting the thermal structure of the oceans is of importance to the Naval tactician, logistician, or search and rescue coordinator.

Understanding the structure of the oceans provides valuable insights to those who must utilize the oceanic environment effectively in their day to day operations. Today, recent information about an area is limited to point observations of single bathythermographs. Few models produce an accurate picture of the ocean environment that can be used for updating tactics to conform to a changing situation.

Producing a reliable prediction of conditions for a large area, while using limited resources, is the basic objective of this paper. Satellite infrared imaging of the ocean surface has been used effectively to map sea surface temperature patterns. Such sea surface temperature patterns can be used, along with climatology, to identify subsurface thermal structure in an ocean area according to results of this study.

More accurate inputs can be made to range dependent acoustic prediction models, thus improving the antisubmarine warfare environmental predictions available to fleet users. The employment of manual tactical gaming in a training environment is discussed, outlining the advantages and disadvantages of this method of training in the context of shipboard requirements.

The utility of the game in assisting Commanding Officers and Training Officers in training junior officers using the Personnel Qualification Standard PQS System is described, with recommendations for further use of the game as a possible tactical training tool. Acoustic sensors, traditionally thought of as the mainstay of modem ASW's means of detection and localization, are rapidly becoming secondary in the littoral zones to active sensors such as radar.

The coastal region has a dynamic meteorological environment dominated by surface and near- surface ducts which influence sea clutter. Accurate, timely description of the effects this changing environment has on sensor performance is mandatory for the ASW tactitician to utilize his sensors. Both prediction systems are then applied to a Gulf of Oman winter environmental profile with five generic radars operating parameters. Due to monetary, manpower, and time constraints, the evaluation phase of the new training program was not completely developed or implemented.

This thesis examines the current status of the external evaluation portion of the new training program in an attempt to determine the feasibility of its completion and implementation. From this analysis, a better understanding of the plan is gained and recommendations for an improved external evaluation program and training system are presented.

Works (3,499)

Acoustics --Naval Postgraduate School, A theoretical model was developed which can predict discrete frequency far-field radiation patterns of submerged submarines from near-field measurements. The model developed uses the Helmholtz integral equation and the assumptions of the DRL method of near-field measurements.

The DRL working formula is further modified by using a plane surface of integration and restricting the far-field points of interest to a horizontal plane containing the source. These assumptions and restrictions lead to a mathematical solution of the Helmholtz equation which is in the form of a Fourier transform. Computed beam patterns were in satisfactory agreement with measured far-field beam patterns, errors being concentrated in the outer side lobes from the acoustic axis.

Problems which would be encountered in applying this model to at sea acoustic measurements are discussed. Included as suggested improvements are: A Sonar Detection Model. It also shows personnel a method for incorporating more than one ship in the model. This model will assist users in ascertaining the number of units required to perform a given antisubmarine task. The problem of Anti-Submarine Warfare early in the next century is examined. Nonacoustic detection methods including magnetic anomaly detection, laser radar, and hydrodynamic detection are examined. A simple analysis of their relative effectiveness is made.

This thesis critically reviews twenty-two articles from the Soviet Naval Digest, Morskoy Sbornik, dealing with a wide spectrum of measures of effectiveness such as individual time efficiency, ASW search effectiveness, command decision efficiency, effectiveness of A SW training, measures of force control, and others. Although there is some question about the specific Soviet meaning of the translations, this thesis uses the translator's rendering of the basic units of Soviet Naval organization; individual, subunit podrazdeleniye , unit chast' , and force soyedineniye.

The levels of combat action above force generally agreed to be named front front , and TVD Teatr Voyennykh Deystviy , are not included in this study. The articles illustrate the Soviet tendency to organize their operations research along the same lines as the units of naval organization and indicate that the most basic measure of naval ship utility is combat effectiveness. Signal Processing for Antisubmarine Warfare. Signal Processing for Antisubmarine Warfare is a short course in electrical signal processing fundamentals and their applications in the field of antisubmarine warfare.

It contains an introduction to Fourier transforms and their properties, sampling and quantization, filters and bandwidth requirements, random signals and noise, and an introduction to four types of processing equipment; the DELTIC, energy detectors, correlation detectors, and beamformers. Course objectives are given in terms of specific questions which a person completing the course should be able to answer. The course text and illustrative material is contained in the appendix to the thesis.

The course is designed to be presented in the Fleet to the personnel involved with the operation and employment of detection equipment to provide them a better understanding of the operations accomplished by their equipment and to develop in them a better appreciation of the problems and limitations associated with signal detection in the antisubmarine warfare environment. An application of the statistical decision process to the problem of ASW tactical decision is investigated.

The Bayesian decision process is utilized. The basic ASW decision problem with emphasis on the uncertainty aspect of a possible submarine contact is analyzed. A mechanism is developed to formally connect the general problem areas. Job Enrichment in Antisubmarine Warfare. Since the all volunteer force came into being, retention of military personnel beyond their first enlistment has become an increasingly important problem, especially for the U.

Yearly retention conferences have been held for the purpose of developing plans to reduce turnover. The results of the latest conference brought the focus of attention to better leadership and management training of U. Among the techniques that deals with the problems of absenteeism and turnover is job enrichment. The main thrust of job enrichment is to increase retention by increasing work satisfaction. Job enrichment as a management technique focuses on the basics of employee motivation and work behaviors.

It aids the managers in identifying the components which comprise a job, and enables them to determine satisfying components that can be enhanced and dissatisfying components that can be diminished or eliminated. Alternative rules are proposed for damage assessment, detection, classification, targeting, weapon's effectiveness, and ASMD close in weapon systems.

Air-to-air combat tables have been revised to include the latest additions to both the United States and Soviet naval aircraft inventories. Optional rules will incorporate electronic warfare, battle damage repairs, miniature ship model combat, and use of the Tomahawk cruise missile. The Advanced Air Deployable Array AdDA is an air-dropped undersea warfare device for detection of an enemy submarine in the shallow waters region. Previous studies have introduced six tactical deployment methods by C aircraft.

Changes in deployment rules are suggested, and feasibility conditions identified. A model is developed showing how the isolation area where the submarine is to be contained, and the number of needed array segments, can be reduced. Also, as the main work of this study, the effective deployment angles for successive AdDA cable are determined for C pilots. Today these cables, because of their advantages and great utility, can give unique solutions in shallow water tactical operations. A method is developed to analyze and compare the effectiveness of ASW vehicles.

The measure of effectiveness is the probability that the vehicle, after detecting a submarine with passive sensors, can transit to the contact area and re-establish contact with the submarine. A computer simulation is developed and an example using three hypothetical ASW vehicles is illustrated.

There is currently little data available for trend analyses of tilt-rotor aircraft performance. This study analyzed the sensitivity of predicted tilt-rotor performance to variations in six design parameters: Two mission profiles were analyzed: A combat search-and-rescue mission and an antisubmarine warfare mission. Results were presented as graphs of performance aspects plotted against the parameters varied. Because the study was a trend analysis, no specific conclusions were drawn but a summary was made of the more significant results. It is hoped that the results of this project can serve as a guide to preliminary selection of design parameters for tilt-rotor configurations that would be suitable for a broad range of military and civil applications.

Naval Postgraduate School U. The purpose of this technical report is twofold: Design and Evaluation of a Sonobuoy Ranging System. Airborne anti-submarine warfare operations require a means of precise tactical navigation relative to an air-dropped sonobuoy pattern. Advantages and disadvantages of navigational techniques which could be used to solve this problem are discussed. An analysis is made of a previously proposed method to solve this problem by sonobuoy ranging concepts.

The design of a prototype sonobuoy ranging system is described, and a preliminary evaluation is made of the accuracy of the prototype system. A comprehensive, albeit general, description of TSC components is included as part of the system analysis. To enhance insight into a war at sea, a general, aggregated and highly flexible model of the ASW campaign is offered. This thesis provides a simple and usable circulation model template. The model is designed, first and foremost, to examine the change in the marginal effectiveness of friendly ASW forces due to changes in force level, mix, effectiveness, and employment strategies.

The model is keyed to the interaction of a threat submarine with friendly ASW forces and merchant or military shipping. Specific features of the model provide for four unique attack regimes. The in port and operational regimes control friendly attacks on a daily basis while the outbound and inbound regimes control barriers by events.

The campaign model is a deliverable product programmed using Borland registered Delphi for use in Microsoft Windows. Dunlap and Roland W. This study is the first reported analysis of coupled mixed layer-acoustic model systems. This analysis emphasizes the performance of the combined systems rather than the acoustic or ocean models separately. Acoustic variability of the coupled model systems was studied in terms of the median detection range MDR. Synoptic time variations of MDR as a function of figure of merit, frequency and receiver depth were analyzed during the month of May at OWS 'Papa' in order to provide a better insight into the operational capabilities of model systems to accurately represent the actual oceanic variability.

The results of this limited analysis revealed that the model systems displayed more day-to-day acoustic MDR variability than did direct environmental input BT. The capability to accurately model the thermal structure was reviewed with the following results. No significant correlation was observed betwen the EOTS model and the actual BT mixed layer depths while there appeared to be a strong positive correlation between the ODT model driven by atmospheric forcing and the BT mixed layer depths. Moreover, a possible lag of two days was observed in the EOTS model mixed layer depth relative to the observed mixed layer depth time series.

Empirical Analysis of a Submarine Motion Model. This report describes an empirical analysis of a motion model that has been used to generate random submarine tracks for an antisubmarine warfare tactical decision aid. The model describes a submarine's motion as a series of transitions between the square cells of a grid that covers a defined operating region. A 3 x 3 transition matrix is associated with each cell of the grid which determines the submarine's transitions from a cell. The set of transition matrices define a Markov process. Despite its discrete nature, this Markov track generating process has been called a diffusion process in antisubmarine warfare tactical decision aid literature.

The transition matrices are determined by tracks generated by an auxiliary stochastic process that is presumed to be of higher fidelity but more costly to implement than the Markov process. A study was conducted in an area off the Hellenic west coast to examine the spatial and time variability of various oceanic parameters, with special emphasis on those effecting ASW operations.

The reactions of both models to different bottom morphology and sound speed profiles seasons were examined. Results suggest that the application of these models can improve the understanding of sound propagation in the Hellenic seas. The bottom modeling program, BLUG, appears to need improvement. Tactical Application of Coastal Acoustic Tomography. The objective of this study is to investigate the utility of acoustic tomography for performance assessment of a generic low frequency active sonar system.

The performance of the sonar is simulated using tomography-derived sound speed data versus a range independent ocean model. The ocean environment used in the simulation is tomographic snapshots of the Barents Sea Polar Front, taken every 5 minutes in August The modeled sonar system consists of a Hz source with a source level of The tomographic images over a range of 26 km provide a realistic ocean in which system performance is assessed. This study used a broadband, coupled normal mode, propagation model and assumed a noise-limited condition.

The probability of detection calculated as a function of time for 13 hours is compared with that estimated using a range- and time-independent assumption. The utility of coastal acoustic tomography for tactical applications is discussed. In airborne anti-submarine warfare operations there is a critical requirement for maintaining an accurate relative plot of the sonobuoys with respect to the aircraft. This study proposed a method for locating sonobuoys in a pattern using aircraft-to-buoy slant range information.

The method did not use triangulation procedures and attempted to minimize the restrictions placed on the aircraft. The study showed the feasibility of the proposed methodology and the approximate errors to be encountered. To enhance insight into a war at sea, a large-scale, aggregated, and highly flexible model of the ASW campaign is offered. The model was designed, first and foremost, to examine the change in the marginal effectiveness of friendly ASW forces due to changes of force level, force mix, and force employment strategies.

The model is keyed to the interaction of the threat submarine force with friendly ASW forces and merchant or military shipping. Advances in nuclear and diesel-electric submarine technology have reduced the effectiveness of passive means of detection. The United States is faced with a multipolar threat in part due to the proliferation to Third World nations of advanced diesel-electric submarines.

The use of active sonar must be explored to gain back the detection advantage the United States submarine force has enjoyed in the past. The use of bistatic sonar reduces the counter-detection threat resulting from active sonar. Six criteria are developed to allow a quantitative measure of critical personnel, cost, and operational issues.

The criteria are incorporated into a spreadsheet model that can evaluate five options simultaneously. Decision maker participation is required to derive a set of weights that represent the relative importance attributed to each criteria. Five options currently under consideration as candidates for consolidation are examined.

Analysis is conducted to determine the effect different weight values have on the optimal solution. A sample run of the model is conducted to demonstrate its use. Herrlinger Automatic Antisubmarine Track Reconstruction. Distribution Limitation now Removed. The relative distance between various Antisubmarine Warfare vehicles is an important parameter for the evaluation of sensor equipment. This thesis presents a computer model, utilizing a time dependent error navigation system, Omega, for the determination of this relative distance parameter. A methodology for predetermining a relative distance error distribution for a specific area by simulating various Antisubmarine Warfare vehicle tracks from known navigational errors has been established.

Attempts to smooth estimated tracks of Antisubmarine Warfare vehicles which receive the same time dependent navigational information simultaneously was found not to be advisable as this disturbs the correlation of navigation error between the vehicles. This was accomplished by computing a Pearson Product - Moment Correlation Coefficient, corrected for restriction in range, to determine the correlation between ASVAB subtest and composite scores and sucess or failure in the FRS syllabus.

The subject of this thesis is an investigation of the effect of using the Lambda-Sigma jump process in the acoustic detection component of APAIR. A computer simulation was developed which is similiar to the sonobuoy field versus submarine engagement model found in apair, the Navy's general ASW model.

This simulation was then modified to incorporate the Lambda-Sigma jump process and the effect of this modification is discussed. In order to check the structural validity of the simulation models, Results that were obtained by using them are compared to results that were obtained by using an analytical model called the random search model. As modern weapons platforms are developed, they need to be modeled into NAVTAG in order that they might be included in applicable atsea engagements.

Both helicopters have comparable mission objectives and tactics. This is a research project to determine if NAVTAG can be modified in a research environment and with what degree of difficulty this may be accomplished. Originator supplied keywords include: The expertise required by Tactical Action Officers in a modern Anti-Submarine warfare environment of complex weaponry, minimal reaction time and ardous conditions at sea necessitate training and experience that is both exhaustive and progressive. For these officers to be effective in making accurate and timely decisions so as to effect the most appropriate responses, they must have ready access to current tactical doctrine and system performance statistics.

In time of war there is no time to allow a junior Tactical Action Officer to progress to a level of competency: This thesis presents a prototype Artificial Intelligence model of the TAO ASW decision making process using an expert system development tool run on a microcomputer, to train fledgling TAO's with an outlook to the potential development and capability of an operational expert system. Five synoptic space sections along W longitude between Hawaii and the Aleutian Islands were developed from data collected by airborne expendable bathythermographs during experiment PARKA, a research project sponsored by the U.

The sections are examined for spacial and temporal variation in thermal structure and geostrophic surface velocity. Two recently developed analysis techniques are employed. Denner's T-S gradient method, wherein thermal and haline contributions to total geostrophic velocity are distinguishable, expedites calculations and results in velocity fields comparable to those developed by the dynamic method. Thermocline parameters are developed using Boston's objective definition of the thermocline, a statistical curve-fitting technique which develops the notion of a Gaussain thermocline. Gross features of thermal structure remain fairly consistent during the heating season; however, thermal fronts are observed to vary in time and space.

The distribution of isothermal lines with latitude suggests the possibility of a Taylor-column effect slightly north of Hawaii. The ability to locate and determine the position of an ASW sonobuoy is an essential part of airborne anti-submarine operations. Present methods restrict the parent aircraft's operational capability and yield only marginal data. State-of-the-art frequency control makes it possible to range sonobuoys accurately with radio signals.

Sonobuoy position can then be determined by combining this range data with other available information. A system is proposed to both free the parent aircraft from present restrictions and to increase the accuracy of the position information. A Computer Simulation of Asw Interactions. A model presented in this thesis is a computer simulation model of ASW interactions between a formation of high value group ships, protected by some screening ships, and some penetrating submarines.

The model is designed for use as an aid in improving the ability of a proposed screening tactic in the detection of a penetrating submarine. A systematic procedure to improve a screen's effectiveness against a known submarine threat is demonstrated, and an example problem is worked using this procedure.

As part of the development of the capabilities of the Command, Control and Communications C3 Laboratory at the Naval Postgraduate School, there was a need for an in-house computer assisted tactical war game. The objective of this thesis was to satisfy that need. An anti-submarine warfare board game, 'Up Scope', which was designed, developed and produced by Simulations Productions, Inc. This thesis also develops a framework for any future computer adaptation of a tactical board game, details a players manual and gives full documentation of the computer programming.

Program listings, a sample game and several tactical scenarios are also included. The decision to procure nuclear attack submarines and its significance for NATO. In June the Canadian government announced plans to procure 10 to 12 nuclear attack submarines SSNs. The evidence suggests that, for some Canadians, a primary purpose for this submarine program may not be to enhance the security of NATO, but instead to assert Canada's sovereignty, principally against the United States, in the Arctic region.

It is argued that the United States must continue to have unimpeded access to the Arctic region to counter the ever increasing threat posed by Soviet nuclear ballistic missile submarines SSBNs. Finally the thesis suggests a possible solution to the current sovereignty debate and a potential strategy for employing these SNN to enhance the security of North America and NATO as a whole.

The thesis discusses the solution of concave-convex games. An algorithm is developed, a computer program written and applied to an anti-submarine warfare force allocation problem as an illustration. Techniques for handling concave-convex problems in high dimensions are included. The helicopter contact area search problem is studied. The analysis used to derive current search plans is presented, and an error in this analysis is demonstrated.

As a result of this examination a new model is constructed for investigating the problem. Game theory techniques are applied to the model andthe methodology required to derive optimal strategies is illustrated. Although no complete optimal strategies are derived, it is possible to derive such strategies by applying computer techniques to the results of this study. Such strategies could then be applied in the fleet.

Produktbeschreibungen

The Design and Construction of a Computer Simulation. A procedural approach to the design and implementation of a computer simulation model is presented, with a simulation model description and computer code. The discussion and example are intended as reference material for the computer science and computer war gaming courses offered at the United States Naval Postgraduate School. The sample computer simulation was designed for the statistical analysis of the comparative effectiveness of different ASW helicopter search tactics in a variety of tactical and physical environments.

This simulation has available a wide range of input parameters and is applicable to all ASW helicopters and any search plan employing ten helicopters or less. The thesis explores the phenomena unique to echo-ranging with a source widely separated from the receiver. In an asset-austere era of antisubmarine warfare, this technique serves as a tactical advantage, particularly in the passive tracking of a submarine. Particular emphasis is placed on the terms of the sonar equation most affected by the bistatic geometry: Reverberation level and target strength.

The research is particularly applicable to ongoing NATO and Naval Laboratory work involving the bistatic concept in array design and for use with surface escorts in conjunction with friendly submarines. An acoustic model for low frequency HZ propagation loss within a surface duct is examined. An analysis of the sensitivity of this model as a function of the governing environmental parameters is performed. The results of this analysis show that the frequency and mixed layer depth are influential over a wide range of environmental conditions and that the below layer thermal gradient becomes important at low frequencies when the layer depth is relatively shallow.

In order to evaluate the relative effectiveness of different active non-directional sonobuoys, a computer war game is developed. One submarine, employing one evasion tactic, is opposed by one helicopter, using five prosecution tactics. The tactic of the helicopter prior to the initial detection of the submarine is seen to be critical, and this simulation aids in determining an optimum tactic.

An example, using hypothetical but realistic data, is presented to illustrate methods of determining the cost-effectiveness of each sonobuoy type when used with its optimum tactic. A simulation model for the open ocean submarine versus submarine search and detection problem is presented.

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