Steinthal et M. Comme le remarquera Fortlage , p. En divisant le monde corporel en deux parties, le monde corporel interne ou physiologique et le monde corporel externe ou physique, Fechner distingue deux parties dans la psychophysique: Ainsi, la psychophysique est devenue chez Fechner la science de la mesure des sensations.
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Revue Philosophique , 6 , Bonnet's Einwirkung auf die deutsche psychologie des voringen Jahrhunderts. Mind , 13 , ; Herbart compared with English psychology and with Beneke. Mind , 14 , The statistical analyses were carried out with SPSS version For all transformed scores, skewness values fell within the acceptable range i. To determine the association between transformed f -HSCT variables and the demographical variables, Pearson correlations were performed with the entire sample and effect sizes were examined with Cohen's r of. Gender effect was analyzed with a Student's t -test for independent samples.
Finally, in order to correct for demographic variables that may contribute to the variability of the f -HSCT, normative data were calculated using a regression-based approach. A forward stepwise linear regression was performed with f -HSCT measures number of errors and response time as dependent variables and age, and education level as independent variables.
Consequently, no further analyses were performed on this raw score. Regarding inter-rater reliability, the intra-class correlation coefficient was. Higher age and lower educational achievement were therefore both associated with slower time response. Since both age and education based on the number of years of education showed sizeable associations with the inhibition f -HSCT indices, only these two variables were considered in regression analyses. Models are presented in Table 1. Multiple regression analyses with response time and number of errors inhibition scores on the French version of the Hayling Sentence Completion Test as dependent variable, and age years and education years of scholarship as independent variables.
When a regression-based approach is used in a clinical application, the raw scores of a person are converted into standardized residuals in three steps. We can illustrate this method for the inhibition condition with the following example: To determine whether or not this participant obtained a normal response time score, a predicted score was calculated using the equation: The predicted score for the number of errors was computed as follows: Because the regression-based approach requires some calculations, we suggest downloading automatic formulas available on the following website: The objective of our work was to establish normative data for a French version of the f- HSCT in adults.
The results of our first study provide the only source of norms for this test in this population. Furthermore, we enhance the available normative data for this test by including a wider range of age from 20 to 87 years. In this study, we decided to use a regression-based approach to calculate our normative data for time measures. The second reason is that with the regression-based approach, norms can even be provided for people with demographic characteristics that were not in the sample groups. For example, in this study, despite our best efforts, we had difficulties recruiting very old people i.
This problem stems from the fact that among earlier generations, further education was not the norm. Finally, with this approach, the total sample size does not need to be subdivided to provide norms that are corrected for demographic variables. This dramatically decreases the sample size on which the normative statistics are calculated. Given the restricted ranges of time latencies and error scores in the automatic condition, we did not compute normative data for these indices.
This contrasts with previous published norms Bielak et al.
Our results are consistent with the pre-validation phase procedure of this test, in particular as regards the error score. Indeed, Belleville and coworkers conducted a pilot study in which they asked to a sub-set of participants to provide the final word for 50 incomplete sentences.
Thirty sentences were then chosen from this set on the strength of having been completed by all participants with the same word. In a final step, sentences were randomly assigned to either the automatic or inhibition condition. As regards the inhibition condition, gender was not significantly associated with HSCT performances, as in the three available normative data sets Bielak et al. We found that both age and education were independently related to the inhibition response time and error scores.
No interaction was found between these demographical characteristics in their relationship with the HSCT inhibition indices. Unfortunately, only provisional comparisons of our normative data with those provided in two previous studies are possible. In fact, the original Burgess and Shallice normative data are limited for use in aging by their small older group.
Observations psychologiques (French Edition) - Kindle edition by Arthur Schopenhauer. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or. Recueil de confessions et observations psychologiques (Lectures amoureuses) ( French Edition) - Kindle edition by Maurice Heine. Download it once and read it.
Furthermore, these authors did not report data relative to education. As regards education, we observed that highly educated participants performed better than those with fewer years of schooling. Contrary to our results, in their study presenting normative data for older Canadian Anglophone adults, Bielak and colleagues found that education did not significantly contribute to the HSCT inhibition indices.
This negative skewed distribution which is not classically observed in older elderly might contribute to this lack of accordance with our observation. Besides this methodological consideration, our results are consistent with those of the literature, showing that level of education significantly contributes to prepotent response inhibition task performances Strauss et al. One possible explanation for this discrepancy between normative studies could be the varying range of age of recruited samples Canada: However, after performing an additional analysis on participants aged above 53 years from our sample, age still significantly contributed to the inhibition error score 7.
Developmental trajectories of the inhibitory related-functions from early childhood to early adulthood have been well documented over the recent year Friedman et al. However, their evolution in older age, in particular after 60 years old, remains unknown.
As such, further studies are needed. Our study has several limitations. Ideally, a random sampling method would have been preferable, maximizing the representativeness of the sample. The clinicians must be aware of this limitation because it reduces the generalization of the f -HSCT normative data use. A second limitation of the present study is the relatively small number of participants in each age—education cluster. In conclusion, the main objective of this study was to propose a valid and norm-based cognitive test that exploits the prepotent response inhibition to clinicians working with adults and elderly patients.
To our knowledge the present study is the first to establish normative data for the f -HSCT in the French population. The f -HSCT is of great clinical interest. Furthermore and as recommended by Strauss and coworkers Strauss et al. Supplementary material is available at Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology online. To determine whether or not a participant obtains normal scores on the HSCT inhibition indices, several steps are needed:.
A year-old man with a level of education of 12 years: Step 3 — Calculate for each index a predicted score using a specific regression equation. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Sign In or Create an Account. Close mobile search navigation Article navigation. The web page will be activated when the paper will be officially published. The Journals of Gerontology. Normative data in a sample group of older people and the study of their clinical applications in the assessment of inhibition in Alzheimer's disease.
Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology: Conscious knowledge and decision making under ambiguity in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Working memory and control of attention in persons with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Use of the Hayling task to measure inhibition of prepotent responses in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease.
Performance on the Hayling and Brixton tests in older adults: Response suppression, initiation and strategy use following frontal lobe lesions. Speed of processing and strategic control of attention after traumatic brain injury. A further evaluation of decision-making under risk and under ambiguity in schizophrenia. Greater attention problems during childhood predict poorer executive functioning in late adolescence. The relations among inhibition and interference control functions: Stability and change in executive function abilities from late adolescence to early adulthood: A longitudinal twin study.
A behavioral genetic analysis.